Exam Sem 2

Question 1

what are the steps in the scientific method?

Answer 1

1. identify the area of research and form an aim
2. collect info
3. identify research question and hypothesis
4. design research method
5. collect and analyse data
6. draw conclusion = accept or reject hypothesis
7. report findings
8. test conclusion

Question 2

IV

Answer 2

independant variable is the variable that is deliberately manipulated or varied in some way and is pre planned

Question 3

DV

Answer 3

the property that is measured in the research, its value depends on the iv and will change as a result of the iv

Question 4

EV

Answer 4

extraneous variable, undesirable variables that could cause changes in the value of the dv

Question 5

CV

Answer 5

control variable, the variable that could be bad but is controlled for

Question 6

how do you write an hypothesis

Answer 6

it is predicted that…..includes IV, DV and population

Question 7

population

Answer 7

the group of people about which the experimenter wishes to draw conclusion

Question 8

sample

Answer 8

the members of the population that have been chosen to take part in the research

Question 9

random and stratified sample

Answer 9

random sampling is a sampling procedure in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected whereas stratified sampling is sampling process by which the effects of a certain variable can be eliminated as a possible confound in the experiment

Question 10

difference between the E-group and C-group

Answer 10

the E-group is the experimental group and they receive the IV whereas the C-group does not receive the iv and they are there to see if the iv actually has an effect

Question 11

placebo effect

Answer 11

refers to the participants behaviour being influenced by their expectations of how they should behave, caused by the belief that they have received some treatment. can be controlled for by telling them they haven’t received treatment

Question 12

experimenter effect

Answer 12

the outcome of an experiment being unintentionally or even intentionally influenced by the experimenter

Question 13

qualitative vs quantitive data

Answer 13

qualitative data is descriptions of the characteristics of what is being studied vs quantitive data is measurements (numerical info) abut variables being studied

Question 14

experimental design groups

Answer 14

independent groups: each participant is randomly allocated to one of the groups (most common one), drop out are unlikely and the procedure can be done all at once but does use a lot of participants and has participant variables.
repeated measures: same participants are in both experimental and control group, eliminated P variables and required fewer P’s but order effects can come into to play and will be more dropouts
matched participants: each participant is matched with another in the other situation based on one or more participant variable, the P variables will then not influence results but it is time consuming and expensive to match and if one drops out boths data is lost

Question 15

ethical considerations

Answer 15

the code of ethics is designed to protect participants from psychological and physiological harm, includes confidentiality, debriefing, informed consent

Question 16

do last sac!

Answer 16

ok

Question 17

adaptive plasticity

Answer 17

changes to the brains neural structure as an adjustment to learning or to compensate for brain damage or loss of function, can occur at any stage involves sprouting: buffer dendrites and additional branches
re-routing: undamaged neuron that has lost connection will try and establish a new connection

Question 18

developmental plasticity

Answer 18

occurs during growth and development, from before birth to late childhood, predetermined and influenced by genetics and environment, use it or lose it. P M CF SP M

Question 19

stages of developmental plasticity

Answer 19

Proliferation: unborn baby cells that will be neurons divide and multiply
Migration: newly formed neurons move to their destined location, the role of a neuron is determined by its location when it is formed
Circuit Formation: axons of new neurons grow out to target cells and form synapses with them
Circuit Pruning: elimination of excess neurons and synapses. neurons that don’t fire together get pruned
Myelination: axons become covered with myelin to insulate and speed up messages

Question 20

synaptogenisis

Answer 20

the process of molding or forming new synapses

Question 21

what structures in the brain develop during adolescence

Answer 21

cerebellum: increase in neurons and synapses
amygdala: becomes more active
corpus callosum: thickens and increases number of connections
frontal lobe: motor movement and higher order thinking

Question 22

common causes of brain damage

Answer 22

stroke, anoxia and severe injuries

Question 23

adaptive plasticity after brain injury

Answer 23

Cameron Mott, right side

Question 24

brocas aphasia

Answer 24

brocas area is located near the primary cortex in the left frontal lobe, this close proximity allows fast communication. involved in production of articulate speech and grammar, moves muscles required to speak. Brocas aphasia (expressive aphasia)
speech non fluent, many pauses, very short and simple sentences, anomia

Question 25

Wernickes aphasia

Answer 25

left temporal lobe, interpretation of speech, referred to as language comprehension centre
Wernickes aphasia
speech is fluent but nonsense, difficulty understanding/producing written and spoken language, anomia

Question 26

spatial neglect

Answer 26

a disorder in which the person affected systematically ignored stimuli on one side of their body