Exam Study Questions Flashcards by Christina Maloney

Increasing performance in a lean six sigma corporation from 3 sigma to 4 sigma would reduce defects per million by a factor of:

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What is the best upper management reason for not providing black belt assistance to an improvement team?

a. black belt resources may be tight
b. it forces the team to develop their own skills
c. it may not be required
d. it requires the team to ask for help

c. it may not be required

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A six sigma project requires $23,000 of initial investment and training costs of $6000, spread out over a 6 month period. The project is expected to save the company $3000 per month, starting in the 3rd month. Ignoring interest and taxes, what is the payback period?

a. 9 months
b. 10 months
c. 11 months
d. 12 months

d. 12 months

$23,000 + $6000 = $29,000

$29,000/$3000 = 9.6666666667

3 months + 9 months = 12 months

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The term “metrics” most frequently refers to:

a. a unit of measurement
b. the metric system
c. net present value
d. an evaluation method

d. an evaluation method

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Many training instructors have developed approaches to emphasize multiple sense learning. Which of the following options would be generally recognized to best foster student retention?

a. reading and hearing
b. hearing and seeing
c. seeing and speaking
d. reading and seeing

c. seeing and speaking

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Team briefing presentations to senior management should include which of the following considerations?

a. since the time of senior management is valuable address all potential details
b. every member of the team should have a speaking/briefing role
c. identify the problem and the proposed action desired
d. handouts should require author(s) explanations

c. identify the problem and the proposed action desired

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A customer satisfaction program was started on the right foot, and it has gone very well for the last year or so. The company should now:

a. look to improve the program, with new customer input
b. do nothing with the program, it’s not broken
c. form a management group to add new wrinkles to the program
d. stop collecting data to save money

a. look to improve the program, with new customer input

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Which of the following is a primary reason for periodic project reviews?

a. to highlight the project team’s efforts
b. to update goal achievement
c. to expand the schedule
d. to increase the costs

b. to update goal achievement

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One would normally describe recorded values reflecting length, volume, and time as:

a. measurable, discrete, continuous
b. discrete, variable, continuous
c. continuous measurable, variable
d. variable, discrete, measurable

c. continuous, measurable, variable

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When performing calculations on sample data:

a. a continuous frequency graph called a histogram results
b. rounding the data has no effect on the mean and standard deviation
c. coding the data has no effect on the mean and standard deviation
d. coding and rounding affect both the mean and standard deviation

d. coding and rounding affect both the mean and standard deviation

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The reported Cpk for a process with an average of 28, a spread (+ or - 3 sigma) of 10 units, and upper and lower specification limits of 35 and 15 respectively, would be:

a. 1.6
b. 1.4
c. 1.8
d. 0.714

b. 1.4

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A process consists of 3 sequential steps with the following yields:

Y1=99.8, Y2=97.4, Y3=96.4

Determine the total defects per unit.

a. 0.063
b. 0.065
c. 0.067
d. 0.069

b. 0.065

99.897.496.4=.9371
ln(.9371)=0.065

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A random sample size n is to be taken from a large population having a standard deviation of 1”. The sample size is to be determined so that there will be a 0.05 risk probability of exceeding a 0.1” tolerance error in using the sample mean to estimate u ( pronounced mu). Which of the following values is nearest the required sample size?

a. 385
b. 40
c. 200
d. 100

a. 385

n=z2 sigma2/triangle2
=384 (round up
sigma=1
z=1.96
triangle = 0.1

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In an experiment designed to compare two different ways of measuring a given quantity, it was desired to test the null hypothesis that the means were equal at the 0.05 level of significance. A sample of 5 parts was measured by method A and a sample of seven parts with method B. A t-ratio of 2.179 was obtained. One should:

a. reject the null hypothesis
b. rail to reject the null hypothesis
c. conclude that A is greater than B
d. Conclude that more should be known about the sample means

b. fail to reject the null hypothesis

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A 2 level 5 factor experiment is being conducted to optimize the reliability of an electronic control module. A half replicate of the standard full factorial experiment is proposed. The number of treatment combinations will be:

a. 10
B. 16
c. 25
d. 32

b. 16

2 to the 5th power=32 runs
32/2=16

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A process is in control with p-bar=0.10 and n=100. The 3 sigma limits of the np control chart are:

a. 1 and 19
b. 9.1 and 10.9
c. 0.01 and 0.19
d. 0.07 and 0.13

a. 1 and 19

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An X-bar and R chart was prepared for an operation using 20 samples with 5 pieces in each sample; X-bar bar was found to be 33.6 and R-bar was 6.20. During production, a sample of 5 was taken and the pieces measured 36, 43, 37, 25, and 38. At the time, this sample was take:

a. both the average and range were within control limits
b. neither the average nor range were within control limits
c. only the average was outside control limits
d. only the range was outside control limits

d. only the range was outside control limits

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What is the major difference between the DFX and DMAIC?

a. one is a product design approach and the other is a problem solving approach
b. one concentrates on functions and performance and the other does not
c. one has a limited number of process steps whereas the other is virtually unlimited
d. there are few difference, they can operate independently or together

a. one is a product design approach and the other is a problem solving approach

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Six Sigma can be differed by which of the following opinions?

a. philosophy
b. use of no tools
c. methodology
d. metrics

a,c,d

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What is the probability of getting a 3 followed by 2 when a dice is thrown twice?

Sample space: 6*6=36 and Event: 3,2. The probability of getting a 3 followed by 2 can happen only in one way: Probability of an event = Total number of events/total number of sample space = 1/36

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Which of the following is the key benefit of multi-vari charting?

a. it keeps track of the time when measurements were made
b. it graphically displays the variation in a process
c. it assists in the breakdown of components of variation
d. it is much easier to plot than most control charts

A multi-vari chart is a graphical representation of multiple variables on the same chart. Data variation can come from multiple sources

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____ statistics is used to apply to describe the data using numbers, charts, and graphs and the ____ statistics used determine the interrelationship of population parameters.

Descriptive, inferential

Descriptive statistics deals with data presentation in numeric or graphic form or table form for data analysis. Inferential statistics is a technique of inferring about the population on the basis of observations obtained from the population.

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A ___ is used to explain the time scheduled by separate phases by breaking down the project and tasks for the dependencies to be accounted.

a. bar chart
b. spc chart
c. pdca
d. gantt chart

d. gantt chart

Gantt chart is a type of bar chart which represent the start and finish dates of the project and shows many crucial elements like resources, milestones, tasks, and dependencies.

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Which of these are not multivariate analyses?

a. factor analysis
b. manova
c. anova
d. cluster analysis

Anova stands for analysis of variance. Anova is a business process improvement methodology. Anova analysis is the analysis of variation in mean (not median or mode) of different groups of the population or different populations. When root cause analysis methods like DMAIC, or DFSS cannot depict the errors then anova analysis is recommended.

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Which of the following is a non-parametric test? a. regression b. 2 tailed 2 sample t-test c. anova d. Kruskal test

The Kruskal-Wallis H test (sometimes also called the "one-way ANOVA on ranks") is a rank-based nonparametric test to determine whether samples come from the same distribution. This is a one-way analysis of variance. This test is useful for comparison of 2 or more independent samples of equal or different sample sizes.

Cause and effect diagram is not known as! a. Ishikawa Diagram b. 4-M c. Affinity Diagram d. None of the above

An affinity diagram collects data based on a few parameters like language, ideas, opinion, and issues and organizes them into groups based on these parameters. These groups get organized based on natural relationships.

What is the technique to trace the rule responsible for the problem and break the assumption for the process? a. assumption busting b. analogy technique c. benchmarking d. constrained brain writing

assumption bursting is a brainstorming and questioning technique that identifies conventional assumptions and eliminates all the challenges that become obstacles to get an optimal solution.

Cost-benefit analysis does not include: a. project benefits b. project cost factors c. project gain d. impact on competitor

A cost-benefit analysis does not take into consideration the factors impacting the competitors. A cost-benefit analysis analyzes business decisions. All the benefits of a situation or business actions are summed. The costs associated with them are subtracted

What is lean philosophy? a. helps to provide a perfect value through a perfect value creation that has zero waste b. continuous improvement c. higher output by encouraging people to work hard and have targets d. reducing cost and improving purchasing power. When samples are drawn out of a population randomly, what is said to be true?

Lean philosophy: lean six sigma is a philosophy for performance improvement by removing waste and reducing variation. This philosophy removes eight kinds of defects. This method relies on collaborative team effort.

When samples are drawn out of a population randomly, what is said to be true? a. the sample mean is always the same as the population mean b. the sample standard deviation will be the same as population standard deviation c. the sampling distribution approaches normality with an increase in sample size d. the sampling distribution would be triangular if the population is distributed as a triangular distribution

A random sampling is a sampling technique. Each sample has an equal opportunity of being chosen and the sample chosen is the unbiased representation of the entire population.

Which of the following tools is most commonly used in the define phase of a project? a. affinity diagram b. control chart c. failure mode and effects analysis d. data collection checklist

Define is the first phase of the DMAIC phase of six sigma project. A control chart is the most effective tool used in the define phase.

True or False: Efficiency and Effectiveness Matrix is a tool used to balance the types of measurement applied to a process. This matrix facilitates the listing of all proposed measurement in order to uncover any imbalances in the data collection plan.

True

True or False: Gemba is a Japanese term that translates to the "real place" or where the work takes place.

True

True or False: A goal statement is a tool that helps teams take customer comments, determine the underlying issues represented by those comments and use this information to develop measurable customer requirements.

False Correct answer is VOC translation matrix

True or False: A quartile is a quarter of a data set. People divide data sets into this in order to study things like the lowest performing 25% or a workforce, or the top 25% turn around times for shipping. The box plot is a great visual that makes use of this.

True

A hypothesis test that determines whether a statistically significant difference exists between the average of a normally distributed continuous data set and a standard. It provides a way to determine if there is truly a difference between the standard and a particular data set mean or whether the difference is due to random chance. An example would be testing whether a supplier, that has guaranteed an average 12-ounce fill rate on their beverages, is performing as promised. a. chi-square test b. one-sample T-test c. multiple regression test d. mann-whitney test

b. one-sample T-test

Refer to process steps that fail to meet one or more of the following criteria: - The step transforms the item toward completion (something changes) - The step is done right the first time (not a rework step) - The customer cares (or would pay) for the step to be done. a. champion aka sponsor b. parallel processing c. internal failure d. non-value adding activities

d. non-value adding activities

These were invented by Dr. Ishikawa as a way to empower workers to enhance product design, make the workplace safer and improve the processes they worked on. Led by a trained facilitators, these work groups grew into what are now known as modern day Rapid Improvement Events, also known as Kaizens. a. quality circles b. process performance boards c. continuous improvement d. brainstorming

a. quality circles

This is a method, popularized by the quality guru Shigeo Shingo, that proposes removing the need for inspection by eliminating the possibility of human error. Mr. Shingo was a proponent of Poka Yoke or Mistake Proofing processes which is a key component to removing the need for inspection. The idea is that by removing the root causes of errors, it is possible to achieve zero defects. a. Taguchi loss function b. zero quality control c. zero defects d. autonomation (aka Jidoka)

b. zero quality control

Any person or organization that provides an Input to a Process. a. inventory b. customer c. stakeholder d. supplier

d. supplier

Method of organizing physical operations in the most efficient combination to maximize value added steps and to minimize waste.

Work cell design

The last phase of DMAIC which ensures that improved processes continue to work predictably and meet the customers' expectations. In short, this phase ensures any gains are maintained.

control phase

An emphasis on understanding the needs of those who receive the goods and services of the process.

customer focus

The third phase of the DMAIC process focuses on identifying the root cause (or causes) of a process problem.

analyze phase

Refers to the goal of eliminating the variation in how a process or process step is completed.

standard work

Any and all measurements of a Process.

process measures

A quality principle that asserts that the majority of effects come from a minority of causes. AKA the 80/20 rule, 80% of effects come from 20% of causes.

Pareto principle

Displays that enable leaders to visually track People, Quality, Delivery, Cost and Process Improvement.

process performance boards

Control Charts designed for tracking the proportion defective for discrete data.These charts require both the total population as well as the count of defective units in order to plot the proportion. A classic example is to track the proportion of defective products returned each month.

P chart

This has two basic components. The most important is the beginning and end of the process being addressed - the ""Start"" and ""Stop"" points - which is most often outlined in the SIPOC. The second part addresses what's ""In"" versus what's ""Out"" in terms of the team's responsibility. This clarifies what's being addressed versus what's off limits. This is part of the Define phase in DMAIC and is included in the Project Charter.

Project Scope (aka scope)

What is the probability of occurrence of all of the following events? Flip a coin and get a head, draw a card and get an ace, and throw a dice and get a 1?

P(A&B&C)=P(A)*P(B)*P(C)=1/2*1/13*1/6=0.0064=0.64%

A bag contains 6 golden coins and 4 silver coins. Two coins are drawn without replacement from the bag. What is the probability that both of the coins are silver?

P(A)=4/10;P(BIA)=3/9 P(AUB)=P(A)*P(BIA)=4/10*3/9=12/90=0.1334=13.34% U=upside down U

What is permutation?

Permutation is the total number of ways in which a set, group, or number of things can be arranged.

The unordered arrangement of a set, group, or number of things is known as what?

Combination

What are the two major types of statistics?

Descriptive (also known as Enumerative) and Inferential (also known as Analytical)

A Green Belt is attempting to improve the customer experience provided by a call centre for a budget airline (telephone support). As a result he should build a list of Critical to Quality Characteristics based on ____________________. a. Service benefits defined by customers b. Product features requested by customers c. Cost of production d. Size of unit e. The Voice of the Business

A dairy learned through a Lean Six Sigma project their ice cream products could be stored at a temperature 2 degrees higher than they had historically used. Since their energy costs for ice cream storage cost $6,000 per month per degree of temperature, what was reported as the annual savings from this LSS project? a. $72,000 b. $144,000 c. $432,000 d. $720,000 e. $12,000

Producing more than is needed by the next step in the process or more than the customer needs is an example of which of the Seven Elements of Waste? a. Overproduction b. Correction (defects) c. Inventory d. Motion e. Waiting

An FMEA is an important tool for a Black Belt. From the list below select the three items that best describe the benefits obtained from constructing a FMEA. a. Predict where/when/how failures may occur b. Estimate the severity, occurrence and detection of defects c. Helps display the procedural order of a process d. Identify ways in which a process can fail to meet customer requirements e. Identify which 20 % of causes of defects are responible for approx 80% of all defects

a,b,d

The shape of a Normal Distribution is impacted primarily by: a. Sample Error b. Mean c. Data Type d. The standard deviation or variance of the data distribution e. Median

Since 95% of Normally Distributed data is within +/- 2 Standard Deviations of the Mean, then the probability is _____% that a sample Mean is within +/- 2 Standard Deviations of the population Mean. a. 30 b. 47.5 c. 75 d. 95

After running some statistical tests, a Belt found that the P-value was greater then 0.05 which indicated: a. There is a difference or relationship with at least 95% confidence b. There is no difference or relationship with at least 95% confidence c. To reject the Null Hypothesis with a least 95% confidence d. To run five more tests to get 95% confidence e. To change the Null Hypothesis

A wine distributor hypothesizes that sales average $12,000 per month. A sample report of 10 months with a Mean of $11,277 was selected. The Standard Deviation is $3,772. Using an alpha of 5 percent, is the distributor statistically confident? What are the correct Degrees of Freedom if doing the t-test? a. 1 b. 9 c. 10 d. 11

Which item is the least descriptive of a properly designed control system using the Lean toolbox? a. Balanced and consistent work flow across a process b. Zero inventory of Work In Process (WIP) c. Tidy, organized and maintained office equipment or machinery d. Labeled inventory areas which control the production of material or services

A characteristic of properly executed SPC includes which of the following (Select two answers): a. Immediate response to an out of control indication b. After a action to an out of control indication of violating the 3 sigma limits, the next data point is just within the 3 sigma limits so another action was taken to further reduce the response c. Plotting the response from the process at the end of the day and then analyzing for out of control conditions and taking actions if still out of control d. Creation of Out of Control Action Plans before using an SPC Chart in the process

a&d

If unsustained results are the case after project closure, what actions should be taken to recapture the benefits of the Six Sigma project? a. Contact the Belt no matter where he/she is b. Contact the Belt if still in the same process area c. Reference the Control Plans and key finding in the final report d. Check to see if the SPC Charts are up to date

Six Sigma is a business-driven, multi-dimensional structured approach to: Choice-1: Reducing process variability Choice-2: Increasing customer satisfaction Choice-3: Lowering Defects Choice-4: Improving Processes Choice-5: all of the above

Correct Answer: Choice-5 / all of the above

ANALYZE phase - includes Choice-1: Identify Vital Project X’s and statistically validate them Choice-2: Communicate & sign off to close Project Choice-3: Generate Potential Solutions & Assess Failure Mode Choice-4: all of the above Choice-5: none of the above

Correct Answer: Choice-1 / Identify Vital Project X’s and statistically validate them

______ is a document that provides a framework and objective for an improvement project. ``` Choice-1: Goal Statement Choice-2: Business Case Choice-3: Problem Statement Choice-4: Project Charter Choice-5: Project Scope ```

Correct Answer: Choice-4 / Project Charter

A sample that will lead to incorrect conclusions about the population and which will not be representative of the population is ``` Choice-1: Clustered Choice-2: Biased Choice-3: Random Choice-4: Stratified random Choice-5: None of the above ```

Correct Answer: Choice-2 / Biased

If you were a Six Sigma Deployment Leader in the organization, what will you first do? Choice-1: Develop a vision and mission for the organization and execute a Six Sigma Deployment plan in the organization Choice-2: Perform statistical analysis in the process and identify root causes Choice-3: Help process achieve its metrics by executing process improvement projects Choice-4: Identify areas of best practices and guide green belts to execute them Choice-5: Achieve goals given by the project Champion

Correct Answer: Choice-1 / Develop a vision and mission for the organization and execute a Six Sigma Deployment plan in the organization

One of the key roles of a Champion (Sponsor) is ____________________ Choice-1: Hire team of Master Black Belt, Black Belts, among others Choice-2: Develop process maps Choice-3: Perform Statistical Analysis Choice-4: Play a pivotal role in that they own the processes of the business and, therefore, must ensure process improvements are captured and sustained Choice-5: Conduct a brainstorming session

Correct Answer: Choice-4 / Play a pivotal role in that they own the processes of the business and, therefore, must ensure process improvements are captured and sustained

They set very clear scope for all Six Sigma projects. They are responsible for approving any changes to the scope of the project. ``` Choice-1: Six Sigma Deployment Leader Choice-2: Champion (Sponsor) Choice-3: Master Black Belt Choice-4: Black Belt Choice-5: Green Belt ```

Correct Answer: Choice-2 / Champion (Sponsor)

They are expert statisticians and help the Black Belts in case of issues. ``` Choice-1: Six Sigma Deployment Leader Choice-2: Champion (Sponsor) Choice-3: Master Black Belt Choice-4: Black Belt Choice-5: Green Belt ```

Correct Answer: Choice-3 / Master Black Belt

He drives more than one process improvement projects within the functional area and achieves the savings and quality goals. ``` Choice-1: Six Sigma Deployment Leader Choice-2: Champion (Sponsor) Choice-3: Master Black Belt Choice-4: Black Belt Choice-5: Green Belt ```

Correct Answer: Choice-4 / Black Belt

These are the project-specific, full-or part-time resources that provide process and cross-functional knowledge, as well as help to sustain the gains. ``` Choice-1: Yellow Belt Choice-2: Champion (Sponsor) Choice-3: Master Black Belt Choice-4: Black Belt Choice-5: Green Bel ```

Correct Answer: Choice-1 / Yellow Belt

What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?

Central Limit Theorem (CLT) states that for a sample size greater than 30, the sample mean is very close to the population mean.

What are the two most useful discrete probability distributions?

Binomial distribution and Poisson distribution

Define Binomial Distribution.

Binomial distribution is a probability distribution for the discrete data. Characteristics of Binomial Distribution 1. predicts sample behavior 2. describes the discrete data as a result of a particular process 3. most suitable when the sample size is less than 30 and less than 10% of the population 4. used to deal with defective items

Using binomial distribution formula, find the probability of getting 5 heads in 8 coin tosses.

p=probability of success=0.5 (this remains fixed over time) n=sample size=8 r=number of successes desired=5 =0.2187=21.87%

Define Poisson Distribution.

Poisson distribution is an application of the population knowledge to predict the sample behavior. Characteristics of Poisson Distribution 1. describes the discrete data 2. used to analyze situations where the number of trials is large 3. deals with integers which can take any value 4. used where the probability of success in each trial is very small 5. used for predicting the number of defects

Normal distribution is also called what?

Gaussian distribution

Is Normal Distribution a continuous probability distribution or a discrete probability distribution?

continuous

In a normal distribution, to standardize comparisons of dispersion, what kind of standard variable is used?

A standard Z variable is utilized

Suppose the time taken to resolve customer problems follows a normal distribution with the mean value of 250 hours and standard deviation value of 23 hours. What is the probability that a problem resolution will take more than 300 hours?

The probability that a problem can be resolved in less than 300 hours is 98.5%. The chances of a problem resolution can be resolved in less than 300 hours is 1.5%.

Find the value of p of (Z greater than 1.12).

The opposite or complement of an even A occurring is the even A not occurring. P(not A) = 1 - P(A) P(Z greater than 1.12) = 1 - P(Z less than 1.12) P(Z<1.12) = 0.5 + P(01.12) = 1- 0.8686 = 0.1314

Define Chi-square distribution.

Chi-square distribution with k-1 degrees of freedom is the distribution of the sum of the squares of k independent standard normal random variables. Characteristics of Chi-square distribution: 1. most widely used probability distribution in inferential statistics 2. the distribution is used in a hypothesis test

A t-distribution is most appropriate to be used when:

1. the sample size is <30 2. population standard deviation is not know 3. population is approximately normal

Define F-distribution.

The F-distribution is a ratio of 2 Chi-square distributions and a specific F-distribution is denoted by the ratio of the degrees of freedom for the numerator Chi-square and the degrees of freedom for the denominator Chi-square.

What are the two types of data?

``` Attribute Data (Discrete) Variable Data (Continuous) ```

Describe discrete data.

1. is countable and only includes numbers such as 2, 40, 1050 2. answers questions such as how many?, how often?, or what type? ``` Examples: number of defective products percentage of defective products frequency of machine repair type of award received ```

Describe continuous data.

1. includes any data that can be measured on a continuous scale 2. answers questions such as how long? what volume?, or how far? ``` Examples: height weight time taken to complete a task temperature ```

What are the 4 measurement scales?

Nominal Ordinal (ranking) Interval Ratio

What are the three types of sampling?

Random Sampling Sequential Sampling Stratified Sampling

What is data coding?

Data coding is a process of converting and condensing raw data into categories and sets so that it can be used for further analysis.

Data coding offers the following benefits:

1. simplifies large quantities of data 2. enables easy entry of process data into computers 3. facilitates data analysis 4. enables organized data representation 5. eliminates data repetition

What is a measure of central tendency?

A measure of central tendency is a single value that indicates the central point in a set of data.

What are the 3 most common measures of central tendency?

Mean Median Mode

What are the 3 main measures of dispersion?

Range Variance Standard Deviation

What is frequency distribution?

Frequency distribution is the grouping into mutually exclusive categories showing the number of observations in each class.

This method is used to present data in a graphical format to enable visualizing the shape of a distribution. What is this graphical method?

stem and leaf plot

A _____ , based on medians or quartiles, is used to view the data points distribution easily.

a box and whisker graph

A scatter diagram can be used to:

1. analyze the correlation between 2 variables, X (independent variable) and Y (dependent variable) 2. examine cause and effect relationships 3. identify the root cause

A histogram is best suited to what kind of data?

continuous

What are normal probability plots?

Normal probability plots are graphical methods used to identify if a dataset is normally distributed. A normally distributed dataset forms a straight line in a normal probability plot.

What are the two types of measurement errors?

Measurement System Bias | Measurement System Variation

This is the variation in measurements obtained when one operator uses the same gage for measuring identical characteristics of the same part.

Gage Repeatability

This is the variation in the average of measurements made by different operators using the same gage when measuring identical characteristics of the same part.

Gage Reproducibility

What are some best practices when conducting GRR studies?

1. GRR studies should be performed over the range of expected observations 2. Actual equipment should be used 3. Written procedures or approved practices should be followed 4. Measurement variability should be presented as is 5. After GRR, measurement variability should be separated into casual components, prioritized, and targeted for action

_______ is the smallest detectable increment that an instrument will measure or display.

Measurement Resolution

Repeatability is also known as what?

Equipment Variation

When does repeatability or equipment variation occur?

Repeatability or Equipment Variation occurs when the same operator repeatedly measures the same part or process, under identical conditions, with the same measurement system.

What is Reproducibility also known as?

Appraiser Variation

When does Reproducibility or Apprasier Variation occur?

Reproducibility or Appraiser Variation occurs when different operators measure the same part or process, under identical conditions, with the same measurement system.

What is considered the best method for analyzing GRR studies?

ANOVA

If there is an issue, which is resolved first: equipment variation or appraiser variation?

equipment

If the limits lie within the specification limits, then is the process in control or out of control?

in control

What is DPU?

Defects per unit

What is DPMO?

Defects per million opportunities

Why does a process become unstable?

A process becomes unstable due to special causes of variation. Multiple special causes of variation lead to instability. A single special cause leads to an out-of-control condition.

True or False: If only common causes of variation are present in a process, then the output is stable and the process is in control.

True

What are the steps in a process capability study?

1. plan for data collection 2. collect data 3. plot and analyze the results

What are the two types of distribution?

Discrete Distribution | Continuous Distribution

What are the 2 types of Discrete Distribution?

Binomial Distribution | Poisson Distribution

What are the 4 types of Continuous Distribution?

Normal Distribution Chi-square Distribution t-distribution F-distribution

What are the 5 steps to creating a Multi-Vari chart?

1. Select Process and Characteristics 2. Decide Sample Size 3. Create a Tabulation Sheet 4. Plot the Chart 5. Link the Observed Values