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Abnormal Psychology Exam 3 > Exam study guide > Flashcards

Exam study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Prevalence & Course of Depressive Disorders

A

Being diagnosed as early as pre-school, rates steadily increasing, 50% recover w/in 6-9 months some w/o treatment.

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2
Q

Main symptoms of Depressive Disorders

A
  1. Sadness
  2. Anhedonia (diminished pleasure)
  3. Change in appetite/weight
  4. Sleep problems
  5. Psychomotor agitation/retardation
  6. Fatigue
  7. Feelings of worthlessness/guilt
  8. Problems concentrating
  9. Suicidal ideation w/ or w/o a plan
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3
Q

Symptoms of Mania

A

A. Persistent elevated mood for @ least 1 week
B. 3+ symptoms:
- Inflated self-esteem
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative than usual
- Increased goal-directed activity
- Distractibility to irrelevant stimuli
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities w/ high potential for painful consequences (sex, substances, etc)

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4
Q

Differences between Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder

A

BP I: FULL manic episode + MDD
BP II: Hypomanic + MDD
Cyclothymic: Milder; hypomania instead of Mania + Dysthymia instead of Depressive episode, MUST be present for 2+ years with no symptom free period for over 2 months

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5
Q

Prevalence & Course of Bipolar Disorder

A
  • 1-2% for BP I
  • 0.4% for BP II
  • 0.4 -1% for Cyclothymia
  • Same across socioeconomic classes + Ethnic groups
  • Onset usually between 15-44 years old
  • Equally common across genders but… Women ^ depressive episodes + Men ^ manic episodes
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6
Q

Biological Theories of Depression: Genetic Factors, Neurotransmitter Theories, Structural & Functional Brain Abnormalities

A
  • Genetic Factors: genes short/long alleles
  • Neurotransmitter Theories: Serotonin & Norepinephrine
  • Structural & Functional Brain Abnormalities: Frontal lobe & Shrunken Hippocampus, Abnormal cortisol levels, Metabolic syndrome (poor diets, decreased physical activity, insufficient sleep)
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7
Q

Behavorial theories of depression

A

learned helplessness theory, levels of social reinforcement

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8
Q

Cognitive Theories of depression:
negative cognitive triad
reformulated learn helplessness theory
rumination

A
  • negative cognitive triad - negative views of self, world, & future
  • reformulated learn helplessness theory - Attribution style (internal/external, stable/unstable, global/specific)
  • rumination - repetitive thoughts about issue
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9
Q

Sociocultural theories of depression:
Cohort Effect -
Gender differences -
Ethnicity/Race Differences -

A
  • Cohort Effect: low socioeconomic status, changes in social environment
  • Gender differences: women are 2x more likely to experience MDD
  • Ethnicity/Race Differences: Lowest in Asian-Americans, highest in Latin-American, lower in Afro than Euro Americans
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10
Q

Psychosocial Contributors to Bipolar Disorder

A

Stressors lead to social more common in Urban than Rural

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11
Q

Genetic Theories of Bipolar Disorder:
Genetic factors -
Neurotransmitter Factors -

A
  • Genetic factors: Identical twins=40% likelihood; fraternal twins + siblings=5-10% likelihood vs general population=1%
    -Neurotransmitter Factors: Low serotonin “opens door” to mood disorder +norepinephrine activity: Low sero + low Norep= depression…. low sero+high norep=mania
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12
Q

Biological Treatments for Mood Disorders

A

Common Drug Treatments for Depression:
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

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13
Q

Biological Treatments for Mood Disorders cont

A

Mood Stabilizers
- Lithium
- Anticonvulsants and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications
- Electro convulsive therapy
- Newer Methods of Brain Stimulation
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic
simulation, Deep brain stimulation
- more Omega 3 fatty acids

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14
Q

Psychological Treatments for Mood Disorders

A
  • Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
  • Interpersonal therapy: Increasing social support & ability to manage situations
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15
Q

Interpersonal and social Rhythm Therapy and Family-Focused therapy

A
  • improve medication adherence, manage stressful life events, and reduce disruptions in social rhythms.
  • Getting family involved in therapy to help treat
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16
Q

Defining and Measuring Suicide:
Gender Differences -
Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Differences -
Non suicidal Self-Injury -

A
  • Gender Differences: Women = higher attempt rate (3x men), Men = Higher completion rate (4-6x women) (violent methods)
  • Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Differences:2x higher in Euro-Americans than other racial groups (except Native Americans)
  • Non suicidal Self-Injury: Significantly injuring oneself w/o intent to die…could be to influence environment, or regulation of emotion
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17
Q

Stressful life events and suicide

A

Serious illness, abusive environment, Occupational stress ( ^ during times of unemployment)

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18
Q

Personality and Cognitive Factors in suicide

A

impulsivity, hopelessness

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19
Q

Biological Factors in Suicide

A

Serotonin

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20
Q

Treatment and Prevention of Suicide:
Treatment of suicidal persons -
Suicide Prevention -
Guns and Suicide -

A
  • Treatment of suicidal persons: psychotherapy + drug therapy once medically stable (goals: keep patient alive, help achieve non-suicidal state of mind, better coping strategies)
  • Suicide Prevention: (Means restriction better gun control, safer medications, etc.), Target public education, NICER framework
  • Guns and Suicide: having guns increases risk of suicide by 3x for mental disorder + 33x for people w/o disorder
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21
Q

DSM-5 symptoms, Diagnosis, and course schizophrenia

A

A. 2+ symptoms (1 must be first 3) for most of 1-month period
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
B. Dysfunction in work, relations, or self-care
C. Signs of disturbance for 6 months

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22
Q

Factors in prognosis/course schizophrenia:

Gender Differences -
Psychosocial & Sociocultural Factors -

A

Gender Differences:
- 2 women per 3 men, men suffer more severe symptoms
- early onset…25=men 29=women, estrogen might be protective factor
Psychosocial & Sociocultural Factors:
- families w/ high levels of expressed emotions (criticism, etc)
- 3x more likely if raised in urban environment
- less disabling in less developed countries due to broader + more intensive family support

23
Q

Negative symptoms

A
  • Restricted Affect
  • Avolition:loss of pleasure
  • Social Withdrawal: lose ability to recognize needs/emotions
  • cognitive deficits: problems w/ memory, attention, or processing speed
24
Q

Positive symptoms

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Heightened Perception
  • Disorganized Thought and Speech
    • Loose associations
    • Neologisms: made up new words
    • Clang
    • Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
  • Inappropriate affect
25
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Meets criterion A for schizophrenia symptoms for 1 month AND one or more of following:
- Major depressive episode
- manic episode
- delusions/hallucinations for 2 weeks in absence of mood problems
- 3x risk for suicide vs only schizophrenia

26
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Identical symptoms to schizophrenia except: Symptoms @ least 1 month no more than 6 & Impaired social or occupational functioning NOT required

27
Q

Brief psychotic Disorder

A

Presence of 1+ of following
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- Disorganized behavior
Symptoms @ least a day but less than a month
Eventual return to full baseline functioning (could be result of stressor)

28
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

Erotomaniac- another person in love with induvial
Grandiose- Inflated worth, power, knowledge
Jealous- Individuals sexual partners are unfaithful
Somatic- Has some physical defect or general medical condition

29
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

A. pattern of interpersonal problems, off ways of thinking and perceiving, + behavioral eccentric
- ideas of reference
-odd beliefs of magical thinking
- Bizarre affect
- Lack of close friends

30
Q

Schizophrenic Biological Theories:
Genetic -
Prenatal Viral Exposure -
Dopamine Hypothesis -
Early Cannabis Use -

A

Genetic: twins ^, parents both w/ gene ^
Prenatal Viral Exposure: Flu during 1st trimester
Dopamine Hypothesis: Too much dopamine= hallucinations could be related to schizophrenia
Early Cannabis Use: with gene (esp males)

31
Q

Psychosocial & Cross-Cultural Perspectives Schizophrenia:
Social Drift and Urban birth -
Stress and Relapse -
Schizophrenia and the Family -

A

Social Drift and Urban birth: Downward drift in social class compared to class of one’s family of origin
Stress and Relapse: stress increases risk and linked to relapse
Schizophrenia and the Family: High expressed emotions in families

32
Q

Cognitive Perspectives schizophrenia

A
  • difficulties in attention, inhibition + adherence to rules of communication…conserve limited cognitive resources
  • Delusions…Person tries to explain strange perceptual experiences>
  • Hallucinations…hypersensitivity to perceptual input?
33
Q

Biological treatment schizophrenia

A

Typical & atypical antipsychotic drugs(blocks dopamine receptors to decrease + symptoms)

34
Q

Psychological and social treatments

A

Learning based therapy: Modify behavior to help adjust to community living:
- token economy
- selective reinforcement
- social skills training
Family intervention:
- improved communication & interactions
- May reduce rates of relapse

35
Q

How do we define personality? At what point does it become a PD?

A
  • unique and long-term pattern of inner experience + outward behavior
  • when they become maladaptive
36
Q

What are the 5 big personality factors?

A

Negative emotionally vs emotional stability
Extraversion vs Introversion
Openness vs Closedness to experience
Agreeableness vs antagonism
Conscientiousness vs undependity

37
Q

What are the controversies surrounding PD diagnosis?

A
  • heavy gender bias
  • Criteria can’t always be observed directly
  • PDs are hard to diagnose, and easy to misdiagnose (reliability + validity issues)
38
Q

Main characters that define each cluster and how are they unique

A

Cluster A - “odd PD”…Eccentric or odd behavior - not psychosis
Cluster B - “Dramatic PD”…Self-absorbed, prone to exaggerate importance of events, extreme difficulty maintaining close relationships
Cluster C - “Anxious PD”…anxious behaviors

39
Q

Defining characteristics of paranoid personality disorder (A) treatment?

A
  • Deep suspicion or mistrust of others
  • often avoid relationships
  • Do not see themselves as needing help so treatment not effective
  • More common in males
40
Q

Defining characteristics of schizoid PD (A) treatment?

A
  • Enduring patteren of thinking + behavior characterized by:
    • Pervasive Indifferences to others
    • Diminished range of emotions + expressions
    • Socially isolated, lacking social relationships
  • Generally, don’t seek treatment due to poor social skills but could benefit from treatment
41
Q

Defining characteristics of schizotypal PD (a) treatment?

A
  • range of interpersonal problems, odd ways of thinking + behavior eccentricities
  • socially withdrawn, seek isolation, + have few friends
  • Most “server” in cluster A… mostly in men
42
Q

Defining characteristics of histrionic PD (b) treatment?

A
  • pattern of thinking, behavior characterized by excessive emotions + attention seeking behaviors
  • Seen as self-centered, vain, or demanding
  • Historically diagnosed in women
  • will seek treatment on own but attempt to Please or seduce therapist
43
Q

Defining characteristics of narcissistic PF (b) treatment?

A
  • Grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy for others
  • convinced of own great success, powers, or beauty
  • Exaggerate achievements and talents and often appear arrogant
  • mostly males
  • most difficult to treat
44
Q

Defining characteristics of anti-social PD (b) treatment?

A
  • persistently disregarding + violating others rights
  • Likely to lie repeatedly, be reckless, sexually promiscuous, and impulsive
  • person must be @ least 18 years old for diagnosis.
45
Q

Defining characteristics of borderline PD (b) treatment?

A
  • Emotional dis/regulation disorder
  • Great instability; major shifts in mood; unstable self-image
  • impulsivity
    • alcohol, substance use, self-injury, suicide, etc
  • Prone to bouts of anger…can lead to physical aggression/self-injury
  • More common in women
  • linked to parental loss or abuse in childhood
    Dialectical Behavior therapy Most effective…combination of mindfulness, psychodynamic, and CBT approachs
46
Q

Defining characteristics of avoidant PD (c) treatment?

A
  • shy + socially uncomfortable but desire social contact (avoid due to fear/embarrassment/criticism)
  • Extremely sensitive to negative evaluation
  • looks like social phobia but fear intimacy (not social setting)
  • Come to therapy seeking acceptance + affection
47
Q

Defining characteristics of dependent PD (c) treatment?

A
  • Pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
    • clingy, obedient, fear separation from loved ones
    • rely on others so much… can’t make smallest decision for themselves
  • Many feel distress, lonely, + sad
  • @ risk for depression + anxiety disorders
  • treatment @ least modestly helpful
48
Q

Defining characteristics of obsessive-compulsive PD (c) treatment?

A
  • Pattern of thinking, behavior characterized by perfectionism, inflexibility
  • Preoccupied w/ rules, excessively moralistic, judgmental
  • unreasonably high standards
  • More often diagnosed in males
  • Don’t seek treatment but will for anxiety or depression (meds don’t work but CBT does)
49
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for ASPD?

A

A. Pattern of disregarded for violation of rights of others occurring since age 15:
- failure to obey laws + norms by engaging in behavior which results in criminal arrest, or would warrant criminal arrest
- Lying, deception, + manipulation, for profit or self-amusement
- impulsive behavior
- Irritability + aggression manifested a s frequently assaults others
- Blatantly disregards safety of self + others
- a pattern of irresponsibility
- lack of remorse for actions
B. @ least 18 years old
C. Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
D. Behavior not during schizophrenia or mania

50
Q

How is a psychopathic personality different than ASPD?

A

Anti-social: Criminal acts, Impulsiveness, Disregarded safety, Irresponsibility, lack of remorse
Psychopathy: lack goals, stimulus seeking, parasitic, predatory, violent

51
Q

What are the early childhood predictors of ASPD?

A
  • Co-morbid ADHA + conduct disorder w/ limited prosocial diagnosis most at risk for severely aggressive ASPD or Psychopathy
  • Parental antisocial behaviors (esp fathers)
  • Poor parenting
52
Q

Describe the treatment limitations for ASPD

A
  • most don’t seek treatment for ASPD
  • No treatment shown to be more effective than another
  • more likely to end up in jail than in treatment
  • will NOT work w/o social support + refraining from substance use
  • focus is on prevention - target antisocial children
53
Q

What is an example of an effective prevention program for ASPD?

A

FAST (families + schools together) track program:
- CBT training for 400 @ risk kindergarten students (emotional-awareness, managing behavior, etc)

54
Q

What is the MacDonald Triad?

A
  • three “red flag” indicators of psychopathy + future aggressive behavior:
    1. Animal Abuse
    2. Fire setting w/o homicidal intent pathological
    3. Extended period of bedwetting past preschool w/o med reason…weak and was removed

Abnormal Psychology Exam 3 (1 decks)

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