Exam Study Flashcards
describe what Salience, Priming, and Accessibility are:
Salience = what is being judged Priming = the situation Accessibility = person that is judging
What is a Schema?
mental structures that humans use to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes
What do internal and external attributions relate to?
Internal = perceiver / actor External = target / situation
What is the Correspondent Inference Theory?
making a link between a motive and behaviour
someone behaving friendly, therefore you think they are a friendly person
What is a prototype?
the best cognitive representation of something within a certain category
Describe what the Augmenting principle and the Discounting principle are:
Augmenting
= role of a potential cause is enhanced by the presence of other inhibiting factors
Discounting
= any one factor is discounted as a function of the presence of other potential causes
What is the Self-Discrepancy theory?
The Ought self and the Ideal Self: the person that you believe you are and who you would like to be, respectively
What is the Self-Complexity theory?
people have multiple distinct selves
What is the Social Identity theory?
a person’s social identity behaviour is determined by the character and motivations of the person as an individual
What is the Self-Evaluation Maintenance theory?
when two people in a relationship each aim to keep themselves feeling good psychologically through comparison to the other person
What is Fazio’s MODE model?
Motivation and Opportunity as DEterminants of the attitude-behavior relationship
What are the stages of the Message Learning approach?
Persuasive message Attention to message Comprehension of message Acceptance of message Attitude change
Describe the ‘Sleeper Effect’:
when someone originally discounts a message, but then it becomes more persuasive over time
What is the Self-Perception theory?
drawing logical inferences from observations of our own behavior
Describe Cognitive Dissonance:
a feeling of cognitive discomfort caused by differing attitudes, etc
What is Attitude Innoculation?
a technique used to make people immune to attempts to change their attitude by first exposing them to small arguments against their position
Describe Compliance:
behaviour in submission to a request
What is the Commons problem?
a situation in which individuals neglect the well-being of society in pursuit of personal gain
Describe Illusory Correlation:
when someone identifies a relationship between two things when it is actually not real
What is the Contact Hypothesis?
suggests that intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice between group members
List Hobbes, Freud, Lorenz, and Darwins approaches:
Hobbes = aggression by nature Freud = aggression as a death instinct Lorenz = aggression elicited by environmental cues Darwin = aggression as an adaptation
What are the two types of exposure?
Functional Exposure
= positive relationship observed under conditions of perceived risk
Mere Exposure
= when exposed to a stimulus more, we develop tendencies for them
What is the Dissonance theory?
when people associate uncomfortable cognitive states with negative effects
What are Caricatures and Anticaricatures?
Caricatures
= exaggeration of the face with the average
Anticaricatures
= minimization of the face with the average
Describe Assortative Mating:
when people tend to choose mates who are more similar or dissimilar to themselves
Describe Perceptual Fluency:
facilitation of task performance due to prior experience with the stimulus
What three things predict an effect of violent media?
Numbing, Aggressive Scripts, Informational Conformity
Describe the Cathartic Hypothesis:
maintains that aggressive urges are relieved by releasing aggressive energy
What is the Balance theory?
changing your attitude because you do not want it to be consistent with outgroup members (enemy likes pizza, therefore you choose to not like pizza)
What is the Testing effect?
retrieving to-be-remembered information increases long-term memory
Describe Reliability and Validity:
Reliability = endures the same result every time Validity = measures what it claims to measure
What is Target Prevalence?
describes the salience of an object/s in the environment
What is Vigilance Decrement?
the ability to remain vigilant for critical analysis deteriorates with time
Describe Old-View Safety-I & New-View Safety-II:
Safety-II
= focuses on when things go wrong
Safety-II
= focuses on understanding normal performance
What is a ‘violation’?
intentional breaking of rules
What is a ‘slip’?
repeated mistake
What is a ‘lapse’?
the unintended error of omission (first time)
What is a rule-based mistake?
someone makes an error due to not following procedures
What is a knowledge-based mistake?
someone makes an error due to insufficient knowledge to take appropriate action
What is a skill-based mistake?
someone makes an error due to a physical skill performed incorrectly
What is the difference between screening-out and screening-in?
Screening-Out
= looking for potential undesirable characteristics that are not suitable for the job, then eliminating them from being considered
( more efficient way)
Screening-In:
= looking for potential characteristics in a person that would make them suitable for the job
( less efficient way )
What is Face, Construct, and Content validity?
Face Validity
= measures what it claims to
Construct Validity
= how well it measures what it claims to
Content Validity
= how well it measures the behaviour for which it is intended
