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Plant and Animal biology exam > Exam revision quiz > Flashcards

Exam revision quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of these is not an endotherm

  • brooding female python
  • mammals
  • operophtera, a night flying moth
  • birds
A
  • operophtera, a night flying moth
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2
Q

The heartwood of a tree consists of

A

non functional xylem

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3
Q

Soil salinity impedes plant growth because

A

The salt ions are toxic to plant metabolism when at high concentrations

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4
Q

a 1 osmolar solution has an osmotic pressure equivalent to

A

224 m of water

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5
Q

most aquatic animals excrete nitrogenous waste as

A

ammonia

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6
Q

Land plants evolved from

A

Multicellular, fresh water green algae

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7
Q

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plants because

a. it is an essential element of proteins
b. it is a constituent of membrane lipids
c. both (a) and (d)
d. It is a constituent of nucleic acids

A

both (a) and (d)

it is an essential element of proteins
It is a constituent of nucleic acids

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8
Q

A barnacle larva is a tiny animals with short hairy appendages that floats in the open ocean before selecting a suitable substrate on which to settle.
It then metamorphoses into an adult barnacle and cements itself in place.
The barnacle has a larval phase that is _ and _, followed by an adult stage that is _ and _.

A

The barnacle has a larval phase that is PELAGIC and PLANKTONIC, followed by an adult stage that is SESSILE and BENTHIC.

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9
Q

Which of the following statements about flight is true?

  1. Lift is produced to counteract drag
  2. Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of air movement
  3. Lift and drag are independent of the angle of attack
  4. Low aspect ration wings produce the most lift for the least amount of drag
A
  1. Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of air movement
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10
Q

Which type of animal-mediated pollination is exceptionally abundant in global terms in southwest australia and the campos rupestre uplands of brazil?

  1. Beetle
  2. Bee
  3. Bird
  4. Butterfly
A
  1. Bird
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11
Q

In foregut fermentation:

A

sugars and starches are metabolised by microbes

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12
Q

A marine organism is observed to release a large number of very small eggs. Soon after being released, eggs hatch and rapidly develop into a form that is morphologically very different to the parent. This organism must therefore use what type of reproductive strategy?

  • direct development
  • indirect development
  • protandry
  • parthenogenesis
A

INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT

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13
Q

Which of these mammals is known to supercool?

a. polar bear
b. arctic fox
c. leopard seal
d. arctic ground squirrel

A

arctic ground squirrel

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14
Q

A commensal symbiotic relationship between two individual organisms indicates that

A

one individual benefits, the other remains unaffected.

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15
Q

Water use efficiency is highest for plants with:
C3
C4
CAM

A

CAM photosynthesis ! (think cactuses in a desert)

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16
Q

Thylakoid membranes contain protein complexes for:

A
  1. light-harvesting system
  2. electron transport system
  3. ATP synthesising system

^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

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17
Q

Which vertebrate has a slightly open circulatory system?

  • Teleost fish
  • Hagfish
  • Embryonic mammal
  • Bird embrup
A

The HAGFISH of course

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18
Q

The pharyngeal structures of early chordates were modified through evolution to provide a range of functions including:

A
  1. hearing
  2. gas exchange
  3. gills

^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

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19
Q

The oxygen in the atmosphere was produced…

A

First by anaerobic bacteria then plants

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20
Q

Whales do not experience the bends because…

A

air is compressed and pushed out of their lungs when diving

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21
Q

Animals that show direct development are likely to…

a. have a large number of offsrping
b. be adapted to reproduce quickly and cheaply
c. live in a heterogenous environment where it is best to keep offspring close to parent
d. be good colonizers of new habitats

A

c. live in a heterogenous environment where it is best to keep offspring close to parent

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22
Q

When a plant cell loses water and decreases in volume, the…

A

PRESSURE POTENTIAL DEcreases and OSMOTIC POTENTIAL DEcreases

ie. Osmotic potential more negative

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23
Q

The function of the guard cells is to

A

Control the exchange of gases (CO2 and water vapour) between leaves and the atmosphere

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24
Q

In the majority of plant species SELF-POLLINATION results in…

  1. less offspring
  2. increased fitness
  3. less offspring and genetic defects
  4. ability to colonise isolated habitats
A
  1. less offspring and genetic defects
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25
Q

Ma means…

A

x 1000 000 years ago

x MILLION years ago

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26
Q

Echinoderms…

A
  1. have a water vascular system of radial muscles that pump water through the animal
  2. are marine animals that have five-rayed symmetry and no head
  3. have an external skeleton composed of spicules which give it’s “spiny skin”

^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

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27
Q

Most bivalves …

A
  1. have two shell plates which enclose the body
  2. have no distinct head
  3. use cilia on their gills to filter feed

^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

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28
Q

Mammalian lungs…

A
  1. have gas echange in ALVEOLI
  2. have a small diffusion distance between air and blood at the exchange surface
  3. Are a spongy mass of branching ducts and cupped-shaped gas-exchange chambers

^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

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29
Q

Peristaltic locomotion is dependent on…

A
  1. Segments filled with COELOM
  2. Segments under HYDRO-STATIC PRESSURE
  3. Segments controlled by individual MUSCLES & NERVES

^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

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30
Q

All craniates have:

  1. a distinct head with a cranium
  2. a backbone composed of vertebrae
  3. dermal bones
  4. a bony endoskeleton
A
  1. a distinct head with a cranium
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31
Q

Some aquatic animals can tolerate environmental temperatures lower than the freezing point of their body fluids by ….

A

tolerating freezing of their EXTRACELLULAR but NOT INTRACELLULAR fluids

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32
Q

What plant nutrients are strongly linked to the process of photosynthesis

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur

^^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE

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33
Q

What has the longest reproductive organ relative to its’ body size?

a. tapeworm
b. asteroidea
c. barnacle
d. errant polycheata

A

BARNACLE!

oh, barnacles !!!!!!

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34
Q

Self-pollination is not normally advantageous, except when…

  1. there are more female flowers than male flowers in a plant population
  2. A heat wave strikes
  3. There are more male flowers than female flowers in a plant population
  4. Plants colonize island-like habitats as single seeds
A
  1. Plants colonize island-like habitats as single seeds
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35
Q

Debate on the impact of aboriginal people on megafaunal extinction persists because

A

It is difficult to disentangle climatic impacts, direct hunting pressure and firestick farming effects in the archaeological record

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36
Q

Cladistic analysis involves the comparison of

A

SHARED CHARACTERISTICS

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37
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE for an ECTOTHERM…

  1. body temp determined primarily by heat exchange with their environment
  2. cannot thermoregulate
  3. Metabolic rate increases exponentially with body temp with a Q10 of about 2.5
  4. metabolic heat production is sufficiently low as to be ineffective in controlling body temp.
A
  1. cannot thermoregulate

- they thermoregulate by interacting with their environment

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38
Q

Stomata open by…

A
  1. Guard cells taking up ions and water follows;
  2. which increases turgor in the two guard cells and;
  3. these cells push apart owing to their structure.
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39
Q

Brooding female diamond pythons are…

A

endothermic

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40
Q

In oogenesis…

A

the secondary oocyte divides asymetrically to produce an egg and a non-functional polar body

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41
Q

Which of the following describes the source of energy and nutrients for an autotroph?

  1. inorganic materials
  2. plant foliage
  3. Animal tissues
  4. photosynthetic symbiotic microbes
A
  1. photosynthetic symbiotic microbes
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42
Q

External fertilization…

  1. is a mechanism by which fertilization is assured
  2. does not require the maintenance of complex reproductive organs
  3. is a low risk reproductive strategy with high survival
  4. will result in offspring identical to parents
A
  1. does not require the maintenance of complex reproductive organs
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43
Q

Asexual reproduction involves…

  • fusion of gametes
  • meiosis
  • one parent
  • all answers correct
A

ONE PARENT, duh

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44
Q

a Phytochrome is a

A

photoreceptor sensitive to light in the red and far-red regions of the spectrum

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45
Q

In order of water-use efficiency (WUE), from highest to lowest, for leaves with diff types of photosynthesis is….

A

CAM > C4 > C3

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46
Q

Considering the SLOSS debate on the size of conservation areas, several small conservation areas within an OCBIL are likely to match conservation objectives because of…

a. low levels of genetic diversity
b. high levels of endemism
c. ability of species to rapidly spread to new habitats
d. high frequency of disturbance

A

b. high levels of endemism

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47
Q

In the linnaean hierarchy, which of the following taxonomic orders includes all the others?

  1. Phylum
  2. Family
  3. Order
  4. Genus
A
  1. Phylum , duh
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48
Q

Which of the following avenues for heat exchange is NOT important for an endothermic animal (eg. Kangaroo)?

  • evaporation
  • convection
  • condensation
  • radiation
A

CONDENSATION

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49
Q

In animal cells, diffusion is only effective…

  1. for oxygen; other substances are actively transported
  2. when animals are active
  3. over distances less than one or two millimetres
  4. across membranes
A
  1. over distances less than one or two millimetres
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50
Q

Ka means….

A

x 1 000 years ago

x THOUSAND years ago

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51
Q

What plant traits might be most useful for restoring regions with elevated water tables in Southern Australia?

A
  1. Deep roots
  2. Salt tolerance
  3. Waterlogging tolerance

^^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE

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52
Q

Mychorrhiza

  • are no benefit to plant growth and development
  • only developed with evolution of flowering plants
  • infect 90% of all land plants
  • are major plant pathogens in forest trees
A

Infect 90% of all land plants

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53
Q

Being a hermaphrodite is a successful reproductive strategy because…

A

it effectively doubles the reproductive potential of the population

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54
Q

An ONTOGENETIC shift in a species life history indicates…

A

different habitat use by different lifestages

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55
Q

A hyphal cell contains two haploid nuclei that came from different sources. Such a cell would be described as…

A

heterokaryotic

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56
Q

How many separate atria are present in the hearts of modern amphibians?

A

Two

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57
Q

Microorganisms have diversified for over ___ billion years compared to only ___ million years for macroorganisms. The great biodiversity of the microbial world has yet to be discovered

A

Microorganisms have diversified for over 3.85 billion years compared to only 600 million years for macroorganisms. The great biodiversity of the microbial world has yet to be discovered

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58
Q

Animals that depend largely on external heat sources to maintain body temperatures above ambient are referred to as…

A

ectotherms

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59
Q

In the southwest australian floristic region, which of the following has the highest percentage of threatened endemic plants?

  1. undulating terrain
  2. young fertile lowlands/wetlands
  3. old infertile uplands
  4. coastal dunes
A

OLD INFERTILE UPLANDS

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60
Q

Which layer is NOT present in the body wall of a cnidarian?

  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoglea
  • Mesoderm
A

Mesoderm

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61
Q

Animals that change their resting metabolic rate in response to seasonal changes in their environment…

  1. undergo adaptation
  2. undergo acclimatisation
  3. show genotypic plasticity
  4. undergo acclimation
A
  1. undergo ACCLIMATISATION
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62
Q

Air and water have very different properties as respiratory media.. Which of the following is CORRECT?

  1. the solubility of O2 in air and water is the same
  2. O2 is more soluble in water than CO2
  3. Compared to water, air provides a greater resistance to diffusion of both O2 and CO2
  4. the capacitance of O2 and CO2 in air is the same
A
  1. the capacitance of O2 and CO2 in air is the same
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63
Q

What affects plant growth and development?

A
  1. Day length
  2. Gravity
  3. Temperature

^^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE

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64
Q

Which two forms of locomotion are based on similar fluid-dynamic concepts?

A

flying and swimming

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65
Q

Which of the following classes of annelids have parapodia?

  • Oligochaeta
  • Polychaeta
  • Hirudinea
  • Clitellata
A

POLYCHAETA - remember our little worm from the lab?

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66
Q

In animal development, cleavage refers to…

A

a series of MITOTIC divisions of the ZYGOTE withOUT any increase in embryo size

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67
Q

For an organism to reproduce sexually it is necessary ..

A

for a haploid gamete to form

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68
Q

Xylem cells in flowering plants…

A

include vessels and tracheids

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69
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  1. Metabolic rate is independent of body mass
  2. A large animal has a lower absolute metabolic rate than a small animal
  3. A large animal has a higher mass-specific metabolic rate than a small animal
  4. A large animal has a higher absolute metabolic rate than a small animal
A
  1. A large animal has a higher absolute metabolic rate than a small animal
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70
Q

Under waterlogged conditions

A

lack of O2 is likely to result in decreased root growth

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71
Q

Gastropods living within mussel beds that remove macroalgae by grazing can be described as in a ___ relationship

A

Mutualistic relationship

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72
Q

Amphibians, when resting,

  1. rarely use their skin for gas exchange
  2. use only their gills for gas exchange
  3. primarily absorb O2 via the lungs and lose carbon dioxide through the skin
  4. absorb oxygen through their skin and lose CO2 through their gills
A
  1. primarily absorb O2 via the lungs and lose carbon dioxide through the skin
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73
Q

hat term best describes fungi that live in partnership with another fungi?

A

Mutualist

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74
Q

The direction of the flow of sugars in the phloem is:

A

Either upwards or downwards, depending on the location of the sink

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75
Q

Ga means…

A

x 1 000 000 000 years ago

x BILLION years ago

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76
Q

Metabolic rate can be measured as

A
  1. Heat production
  2. Rate of oxygen consumption
  3. Rate of carbon dioxide production

^^^ All of the answers are correct

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77
Q

Diploblastic animals…

A

are able to form tissues but not organs

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78
Q

Which of the following are NOT plant adaptations to nutrient poor soils?

  1. Cluster roots
  2. Exudation of organic acids and enzymes
  3. Symbioses between roots and microorganisms
  4. Root mucilage sheath
A
  1. Root mucilage sheath
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79
Q

The body water content of a typical animal is about

A

0.7 (70%)

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80
Q

Manganese deficiency disorders in plants…

A

typically show up in the youngest leaves, due to the alkaline pH of the phloem, at which manganese is poorly soluble, and so phloem immobile

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81
Q

sea grasses are pollinated by…

A

Water currents transporting pollen to stigmas

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82
Q

A secondary consumer is an animal that feeds on…

A

herbivores

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83
Q

Radial symmetry is characteristic of animals that…

  1. have tentacles
  2. are filter feeders
  3. are attached to a substrate
  4. are toxic to their predators
A
  1. are attached to a substrate
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84
Q

Parapodia are used in __, __ and __.

A

gas exchange, locomotion and feeding

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85
Q

Which part of the ruminant stomach “has leaves like a book” for physical mixing and grinding?

A

Omasum

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86
Q

Chose the incorrect option: Cordyceps is

  1. A fungus known to attack underground invertebrates
  2. Has potent curative properties
  3. Is one of the most expensive fungal products known
  4. Can form mycorrhizal associations with montane conifers
A
  1. Can form mycorrhizal associations with montane conifers (INCORRECT about cordyceps)
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87
Q

An advantage of sexual reproduction is

A

novel genetic combinations may help the offspring’s survival

88
Q

Eukaryotes (select the choice that is incorrect)

  1. Have a nucleus
  2. Have complex cellular structure
  3. Have plastids
  4. Represent the third great group of organisms on earth
A
  1. Represent the third great group of organisms on earth

incorrect about eukaryotes

89
Q

To photosynthesise, land plants require

A

light, carbon dioxide and water

90
Q

What is required for efficient gas exchange across a respiratory organ?

A

A highly vascularised respiratory surface

91
Q

Asexual reproduction methods in plants include

A

spore formation and vegetative propagation

92
Q

in mammalian hearts…

A

systemic pressure is higher than pulmonary pressure

93
Q

green algae are classed as…

  1. Phaeophyta
  2. Rhodophyta
  3. Chlorophyta
  4. Zooxanthellae
A

Chlorophyta

94
Q

In species of hard coral such as Acropora sp, the sexual reproductive component of the life cycle provides

A

a mechanism for dispersal

95
Q

A structure found in lancelets (cephalochordates) but not in tunicates (urochordates) is

A

segmental blocks of muscle for movement

96
Q

Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants include:

A
  1. Death of the terminal bud
  2. Leaves are chlorotic
  3. Plants are stunted

ALL OF THE ABOVE ^^^

97
Q

The response of root-to-shoot ratio of plants to nitrogen deficiency is

A
  1. For this ratio to INCREASE,
  2. owing to DECREASED production of CYTOKININ in the roots and
  3. thus less cytokinin arriving at the shoots
  4. resulting in a greater inhibition of shoot growth relative to root growth
98
Q

The limbs of tetrapods (amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals) are

A

derived from the fins of lobe-finned fish

99
Q

Biodiversity is defined as the number, relative abundance and genetic diversity of organisms from all habitats, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic systems, and the ecological complexes and processes of which they are part The term was coined in:

A

1988

100
Q

The “step” increase in metabolic rate of ectothermic animals compared to unicellular organisms is thought to reflect

A

higher surface area hence exchange of animal cells

101
Q

most bivalves

A
  1. have two shell plates which enclose the body
  2. have no distinct head
  3. use cilia on their gills to filter feed

ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT ^^^

102
Q

Plants risk xylem embolism when:

A

The soil is dry and evaporative demand is high

103
Q

The typical shoot elongation response of shade-avoiding plants is

A

For stem extension rate to INCREASE soon after the ratio of red:far-red light DECREASES

104
Q

Ironstone communities are inhabited by a range of endemic species because…

A

Species that do not inhabit ironstone communities lack the specialised roots to secure sufficient water in summer

105
Q

What is a major cost to a marine animal?

A

low oxygen concentration

106
Q

Which of the following do not occur in both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

  1. The generation of ATP
  2. The ability to generate an electrochemical gradient across an inner membrane
  3. The use of O2 to produce water
  4. The transport of electrons by protein complexes
A
  1. The use of O2 to produce water
107
Q

Records of five previous mass extinctions in the fossil record have been linked to evidence of

A

vulcanism and/or meteor impacts

108
Q

When compared to animal tissues, plant tissues are

A

generally less nutritious

109
Q

Temperature is

  1. total kinetic energy content of all molecules
  2. average kinetic movement of molecules
  3. is not an important abiotic factor for animals
  4. inversely related to metabolic rate for animals
A
  1. average kinetic movement of molecules
110
Q

Heterotrophs need

A

to acquire organic compounds from other organisms

111
Q

About a third of orchids adopt a pollination strategy that provides no reward to insects. This is achieved through:

A

Mimicry, including sexual deception

112
Q

Bryoza feed using

A

a lophophore

113
Q

Chlorophyll is a pigment that shows strong absorption of

A

red and blue light

114
Q

The respective ATP yields from anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of one glucose are

A

2 and >30 ATP

115
Q

In the tropics, it is predicted by climate change models that

A

temperature will increase and rainfall will increase

116
Q

Water rises to the top of tall trees in the xylem

A

Due to the suction tension and cohesion of water molecules

117
Q

YODFELs are:

A

Young landscapes that are fertile and frequently disturbed

118
Q

Siphonophores are made up of polymorphic

A

zooids

119
Q

Australian agriculture overcomes nutrient limitations to crops by:

A
  1. Intercropping using legumes
  2. Applying phosphate fertilisers

^^^ BOTH ARE CORRECT

120
Q

Organisms that live at lower temperatures have?

More __ and less __ bonds

A

More hydrogen and fewer hydrophobic bonds

121
Q

Pollen can be moved between various land plants in a variety of ways, including:

A

Insects (such as bees, wasps, moths, butterflies), birds, bats, non-flying mammals, and wind

122
Q

Conservation corridors connecting OCBIL conservation areas are likely to

A

enable invasive species to establish in new habtiats

123
Q

Which animal does NOT belong to the phylum cnidaria?

  1. Sea star
  2. Coral
  3. Jellyfish
  4. Sea anemone
A

Sea star

124
Q

Which of the following has the highest % starches/sugars

  1. whole mammal
  2. insects
  3. fruit
  4. grasses
A
  1. fruit
125
Q

Fungi are primary recyclers of organic material because (select the choice that is INCORRECT)

  1. They can digest lignin but not wood
  2. Grow by extension of a chitinous tube that exudes enzymes to dissolve substrates
  3. They can digest all parts of a plant both living and dead
  4. Release organic breakdown products back to the environment
A
  1. They can digest lignin but not wood

THEY CAN DIGEST BOTH

126
Q

In SW WA, Polination by animals typically occurs in

A

dense habitats

127
Q

The veins of vertebrates

A

carry blood towards the heart

128
Q

Potassium and calcium are positively charged ions

A

They can be taken up by roots via ion channels

129
Q

Chose the correct option: Flowering plants evolved

A

Around 140 million years ago

130
Q

Halophytes (salt-tolerant plants)

A

Accumulate ions in cell vacuoles and organic solutes in the cytoplasm for osmotic adjustment

131
Q

Which has the highest percentage of threatened species among the five groups of plants included in the Sampled Red List Index project conducted by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, the Natural History Museum and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature?

A

Gymnosperms

132
Q

The leaves of aquatic plants (living underwater) are different to leaves of terrestrial plants (living with shoots in air) in the following ways

A

Leaves of aquatic plants lack stomata and chloroplasts are abundant in the epidermis

133
Q

Bacteria are prokaryotes because they

A

lack a nucleus

134
Q

OCBILs are most commonly seen today in:

A

Southwest Australia

135
Q

In plants, the substances known as assimilates are

A

the end products of photosynthesis

136
Q

A relatively large proportion of plant species in south-western Australia is endemic:

  1. Because of the young age of the landscape
  2. As they are all restricted to nutrient rich soils
  3. Which is typical for old climatically-buffered landscapes
  4. Because of the isolation of the continent
A
  1. Which is typical for old climatically-buffered landscapes
137
Q

Which statement about suspension feeding is NOT TRUE?
1. Suspension feeding is a mechanism by which food particles are removed from the water column

  1. All sessile animals are suspension feeders and all suspension feeders are sessile
  2. Suspension feeders can use crowns of tentacles, modified legs or mucous nets to trap passing particles
  3. Suspension feeding is a strategy that involves carnivory, omnivory and/or detritivory
A
  1. All sessile animals are suspension feeders and all suspension feeders are sessile (NOT TRUE)
138
Q

The mouse-elephant curve (which relates body mass and metabolic rate) demonstrates that

A

large animals require less energy per gram of body mass than small ones

139
Q

Sharks maintain high levels of urea in their body fluids. This…

A

avoids the need to drink seawater to replace body water lost by osmosis

140
Q

1080 poison can be used in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region to kill feral foxes and cats without significant destruction of native vertebrates because:

A

Native poison peas (Gastrolobium) have fluoracetate resembling 1080 in their leaves and the native herbivores have coevolved resistance to the poison

141
Q

Mosses share in common with angiosperms an ability to reproduce by spores. T or F?

A

FALSE

142
Q

Which species in the following animal phyla are always segmented?

  1. Nematodes
  2. Molluscs
  3. Annelids
  4. Annelids and nematodes
A

Annelids

143
Q

Management to reduce the spread of dryland salinity is possible by

A

Planting more perennial species, both on recharge zones and discharge zones

144
Q

Terrestrial animals

A

are all ionoregulators

145
Q

A heliotherm is…

A

an ectotherm that thermoregulates by basking in the sun

146
Q

Conservation on old landscapes requires different approaches to that on young landscapes, such as:

A
  1. Providing space for the biodiversity
  2. Minimising soil removal via bulldozing etc, as well as minimising importation of nutrients and pollution causing climate change
  3. Minimising importation of alien plants, animals and diseases, and controlling where possible

^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE

147
Q

Pangaea was a supercontinent in existence __ million years ago

A

250 million years ago

148
Q

Cutaneous gas exchange is

A

common for annelid worms

149
Q

Reptiles are not considered a monophyletic group This is because

A

birds should be classified together with reptiles as a single lineage

150
Q

All modern molluscs have retained the radula, EXCEPT

A

bivalves

151
Q

Porcelain and hermit crabs are

  1. obligate detritivores
  2. obligate filter feeders
  3. obligate predators
  4. generalists feeders
A
  1. generalists feeders
152
Q

Mollusca secrete their shell using the

  1. mantle
  2. coelum
  3. gills
  4. foot
A
  1. Mantle
153
Q

Cells produced specifically during cleavage are called

A

blastomeres

154
Q

Physical seed dormancy is

A

When seeds only have a physical barrier to germination

155
Q

Asexual reproduction in flowering plants

  1. produces new individuals by meiosis
  2. involves two parents
  3. generates genetic variation within populations
  4. produces offspring genetically identical to the parents
A
  1. produces offspring genetically identical to the parents
156
Q

The rate of water loss from a leaf to the atmosphere will be determined by:

A

The gradient in water vapour concentration (or vapour pressure deficit) between the outside air and the interior of the leaf, as well as the stomatal conductance

157
Q

What does a biologist mean when they write about a “strategy” that is used by an animal species?

A

The way by which an animal achieves something that affects its fitness

158
Q

Which animal has a simple diffusion lung?

  1. mammal
  2. bird
  3. pulmonate snail
  4. fish
A

pulmonate snail

159
Q

Fertilization in plants is indicated by:

A

The sperm cells delivered by a pollen tube fuses with the egg inside of an ovule

160
Q

In plants, the portions of the stems between the points of leaf attachment are called

A

internodes

161
Q

Which feature is NOT found in nematodes?

  1. A mouth and an anus
  2. Segmentation
  3. Anterior sense organs
  4. Small, tapering, cylindrical bodies
A
  1. SEGMENTATION (not found in nematodes)
162
Q

It may be considered that amphibians have NOT become fully adapted to a terrestrial environment because

A

most species have a tadpole larva that needs free water

163
Q

It may be considered that amphibians have NOT become fully adapted to a terrestrial environment because

A

most species have a tadpole larva that needs free water

164
Q

When compared with its rate of diffusion in air, the rate of diffusion of a gas in water

  1. is faster
  2. is the same
  3. is slower
  4. is strongly dependent on the temperature of the water
A
  1. is slower
165
Q

Phosphorus is essential for plant life, because
A) Phosphate is a major component of bones
B) Phosphorus is an essential component of RNA
C) Phosphorus is an essential component of DNA
D) Option B and option C

A

D) Option B and option C

  • Phosphorus is an essential component of RNA
  • Phosphorus is an essential component of DNA
166
Q

The osmotic concentration in the body fluids of an osmoconformer is

A

similar to the concentration in the external environment

167
Q

On the edge of the Eromanga Sea 120 million years ago, a high latitude Australian archipelago of the east Gondawana peninsula had which animal genus represented today by fossils?

  1. Macropus
  2. Muttaburrasaurus
  3. Ornithorhynchus
  4. Tarsipes
A
  1. Muttaburrasaurus
168
Q

Which of the following structures is least likely to have a countercurrent heat exchange system

  1. beaver tail
  2. gull leg
  3. human ear
  4. tarsier arm
A
  1. human ear
169
Q

When under attack by predatory whelks, mussels may

A

attach BYSSUS threads to the whelk to trap it

170
Q

Pollination is:

  1. The production of seeds by plants
  2. The transfer of pollen to stigmas
  3. The production of pollen by plants
  4. The movement of animals between plants
A
  1. The transfer of pollen to stigmas
171
Q

Which of the following statements about bony fish in marine environments is true?

  1. They maintain a high internal osmotic concentration relative to sea water
  2. They lose ions to their environment by diffusion
  3. They gain water by osmosis from sea water
  4. They produce minimal amounts of urine
A

A

172
Q

Which of the following statements about bony fish in marine environments is true?

  1. They maintain a high internal osmotic concentration relative to sea water
  2. They lose ions to their environment by diffusion
  3. They gain water by osmosis from sea water
  4. They produce minimal amounts of urine
A
  1. They produce minimal amounts of urine
173
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizas are symbiotic structures that enhance a plant’s capacity to acquire phosphorus:

A

They enhance the surface available for uptake of poorly available nutrients, in particular phosphorus

174
Q

The most significant impact on evolutionary events in Australia 30-40 million years ago was:

A

The separation from Antarctica and onset of global cooling and aridity

175
Q

The definition of zooplankton is an animal that is

A

floating or weakly swimming

176
Q

Factors affecting metabolic rate include all of the following, EXCEPT

  1. level of activity
  2. darkness
  3. body temperature
  4. stage of development
A
  1. darkness
177
Q

In southwestern Australia, which habitats are likely to have a special vulnerability to top-soil disturbance?

A

old infertile uplands

178
Q

Mammal pollination is found mainly in:

A

Southern Hemisphere continents

179
Q

Although echinoderms appear to have radial symmetry, their bilateral origins are revealed by

  1. the shape of their water vascular system
  2. the symmetry of their larvae
  3. their baso-lateral anatomy
  4. the development of an oral/aboral surface
A
  1. the symmetry of their larvae
180
Q

Vertebrae…

  1. have ventral projections that surround and protect the nerve cord
  2. do not occur in gnathostomes
  3. are characteristic of all chordates
  4. surround and replace the notochord during embryonic development
A
  1. surround and replace the notochord during embryonic development
181
Q

Which groups of vertebrates have a completely divided double-circuit circulatory system?

A

Only birds and mammals

182
Q

Old landscapes:

  1. Have all been glaciated recently
  2. Are frequently disturbed, for example by landslides or earthquakes
  3. Are very common
  4. Are relatively rare and very biodiverse
A
  1. Are relatively rare and very biodiverse
183
Q

The kingdom Fungi is believed to have evolved from

  1. euglenoids
  2. choanoflagellates
  3. green algae
  4. mycetozoa
A
  1. choanoflagellates
184
Q

Chose correct option: Mycorrhiza are thought to have

  1. been the early roots of land plants
  2. evolved from a parasitic relationship with algae
  3. suppressed production of roots in early land plants
  4. only developed in early land conifers
A
  1. been the early roots of land plants
185
Q

Hyphal growth is best described as

  1. meristematic
  2. apical
  3. lateral
  4. branched
A
  1. apical
186
Q

Circulation in amphibians has which of the following features?

  1. An unseparated blood stream and a three-chambered heart
  2. A partially separated blood stream and a two-chambered heart
  3. Completely separated blood streams and a four-chambered heart
  4. A partially separated blood stream and a three-chambered heart
A
  1. A partially separated blood stream and a three-chambered heart
187
Q

Amphibians differ from other tetrapods in that they

A

have a permeable outer body covering

188
Q

The first law of thermodynamics states that

A

Energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed

189
Q

Examples of direct plant-insect interactions include:

A

Pollination, herbivory and carnivory

190
Q

As a group, the most threatened organisms today are found in which of the following:

  1. Birds
  2. Plants
  3. Amphibians
  4. Mammals
A
  1. Amphibians
191
Q

Phylum Zygomycota is a group of fungi that is characterised by

A

having a thick-walled structure surrounding a diploid zygote

192
Q

Which plant group arrived and expanded in Australia as aridification of the deserts expanded substantially?

A

Daisies

193
Q

Plant growth responses are regulated by

A
  1. change in hormone levels
  2. changes in sensitivity of plant tissues to hormones
  3. environmental stimuli

^^^ All of the answers are correct

194
Q

Gastrulation is a critical stage in early development because

A

it produces the germ layers that will go on to form tissues

195
Q

In Australian deserts, a globally exceptionally rich group of animals is:

	1. marsupials
	2. honeyeaters
	3. termites
	4. reptiles
A
  1. REPTILES !!
196
Q

Choose the correct option: Water moves from leaves to the atmosphere

  1. Because the water vapour pressure inside the leaf is much lower than in the air
  2. When it s raining
  3. Because the water vapour pressure inside the leaf is much higher than in the air
  4. When it s snowing
A
  1. Because the water vapour pressure inside the leaf is much higher than in the air
197
Q

The concentration of sugars in mesophyll cells in leaves:

A

Is lower than that in the phloem, because sugars are moved into the phloem up a gradient in sugar concentration using metabolic energy

198
Q

Which group of organisms showed no significant decline in global diversity 65 million years ago when an asteroid hit Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula?

A

Gymnosperms

199
Q

Campos rupestres in Brazil and kwongkan in south-western Australia are both sandplain vegetation types that are characterised by severely phosphorus-impoverished soils:

A

The two systems comprise species from mostly different plant families, and convergent evolution explains why the systems function in a very similar manner

200
Q

What macro nutrient mediates downstream singaling responses in plants?

A

calcium

201
Q

Echinoderms and chordates are significantly different to all other animal phyla because

A

of their pattern of embryonic development

202
Q

Receptor like kinases (RLKs) are

  1. a gene family in plants
  2. regulate plant growth
  3. regulate responses to stress
A
  1. a gene family in plants
  2. regulate plant growth
  3. regulate responses to stress

ALL OF THE ABOVE

203
Q

Guard cells in a leaf…

A

control the exchange of gases and loss of water

204
Q

The removal of bivalves can have what effect on an ecosystem

  1. phyotplankton blooms
  2. turbidty
  3. decreased diversity of species
A
  1. phyotplankton blooms
  2. turbidty
  3. decreased diversity of species

^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE

205
Q

Which of the following types of stem cells have the potential to give rise to the greatest variety of different cell types?

  1. Embryonic stem cells.
  2. Neural stem cells.
  3. Uncommitted haemopoietic stem cells.
  4. Committed haematopoietic stem cells.
A
  1. Embryonic stem cells
206
Q

A sea star ingest food

	1. through it tube feet
	2. from 5 stomachs
	3. by everting its stomach
	4. from the sediment
A
  1. by everting its stomach
207
Q

Which of the following does NOT match the CORRECT animal with its mechanism for locomotion?

  1. eel - lift from fins
  2. bivalve mollusc - jet propulsion by the body valves
  3. plesiosaur - lift from fins
  4. diving beetle - drag from fringed legs
A
  1. eel - lift from fins
208
Q

Carnivorous plants are typically found in

A

bogs and marshes

209
Q

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plants, because

a. It is an essential element of proteins
b. It is a constituent of membrane lipids
c. It is a constituent of nucleic acids

A

PHOSPHORUS

b. It is a constituent of membrane lipids
c. It is a constituent of nucleic acids

BOTH B AND C ARE CORRECT

210
Q

Growth rings in trees

  1. occur as a result of changes in growth rates and thus xylem cell size
  2. are useful in the aging of trees in stable and erratic environments
  3. indicate where rings of phloem interspace rings of xylem
  4. indicate where vessels have become infiltrated with organic compounds
A

occur as a result of changes in growth rates and thus xylem cell size

211
Q

Orchid mycorrhiza are necessary for orchid survival because (select the choice that is incorrect)

  1. Orchids require complex carbohydrates for germination
  2. Orchid seed is the smallest in the plant kingdom
  3. Most orchids require supplemental sources of nutrition
  4. They can fix nitrogen and convert it into essential amino acids
A
  1. They can fix nitrogen and convert it into essential amino acids
    ^^^ incorrect
212
Q

Taxonomy refers to the

A

classification of organisms

213
Q

For the Australian hopping mouse, which consumes air dry seeds, preformed water intake is about what percentage of its total water intake?

A

0.45

214
Q 
A hyphal cell contains two haploid nuclei that came from different sources Such a cell would be described as
		monokaryotic
		homokaryotic
		heterokaryotic
		plasmogamy
A

heterokaryotic

215
Q

The metabolic cost of transport for a typical walking animal

A

does not change with speed

216
Q

If a scientist was able to travel back in time and determine that the body temperature of a dinosaur was 38 oC, would this prove that the dinosaur was

endothermic
gigantothermic
ectothermic
none of the above

A

none of the above

217
Q

The basal metabolic rate of a human is equivalent to about

A

100watt lightbulb

Plant and Animal biology exam (1 decks)

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