Exam style questions Flashcards
What class of drug is usedto treatdementia, what is the mode of action?
Cholinesterase inhibitors including Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine all prevent an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine. This means there is a higher concentration of acetylcholine in the brain, which leads to better communication between nerve cells. This may ease some symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease for a while.
Explain the neurodegeneration of Alzheimers Disease.
Causes of Alzheimer’s disease placks and tangles which build up in the brain lead to cell death. Amyloid protein in the brain if its cleaved by the beta secretase enzyme it can turn into beta amyloid. Normal amyloid protein is less sticky than the beta one. They start to aggregate together and form plaques if plaques are outside neurons they build up at synapses, synapses for electrical signalling communication therefore no communication which effects memory neurons are not available to communicate with each other. Cause an immune response which can lead to build of inflammation and inflammatory markers. Congregate at blood vessels weakening the blood vessel walls leading to blood leakage. All of these cause atrophy (shrinkage of brain) and cell death. The beta amyloid plaques can activate kinase inside neurons inside neurons cause tow proteins to become tangled. When they tangle apoptosis (programmed cell death) leads to shrinkage of brain.
Give examples ofanticholinergic/antimuscarinicdrugs that are used to treat bladder disfunction associated with MS
ON - Oxybutynin
Toilet - Tolterodine
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
The “basal ganglia” refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviours, and emotions.
The basal ganglia circuitry processes the signals that flow from the cortex, allowing the correct execution of voluntary movements.
Explain creatinine clearance in relation to GFR.
Creatinine clearance is one way to estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or how well the kidneys are filtering your blood.
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) refers to the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney while CrCl (creatinine clearance rate) refers to the rate at which a waste, creatinine, is “cleared” from the blood by the kidneys.
