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PSYC210 > Exam Study > Flashcards

Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of statistics?

A

Descriptive
= summarise the data collected from the sample

Inferential
= generalize from the sample to the population

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2
Q

Describe the Authority Approach:

A

seeking knowledge from sources thought to be reliable and valid

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3
Q

Describe the Analogy Approach:

A

the analogy between a new event and a more familiar event

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4
Q

Describe the Rule Approach:

A

establishing rules or laws that cover different observations

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5
Q

Describe the Empirical Approach:

A

testing ideas against actual events

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6
Q

What are the 4 Goals of Science?

A

Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control

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7
Q

What is the Floor effect?

A

when the task is so hard, that all scores are very low

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8
Q

What is the Ceiling effect?

A

when the task is so easy, that all scores are very high

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9
Q

Describe what a True-experiment and a Quasi-experiment are?

A

True-experiment
= manipulated variable (prediction and explanation)

Quasi-experiment
= subject variable ( ONLY prediction)

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10
Q

What is a Numerical variable?

A

anything with numbers

age and response time

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11
Q

What is a Categorical variable?

A

allocates things into categories

order or unordered

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12
Q

What is a Nominal variable?

A

categorizes without ordering

e.g. - gender

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13
Q

What is an Ordinal variable?

A

categorizes with ordering

e.g. - military rank

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14
Q

What is an Interval variable?

A

categorizes and orders with an equal distance between each category

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15
Q

What is a Ratio variable?

A

categorizes, orders and establishes equal units, and has a true zero point

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16
Q

What are Demand Characteristics?

A

cues in a situation that people interpret as demands for a particular behavior

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17
Q

What is the main effect and the interaction effect?

A

Main Effect
= effect of one IV on the DV

Interaction Effect
= effect of one IV on the DV, while taking other IV’s into account

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18
Q

Describe the One-tailed test and the Two-tailed test?

A

One-tailed test
= critical area of distribution is one-sided

Two-tailed test
= critical area of distribution is two-sided

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19
Q

What is the Central Limit Theorem?

A

when independent random variables are added, their properly normalized sum tends towards a normal distribution

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20
Q

Describe Type-I Error:

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s true

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21
Q

Describe Type-II Error:

A

retaining the null hypothesis when it’s false

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22
Q

What is a One-Sample T-test and a Two-Sample T-test?

A

One-Sample T-test
= used to determine whether or not there is a difference between the unknown population mean and a specific value

Two-Sample T-test
= used to test whether the unknown population means of two groups are equal or not

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23
Q

What are Qualitative and Quantitative research?

A

Qualitative
= results described by interviews and observations

Quantitative
= results described by statistics

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24
Q

What is Exploratory and Confirmatory research?

A

Exploratory research
= describing and explaining (inductive)

Confirmatory research
= predicting and controlling (deductive)

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25
Q

Describe the Mean, Median, Mode, Range and Standard Deviation:

A

Mean = middle score of data set
Median = ‘actual’ middle of data set
Mode = most common score of the data set
Range = difference between largest and smallest
Standard Deviation = calculation of data spread based on how far each score is from the mean of the sample

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26
Q

What are the Null and Alternative hypotheses?

A

Null Hypothesis
= no real difference between DV of the conditions
(no relationship)

Alternative Hypothesis
= real difference between DV of the conditions (relationship)

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27
Q

Describe Multiple Regression:

A

using more than one predictable variable

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28
Q

What is a Controlled Experimental study?

A

experimenter directly controls changes in IV to observe how DV changes

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29
Q

What is a correlational study?

A

no direct control & relies on associations that already exist

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30
Q

Describe Ontology and Epistemology:

A

Ontology
= relativism, peoples realities depend on their perception

Epistemology
= social constructionism, knowledge being generated in attempts to explain the human world

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31
Q

What are the different structures of one-on-one interviews?

A

Structured
= closed questions

Unstructured
= just having a research topic in mind

Semi-Structured
= open-ended questions

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32
Q

Describe the de Visser and Smith study:

A

did a case study (one participant) and made notes on their transcript, clustered the potential themes, and entirely focused on what can be learnt from them

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33
Q

What are Focus groups?

A

an informal discussion among selected individuals about specific topics

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34
Q

Describe the Lyons and Williot study:

A

had 8 focus groups which allowed for interactions

  • the meanings reproduced in talk (open-ended questions) in which they transcribed, read twice, and did a detailed analysis
  • provided insight into how alcohol actively performs gender
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35
Q

What is Cultural Sensitivity?

A

allows participants to identify ethnicity

36
Q

What is Informed Consent?

A

seeking permission and explaining how the data will be used

37
Q

What is the Deception/Protection of Harm?

A

deception only used when no alternative and is important to use when awareness reduces the effect
(also debriefing to offer sources of help)

38
Q

What is Confidentiality?

A

access to data and removal of identifiers + avoiding dilemmas (re-use of data)

39
Q

Describe Ethics for Quantitative and Qualitative:

A

Quantitative Ethics
= participants hold info that needs to be collected by researchers

Qualitative Ethics
= doing research WITH the participants, not ON them

40
Q

Describe Sampling for Quantitative and Qualitative:

A

Quantitative Sampling
= led by statistical power + must be random sampling

Qualitative Sampling
= led by depth + uses purposeful sampling

41
Q

Describe the 3 types of Photo-Elicitation?

A

Photo-Elicitation is using photos as interview prompts

Researcher Led = showing pre-selected photos
Participant-Led = asking participants to take photos
Participatory = participants leading the study

42
Q

Describe the 3 types of Media Elicitation?

A

Media-Elicitation is indirect

Researcher-Led: media pre-selected by researchers
Participant-Led: spontaneously mentioned/requested
Primary Media Analysis: no participants, just media

43
Q

What is Coding?

A

system of words, letters, or signs to represent something

  • There is a limitation in memory storage of coded information
44
Q

What is Introspection?

A

the examination of ones own conscious thoughts and feelings

45
Q

What is Subitising?

A

using rapid, accurate, and confident judgements of numbers

  • only works for small numbers and it is pre-attentive
46
Q

What is Attention?

A

the allocation of limited processing resources

  • when increasing the number of items, we use counting which is attentional
47
Q

What is George Miller’s Theory?

A

suggest human channel capacity is the magic number 7 (+/- 2)

48
Q

Describe Input-Output correlation:

A

measures the relationship of the input on the output

  • as the number of input increases, their output will initially increase but then have more and more errors
49
Q

Describe the Adaptive Brain:

A

the process of change in the context of the environment

50
Q

What did Donald Hebb discover:

A

Hebbs Law
= when an axon (cell A) is close enough to excite cell B and take part in firing it, some growth of metabolic change in 1 or both cells results in more firing of cells

51
Q

What are Neurons?

A

specialized cells

52
Q

What are Axons?

A

pathways in the brain

53
Q

What are Synapses?

A

junctions between neurons that allow electrons to neurochemically connect

54
Q

What is a Network?

A

combination of neurons which could be grouped together as one processing unit

55
Q

What is a Hierarchy?

A

organization of brain networks that higher processes inform, suppress, and inhibit lower ones

56
Q

What did John Hughlings Jackson discover?

A

all nervous centres from the lowest to the very highest are made up of nothing else than nervous arrangements, representing impressions and movements

57
Q

Describe EEG:

A

EEG = way to measure brain activity

recorded from a small area of the scalp reflects the firing activity of a large number of neurons

58
Q

What is Temporal Resolution?

A

amount of time needed to revisit and acquire data for the same location

59
Q

What is Spatial Resolution?

A

the measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor

60
Q

What is Spectral Power?

A

reflects the frequency content of the signal

61
Q

What is Delta?

A

type of brain wave that is large and slow

62
Q

What is Theta?

A

type of regular brain wave with a frequency of 4-7Hz

63
Q

What is Alpha?

A

type of large brain wave with a frequency of 8-13Hz

64
Q

What is Beta?

A

type of brain wave with a frequency of 12-30Hz (associated with normal waking consciousness)

65
Q

What is Gamma?

A

type of brain wave with a frequency of 25-140Hz (40hZ of particular interest)

66
Q

Describe Event-Related Potential:

A

measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event

67
Q

What is a Stimulus lock and a Response lock?

A

Stimulus lock
= time lock to when a visual stimulus occurs

Response lock
= time lock to when a subject responds

68
Q

What is an MRI and a DTI?

A

MRI = low temporal resolution and high spatial resolution

DTI = MRI technique that measures the rate of water diffusion between cells

69
Q

Describe averaging across trials:

A

exposing participants to many trials involving the same stimuli and requiring the same response

70
Q

Describe averaging across participants:

A

exposing some participants to a trial and other participants to another trial, then averaging each group

71
Q

What is a Callosotomy?

A

surgical disconnection of the Corpus Callosum

72
Q

Describe Visual Lateralisation:

A

the technique used to deliver stimulus information to each cerebral hemisphere seperately

(if someone doesn’t have a corpus callosum, two bits of info stay in different hemispheres which is known as split-brain)

73
Q

What is Spatial Coupling?

A

refers to the interactions between the drawings of two hands

(occurs in neurologically normal people, but not in split-brain people)

74
Q

Describe a Well-Learned action:

A

performance of a skill that has been practiced repeatedly with no or little direct attention

75
Q

Describe a Novel action:

A

performance of a skill that has not been practiced very much with lots of direct attention

76
Q

What is Cross-Modal?

A

use of two different sense modalities (e.g. Vision and Audition)

(congruent inputs tend to facilitate performance)

77
Q

Describe Somatosensory:

A

relating to a sensation that can occur in the body

78
Q

What is a Perceptual Illusion?

A

a faulty or distorted perception of something externally presented

79
Q

What is a Phantom Limb?

A

the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached

80
Q

What is the Speed-Accuracy trade-off?

A

as performance gets faster, accuracy decreases + vice versa

81
Q

Describe Congruent and Incongruent:

A

Congruent = in line with each other

Incongruent = uneven with each other

82
Q

What are top-down and bottom-up processing?

A

Top-Down Processing
= perceptions begin with the most general and move toward more specific

Bottom-Up Processing
= perceptions begin with an incoming stimulus and then work upwards until a representation is made in the mind

83
Q

What is Perceptual Manipulation?

A

used in Franz & McCormick

  • when participants had to move fingers from starting position to two circles
  • they perceptually manipulated this by adding lines connecting the two circles (helps to perceive it as one action with both hands)
84
Q

What is Conceptual Manipulation?

A

used in Franz & McCormick

  • set of instructions were given displayed in the form of simple phrases
  • used 2 trials which were Unified (imply one task “use both hands”) and Separate (imply two tasks “move the left and right hands”)
85
Q

What are Congenital Mirror Movements?

A

condition when the hand mirroring everything the other hand is doing

86
Q

Describe Proximal and Bilateral:

A

Proximal
= situated near the middle of the body & larger limbs

Bilateral
= relating to and affecting both sides

87
Q

Describe Plasticity:

A

when referring to the brain, we are talking about changes

String Player experiment
- neuroplasticity has occurred in the sensorimotor cortex associated with rapid dexterous movements of the fingers + sensory processing of feedback

Juggling experiment

  • scan the brain before and after learning takes place
  • shows once they learn the skill, structure of the brain changes in the occipital and temporal lobes

PSYC210 (1 decks)

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