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Abnormal Psychology Exam 3 > Exam study guide > Flashcards

Exam study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Prevalence & Course of Depressive Disorders

A

Being diagnosed as early as pre-school, rates steadily increasing, 50% recover w/in 6-9 months some w/o treatment.

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2
Q

Main symptoms of Depressive Disorders

A
  1. Sadness
  2. Anhedonia (diminished pleasure)
  3. Change in appetite/weight
  4. Sleep problems
  5. Psychomotor agitation/retardation
  6. Fatigue
  7. Feelings of worthlessness/guilt
  8. Problems concentrating
  9. Suicidal ideation w/ or w/o a plan
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3
Q

Symptoms of Mania

A

A. Persistent elevated mood for @ least 1 week
B. 3+ symptoms:
- Inflated self-esteem
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative than usual
- Increased goal-directed activity
- Distractibility to irrelevant stimuli
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities w/ high potential for painful consequences (sex, substances, etc)

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4
Q

Differences between Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder

A

BP I: FULL manic episode + MDD
BP II: Hypomanic + MDD
Cyclothymic: Milder; hypomania instead of Mania + Dysthymia instead of Depressive episode, MUST be present for 2+ years with no symptom free period for over 2 months

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5
Q

Prevalence & Course of Bipolar Disorder

A
  • 1-2% for BP I
  • 0.4% for BP II
  • 0.4 -1% for Cyclothymia
  • Same across socioeconomic classes + Ethnic groups
  • Onset usually between 15-44 years old
  • Equally common across genders but… Women ^ depressive episodes + Men ^ manic episodes
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6
Q

Biological Theories of Depression: Genetic Factors, Neurotransmitter Theories, Structural & Functional Brain Abnormalities

A
  • Genetic Factors: genes short/long alleles
  • Neurotransmitter Theories: Serotonin & Norepinephrine
  • Structural & Functional Brain Abnormalities: Frontal lobe & Shrunken Hippocampus, Abnormal cortisol levels, Metabolic syndrome (poor diets, decreased physical activity, insufficient sleep)
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7
Q

Behavorial theories of depression

A

learned helplessness theory, levels of social reinforcement

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8
Q

Cognitive Theories of depression:
negative cognitive triad
reformulated learn helplessness theory
rumination

A
  • negative cognitive triad - negative views of self, world, & future
  • reformulated learn helplessness theory - Attribution style (internal/external, stable/unstable, global/specific)
  • rumination - repetitive thoughts about issue
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9
Q

Sociocultural theories of depression:
Cohort Effect -
Gender differences -
Ethnicity/Race Differences -

A
  • Cohort Effect: low socioeconomic status, changes in social environment
  • Gender differences: women are 2x more likely to experience MDD
  • Ethnicity/Race Differences: Lowest in Asian-Americans, highest in Latin-American, lower in Afro than Euro Americans
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10
Q

Psychosocial Contributors to Bipolar Disorder

A

Stressors lead to social more common in Urban than Rural

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11
Q

Genetic Theories of Bipolar Disorder:
Genetic factors -
Neurotransmitter Factors -

A
  • Genetic factors: Identical twins=40% likelihood; fraternal twins + siblings=5-10% likelihood vs general population=1%
    -Neurotransmitter Factors: Low serotonin “opens door” to mood disorder +norepinephrine activity: Low sero + low Norep= depression…. low sero+high norep=mania
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12
Q

Biological Treatments for Mood Disorders

A

Common Drug Treatments for Depression:
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

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13
Q

Biological Treatments for Mood Disorders cont

A

Mood Stabilizers
- Lithium
- Anticonvulsants and Atypical Antipsychotic Medications
- Electro convulsive therapy
- Newer Methods of Brain Stimulation
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic
simulation, Deep brain stimulation
- more Omega 3 fatty acids

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14
Q

Psychological Treatments for Mood Disorders

A
  • Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
  • Interpersonal therapy: Increasing social support & ability to manage situations
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15
Q

Interpersonal and social Rhythm Therapy and Family-Focused therapy

A
  • improve medication adherence, manage stressful life events, and reduce disruptions in social rhythms.
  • Getting family involved in therapy to help treat
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16
Q

Defining and Measuring Suicide:
Gender Differences -
Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Differences -
Non suicidal Self-Injury -

A
  • Gender Differences: Women = higher attempt rate (3x men), Men = Higher completion rate (4-6x women) (violent methods)
  • Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Differences:2x higher in Euro-Americans than other racial groups (except Native Americans)
  • Non suicidal Self-Injury: Significantly injuring oneself w/o intent to die…could be to influence environment, or regulation of emotion
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17
Q

Stressful life events and suicide

A

Serious illness, abusive environment, Occupational stress ( ^ during times of unemployment)

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18
Q

Personality and Cognitive Factors in suicide

A

impulsivity, hopelessness

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19
Q

Biological Factors in Suicide

A

Serotonin

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20
Q

Treatment and Prevention of Suicide:
Treatment of suicidal persons -
Suicide Prevention -
Guns and Suicide -

A
  • Treatment of suicidal persons: psychotherapy + drug therapy once medically stable (goals: keep patient alive, help achieve non-suicidal state of mind, better coping strategies)
  • Suicide Prevention: (Means restriction better gun control, safer medications, etc.), Target public education, NICER framework
  • Guns and Suicide: having guns increases risk of suicide by 3x for mental disorder + 33x for people w/o disorder
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21
Q

DSM-5 symptoms, Diagnosis, and course schizophrenia

A

A. 2+ symptoms (1 must be first 3) for most of 1-month period
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
B. Dysfunction in work, relations, or self-care
C. Signs of disturbance for 6 months

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22
Q

Factors in prognosis/course schizophrenia:

Gender Differences -
Psychosocial & Sociocultural Factors -

A

Gender Differences:
- 2 women per 3 men, men suffer more severe symptoms
- early onset…25=men 29=women, estrogen might be protective factor
Psychosocial & Sociocultural Factors:
- families w/ high levels of expressed emotions (criticism, etc)
- 3x more likely if raised in urban environment
- less disabling in less developed countries due to broader + more intensive family support

23
Q

Negative symptoms

A
  • Restricted Affect
  • Avolition:loss of pleasure
  • Social Withdrawal: lose ability to recognize needs/emotions
  • cognitive deficits: problems w/ memory, attention, or processing speed
24
Q

Positive symptoms

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Heightened Perception
  • Disorganized Thought and Speech
    • Loose associations
    • Neologisms: made up new words
    • Clang
    • Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
  • Inappropriate affect
25
Schizoaffective Disorder
Meets criterion A for schizophrenia symptoms for 1 month AND one or more of following: - Major depressive episode - manic episode - delusions/hallucinations for 2 weeks in absence of mood problems - 3x risk for suicide vs only schizophrenia
26
Schizophreniform Disorder
Identical symptoms to schizophrenia except: Symptoms @ least 1 month no more than 6 & Impaired social or occupational functioning NOT required
27
Brief psychotic Disorder
Presence of 1+ of following - delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - Disorganized behavior Symptoms @ least a day but less than a month Eventual return to full baseline functioning (could be result of stressor)
28
Delusional Disorder
Erotomaniac- another person in love with induvial Grandiose- Inflated worth, power, knowledge Jealous- Individuals sexual partners are unfaithful Somatic- Has some physical defect or general medical condition
29
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A. pattern of interpersonal problems, off ways of thinking and perceiving, + behavioral eccentric - ideas of reference -odd beliefs of magical thinking - Bizarre affect - Lack of close friends
30
Schizophrenic Biological Theories: Genetic - Prenatal Viral Exposure - Dopamine Hypothesis - Early Cannabis Use -
Genetic: twins ^, parents both w/ gene ^ Prenatal Viral Exposure: Flu during 1st trimester Dopamine Hypothesis: Too much dopamine= hallucinations could be related to schizophrenia Early Cannabis Use: with gene (esp males)
31
Psychosocial & Cross-Cultural Perspectives Schizophrenia: Social Drift and Urban birth - Stress and Relapse - Schizophrenia and the Family -
Social Drift and Urban birth: Downward drift in social class compared to class of one's family of origin Stress and Relapse: stress increases risk and linked to relapse Schizophrenia and the Family: High expressed emotions in families
32
Cognitive Perspectives schizophrenia
- difficulties in attention, inhibition + adherence to rules of communication...conserve limited cognitive resources - Delusions...Person tries to explain strange perceptual experiences> - Hallucinations...hypersensitivity to perceptual input?
33
Biological treatment schizophrenia
Typical & atypical antipsychotic drugs(blocks dopamine receptors to decrease + symptoms)
34
Psychological and social treatments
Learning based therapy: Modify behavior to help adjust to community living: - token economy - selective reinforcement - social skills training Family intervention: - improved communication & interactions - May reduce rates of relapse
35
How do we define personality? At what point does it become a PD?
- unique and long-term pattern of inner experience + outward behavior - when they become maladaptive
36
What are the 5 big personality factors?
Negative emotionally vs emotional stability Extraversion vs Introversion Openness vs Closedness to experience Agreeableness vs antagonism Conscientiousness vs undependity
37
What are the controversies surrounding PD diagnosis?
- heavy gender bias - Criteria can't always be observed directly - PDs are hard to diagnose, and easy to misdiagnose (reliability + validity issues)
38
Main characters that define each cluster and how are they unique
Cluster A - "odd PD"...Eccentric or odd behavior - not psychosis Cluster B - "Dramatic PD"...Self-absorbed, prone to exaggerate importance of events, extreme difficulty maintaining close relationships Cluster C - "Anxious PD"...anxious behaviors
39
Defining characteristics of paranoid personality disorder (A) treatment?
- Deep suspicion or mistrust of others - often avoid relationships - Do not see themselves as needing help so treatment not effective - More common in males
40
Defining characteristics of schizoid PD (A) treatment?
- Enduring patteren of thinking + behavior characterized by: - Pervasive Indifferences to others - Diminished range of emotions + expressions - Socially isolated, lacking social relationships - Generally, don't seek treatment due to poor social skills but could benefit from treatment
41
Defining characteristics of schizotypal PD (a) treatment?
- range of interpersonal problems, odd ways of thinking + behavior eccentricities - socially withdrawn, seek isolation, + have few friends - Most "server" in cluster A... mostly in men
42
Defining characteristics of histrionic PD (b) treatment?
- pattern of thinking, behavior characterized by excessive emotions + attention seeking behaviors - Seen as self-centered, vain, or demanding - Historically diagnosed in women - will seek treatment on own but attempt to Please or seduce therapist
43
Defining characteristics of narcissistic PF (b) treatment?
- Grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy for others - convinced of own great success, powers, or beauty - Exaggerate achievements and talents and often appear arrogant - mostly males - most difficult to treat
44
Defining characteristics of anti-social PD (b) treatment?
- persistently disregarding + violating others rights - Likely to lie repeatedly, be reckless, sexually promiscuous, and impulsive - person must be @ least 18 years old for diagnosis.
45
Defining characteristics of borderline PD (b) treatment?
- Emotional dis/regulation disorder - Great instability; major shifts in mood; unstable self-image - impulsivity - alcohol, substance use, self-injury, suicide, etc - Prone to bouts of anger...can lead to physical aggression/self-injury - More common in women - linked to parental loss or abuse in childhood Dialectical Behavior therapy Most effective...combination of mindfulness, psychodynamic, and CBT approachs
46
Defining characteristics of avoidant PD (c) treatment?
- shy + socially uncomfortable but desire social contact (avoid due to fear/embarrassment/criticism) - Extremely sensitive to negative evaluation - looks like social phobia but fear intimacy (not social setting) - Come to therapy seeking acceptance + affection
47
Defining characteristics of dependent PD (c) treatment?
- Pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of - clingy, obedient, fear separation from loved ones - rely on others so much... can't make smallest decision for themselves - Many feel distress, lonely, + sad - @ risk for depression + anxiety disorders - treatment @ least modestly helpful
48
Defining characteristics of obsessive-compulsive PD (c) treatment?
- Pattern of thinking, behavior characterized by perfectionism, inflexibility - Preoccupied w/ rules, excessively moralistic, judgmental - unreasonably high standards - More often diagnosed in males - Don't seek treatment but will for anxiety or depression (meds don't work but CBT does)
49
What is the DSM-5 criteria for ASPD?
A. Pattern of disregarded for violation of rights of others occurring since age 15: - failure to obey laws + norms by engaging in behavior which results in criminal arrest, or would warrant criminal arrest - Lying, deception, + manipulation, for profit or self-amusement - impulsive behavior - Irritability + aggression manifested a s frequently assaults others - Blatantly disregards safety of self + others - a pattern of irresponsibility - lack of remorse for actions B. @ least 18 years old C. Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15 D. Behavior not during schizophrenia or mania
50
How is a psychopathic personality different than ASPD?
Anti-social: Criminal acts, Impulsiveness, Disregarded safety, Irresponsibility, lack of remorse Psychopathy: lack goals, stimulus seeking, parasitic, predatory, violent
51
What are the early childhood predictors of ASPD?
- Co-morbid ADHA + conduct disorder w/ limited prosocial diagnosis most at risk for severely aggressive ASPD or Psychopathy - Parental antisocial behaviors (esp fathers) - Poor parenting
52
Describe the treatment limitations for ASPD
- most don't seek treatment for ASPD - No treatment shown to be more effective than another - more likely to end up in jail than in treatment - will NOT work w/o social support + refraining from substance use - focus is on prevention - target antisocial children
53
What is an example of an effective prevention program for ASPD?
FAST (families + schools together) track program: - CBT training for 400 @ risk kindergarten students (emotional-awareness, managing behavior, etc)
54
What is the MacDonald Triad?
- three "red flag" indicators of psychopathy + future aggressive behavior: 1. Animal Abuse 2. Fire setting w/o homicidal intent pathological 3. Extended period of bedwetting past preschool w/o med reason...weak and was removed

Abnormal Psychology Exam 3 (1 decks)

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