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Science - Year 10 > Exam semster 1 > Flashcards

Exam semster 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Shape of a DNA molecule

A

Double Helix or spiral ladder

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2
Q

Trisomy

A

Three copies of a chromosome instead of the normal pair of two e.g. Down syndrome is the result of an extra chromosome 21

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3
Q

Monosomy

A

A condition in which there is only one copy of a particular chromosome in a cell e.g. Turner’s syndrome results in only one sex chromosome (xo)

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4
Q

Prophase

A

The process separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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5
Q

Metaphase

A

-Chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell
-Microtubule spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome

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6
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles

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7
Q

Telephase

A

Two nuclei form, each with a diploid number of chromosomes

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

-Meiosis is a special process of nuclear division that results in the production of sperm or ova (gametes or sex cells)
-Each daughter cell contains half the original number of chromosomes, the haploid number (23)

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

Used to produce new cells for repair, growth and regeneration

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10
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

-Interphase
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telephase
-Cytokinesis
(These stages happen twice in Meiosis)

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11
Q

Dominant trait

A

Refers to a trait (phenotype) that requires only one allele to be present for its expression in a heterozygote. Denoted by a capital letter.

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12
Q

Recessive trait

A

Refers to a trait (phenotype) that will only be expressed in the absence of the allele for the dominant trait. Denoted by a lower case letter.

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13
Q

Carrier

A

Refers to someone who is heterozygous for a particular trait and carries the allele for the recessive trait (such as the alleles for blue eyes or red hair)

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14
Q

Process of a Fraternal twins

A

Fraternal twins develop in the very early stages of the division following fertilisation, where clusters of a few cells develop into two separate individuals.

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15
Q

Process of Identical twins

A

Identical twins result as each cluster has the same genetic makeup as the other.

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16
Q

Pedigree gender rule

A

-A square is always used to represent a male
-A circle is always used to represent a female

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17
Q

Features of Metals

A

-Solid at room temperature, except for mercury which is a liquid
-Can be polished to produce a high shine
-Good conductors of electricity and heat
-Usually melt at high temperatures

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18
Q

Non-metal elements

A

-At room temperature, 11 are gasses, 10 are solids, 1 is liquid

19
Q

Features of solid non-metals

A

-Cannot be polished to give a shine like metals; they are usually dull or glassy.
-They are brittle, which means they shatter when they are hit
-Cannot be bent into shape
-They are usually poor conductors of electricity and heat
-They usually melt at low temperatures

20
Q

Characteristics of patterns down a group

A

-Atomic number and mass number: Increases
-Atomic radius: Increases
-Melting points: Decreases for groups 1 to 5 and increases for group 15 to 18
-Reactivity: Metals become more reactive and non-metals become less reactive
-Metallic character: Increases

21
Q

Characteristics of patterns across a period

A

-Atomic number and mass number: Increases
-Atomic radius: Decreases
-Melting points: Generally increase then decreases
-Reactivity: Is high, then decreases and then increases. Group 18 elements are inert and do not react
-Metallic character: Decreases

22
Q

Distance-time graphs

A

-A distance-time graph shows how far an object travels as time
-The slope or gradient of a distance-time graph is equivalent to the objects average speed over time interval

23
Q

Displacement-time graph

A

-In a displacement-time graph, the slope or gradient of the line is equal to the velocity of the object
-The steeper the line (and the greater the gradient) the faster the object is moving

24
Q

Speed-time graphs

A

-The area below a speed-time graph is the distance the object has travelled up to a given point

25
Q

Acceleration

A

-The average acceleration can be calculated by dividing the change in speed by the time taken for the change
a = v-u/t

a = acceleration
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t = time taken

26
Q

Ticker timer hints

A

-The further together the dots, the greater the object’s velocity
-If an object is travelling at a constant velocity, the dots will be equally spaced apart
-If an object is accelerating, the dots will start closer together and gradually get further apart
-If an object is decelerating, the dots will start further apart and gradually get closer together

27
Q

Energy

A

Defined as ‘the ability to do work’

28
Q

Law of conservation of Energy

A

-Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
-However, energy can be transformed from one type to another or transferred from one object to another

29
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy, that when released is converted to other forms as kinetic, sound, heat or light energy

30
Q

Types of potential energy

A

-Gravitational
-Elastic
-Chemical
-Nuclear
-Electrical

31
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy possessed by objects that are moving

32
Q

Types of kinetic energy

A

-Heat
-Sound
-Light

33
Q

Converting speeds in Speed and Velocity

A

-M/s —> Km/h = x3.6
-Km/h —> M/s = ÷3.6

34
Q

Chromatid

A

The formation of chromatids is an important step in cell division ensuring that each new daughter cell has the correct complement of DNA

35
Q

Centriole

A

-Organise microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system
-They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell

36
Q

Centromere

A

Helps the cell divide up it’s DNA during division

37
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Mediates physical pairing of duplicated chromosomes. This pairing is essential for appropriate distribution of chromosomes into the daughter cells upon cell division

38
Q

Acids

A

-Any compounds that starts with H is an acid

39
Q

Bases

A

-Any command that ends with ‘OH’ or ‘hydroxide’ is a base

40
Q

Salts

A

-Where a metals bonds with a non-metal
-The metal is always written first

41
Q

Types of reactions

A

-Acid + Metal = Hydrogen has + Salt
-Acid + Base = Water + Salt
-Acid + Metal Oxide = Water + Salt
Acid + Metal Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

42
Q

Rate of reaction

A

The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds is known as the Rate of Reaction

43
Q

Kinetic Particle Model

A

-A chemical reaction proceeds at the molecular level
-For a reaction to occur, collisions between molecules must:
*collide in the correct orientation
*collide with sufficient energy

Science - Year 10 (3 decks)

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