Exam Study Flashcards
3 Design Basics
1) Qualitative philosophy and ethics
2) Qualitative research design
3) Quality
What is method
Specific techniques used within research processes
3 Types of Method
1) Qualitative data collection
2) Thematic Analysis
3) Content Analysis
What is methodology
Ideological framework that underpins the research process
6 Examples of methodology
1) Discurse analysis & causal layered analysis
2) Case study design
3) Phenomenology
4) Action research & decolonising
5) methodologies
6) Grounded theory
What is biq Q and little q
two meanings to the term qualitative research
What is little q
use of qualitative data collection methods in hypothetico-deductive research designs
What is big Q
open-ended, inductive research methodologies aimed at uncovering meanings and generating theory
Example of little q
Open-ended questions on a questionnaire
Big Q/little q is to methods/methodologies
big Q = methodologies little q = methods
2 Ways how we justify the choice of methodology and methods
1) theoretical perspective
2) epistemology
4 Elements of research
1) epistemology
2) theoretical perspective
3) methodology
4) method
3 examples of epistemology
1) objectivism
2) constructionism
3) subjectivism
3 theoretical perspective examples
1) positivism
2) interpretivism
3) feminism
5 Types of methodology
1) experiments
2) surveys
3) ethnography
4) grounded theory
5) phenomenology
4 Types of method
1) observation
2) interviews
3) focus groups
4) case studies
What is epistemology
Ones knowledge or belief embedded in their theoretical perspective and thereby in methodology
What is objectivism
(epistemology) truth or knowledge is universal and can be discovered via application of scientific method
What is constructivism
(epistemology) meanings are constructed through our engagement with the world and multiple realities exist
What is subjectivism
(epistemology) knowledge is no more than personal opinion
Quantitative/Qualitative relativist or realist
quantitative-realist, qualitative- relativist
3 characteristics to procedural ethics
1) Obtaining ethical clearance for your study
2) consent forms
3) participant information sheets
3 strategies to deal with distress
1) Take break/change topic
2) provide opportunity for participant to express his/her reactions/concerns/thoughts
3) phone next day
3 Qualities for good overarching research question
1) qualitative language
2) cannot be answered yes or no
3) first word allows for open ended question
What is reflexivity
sensitivity to influence of researcher and methodology on data collected
What reduces influence of reflexivity
bracketing
What is bracketing
setting aside your own assumptions
What structure of interview is yarning
semi-structured
What is TA
method for identifying, analysing and reporting patternds
What are themes
patterned response or meaning
Themes developed from data
inductive
Themes imposed based on theoretical perspective
deductive
6 Steps to conducting TA
1) familiarisation
2) coding
3) searching for themes
4) reviewing themes
5) defining and naming themes
6) writing the report
3 Types of codes
1) descriptive
2) semantic
3) latent
What is descriptive coding example
information about whole case (demographic)
What is semantic codes
surface codes, what is explicitly states
What are latent codes
goes beyond what is stated for interpretations
2 Concepts that provide an umbrella for evaluation quality of qualitative research
1) rigour
2) validity
What is rigour
practice of doing something with great care
What is validity
in qualitative context it is credibility or believability that research is trustworthy
2 Types of reflexivity
1) personal
2) epistemological
What is personal reflexivity
How researchers values and assumptions etc shape research
What is epistemological reflexivity
reflecting on ways knowledge has been generated in research
4 processes to develop and demonstrate reflexivity
1) record notes
2) record reflections
3) record reactions
4) record ideas
all in a journal
What is transparency
ensuring clarity throughout research process
How to demonstrate transparency
maintain audit trail
What is coherence
methodological integrity/fit between four elements of research (extent to which your research is internally consistent)
3 design options in member checking
1) restricted transparency
2) selective transparency
3) comprehensive
What is restricted transparency
show individual participant excerpts of their data
What is selective transparency
show participants segments of writing that are descriptive of events behaviours and meanings from their data
What is comprehensive transparency
show complete participant representations and researcher explanations
What is DA
any form of talk or text fundamentally concerned with how language is constructed
Main aim of DA
understand how talk and text constructs particular versions of reality and how to identify social consequences of these constructions
FiDP basics
focused on knowledge, truth and power as opposed to conversation analysis
What is CLA
interpretative methodology adopted in social sciences as an approach to deconstruct complex social issues
4 Causal layers
1) litany
2) social causes
3) worldview/discourse
4) myth/metaphor
What to conduct with little known about a phenomenon
case study
What is content analysis
process of categorising words (units of meaning) into fewer content-related categories and meaning can be derived from these categories
4 approaches to content analysis
1) conventional
2) directed
3) summative
4) mixed
Key features of conventional approach
limited prior research (inductive)
Key features of directed approach
theory driven (deductive)
Key features of summative approach
word frequency analysis to establish pattern of code
2 strengths of CA
1) content sensitive
2) can be used number of data sources
What is phenomenology
philosophical school of thought
2 aims of IPA
1) understand and describe participants world
2) provide interpretative analysis
4 assumptions of IPA
1) understanding world requires understanding experience
2) researchers cannot access experience directly, they engage in process of intersubjective meaning making
3) researchers must engage and reflect on own assumptions
4) researchers cannot escape interpretations so must reflect upon their role in them
What is participatory action research (PAR)
Participants involved in all stages of research to achieve social change
3 Principles of PAR
1) oppressed communities
2) address specific concerns of community, social change
3) Process of research and education
What is grounded theory
produces comprehensive description and theoretical examination of a phenomenon
3 characteristics of research questions- Glaser
1) engages from data
2) research attempts to avoid assumptions
3) does not employ constructs derived from existing theories
2 characteristics of research questions- Strauss
1) rq is statement of phenomena to be studied
2) identified prior to data collection
Initial coding- Glaser
conceptualising comes from comparing data and looking for patterns of similarity and difference
Initial coding- Strauss
coding on observations (words, phrases, lines) as first step
Glaser theory
theory should emerge from data
Strauss theory
Preconception and verification processes as part of theory development
What most saturation occur in- Strauss/Glaser
Glaser
Literature analysis- Glaser
after data analysis
Literature analysis- Strauss
delay not required as literature informs emerging theory
What is theoretical sensitivity
ability to conceptualise and formulate theory from the data
