exam revision Flashcards
1
Q
what is occupational science?
A
the study of humans as an occupational being including the need for and capacity to engage in daily occupations in the enviro over the lifespan
2
Q
what are some essential elements of occupation-based practice?
A
- presence of occupational challenge
- solutions that enable
- client-centred
- abductive reasoning
3
Q
what are some basic assumptions of human occupation?
A
- affects health and wellbeing
- occupation organises time and brings structure
- brings meaning to life
4
Q
what can occupation be an important source of?
A
- meaning
- purpose
- choice/control
- balance and satisfaction
5
Q
what can organisation be an important means of?
A
- structuring time
- organising materials and space
- contributing to community
6
Q
what are the key characteristics of occupational nature?
A
- active engagement
- purposeful
- meaningful
- contextualised
- human
7
Q
what is an activity?
A
an idea in the mind of the person and in their shared cultural language enables communication about occupational experiences in a broad way
8
Q
what does productivity refer to?
A
both paid and unpaid work
9
Q
work is often associated with income but what else can it include?
A
- sense of identity
- imposes structure
- contributes to common good
10
Q
what does self-care include?
A
eating, dressing, personal hygiene, and other occupations generally considered physiologically necessary for survival and health
11
Q
what are the categories according to the ABS time use survey?
A
- necessary time
- contracted time
- committed time
- free time
12
Q
what does the necessary time in the time-use survey involve?
A
personal care activities
13
Q
what does contracted time in the time-use survey involve?
A
paid work, educational activities
14
Q
what does committed time in the time-use survey involve?
A
domestic, child care, voluntary and care activities
15
Q
what does free time in the time-use survey involve?
A
recreation, leisure, and social participation
16
Q
what are simultaneous occupations?
A
doing more than one at the same time
17
Q
what are levels of occupation?
A
segmenting and labeling behaviour
18
Q
what are the three concepts of time?
A
- time use
- tempo
- temporality
19
Q
what is time use as a concept of time?
A
what we do with our time and why
20
Q
what is tempo as a concept of time?
A
pace of life; biological rhythms
21
Q
what is temporality as a concept of time?
A
subjective perception of the past, present, and the future
22
Q
what are some intrinsic factors that affect time usage?
A
- personality/temperament
- skills, ability, knowledge
- age, gender, SES
- health/illness, disability
23
Q
what are some extrinsic factors that affect time usage?
A
- resources available
- enviro (physical, social, political)
- cultural influences
24
Q
what are some meanings of time use?
A
- physiological needs
- personal gratification
- killing time
- social meaning
25
what are occupational roles?
patterns of behavior that involve certain rights and duties that an individual is expected, trained, and often encouraged to perform in a social situation
26
what can stressed be linked to a breakdown in?
telomeres
27
what is a telomere?
a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of chromosome nucleotide
28
what are quantitative ways of studying time use, tempo, and temporality?
- objective
- etic (outsider) perspective
- how much time do people spending occupations?
29
what are qualitative ways of studying time use, tempo, and temporality?
- subjective
- emic (insider) perspective
- how do people experience time spent in occupations?
30
what are methodologies for understanding time use?
- time use diary
- experience sampling methodology
- occupational questionnaire
31
what does a time use survey involve?
participant to complete a log or diary of the sequences and duration of activities engaged in, typically for 24hrs
32
what does the experiencing sampling method make use of?
the sampling strategy of spot sampling while avoiding the problems associated with the intrusive observer
33
what are methodologies for understanding tempo?
- morningness-eveningness questionnaire
- accelerometer
- smartphone apps for monitoring menstrual cycle
34
what are protective factors for healthy behaviour?
- eating well
- being physically active
- having adequate sleep
35
what are the risk factors for healthy behaviour?
- smoking
| - drinking alcohol
36
what does PADL stand for and what does it mean?
personal ADL - personal care of the body
37
what does DADL stand for and what does it mean?
domestic ADL- care of home enviro
38
what does IADL stand for and what does it mean?
Instrumental ADL- person interacting with their enviro
39
what does self-maintenance include?
- grooming
- socialising
- sexual expression
40
how are self-care occupations linked to a person's identity?
- independence
- values and beliefs
- motivation
- choice
- meaning
41
what are internal motivators for volition?
regulatory-largely physiological and include pain, hunger, and fatigue
42
what are purposeful motivators for volition?
-personal goals and personality characteristics
43
if we don't pay attention to internal/purposeful motivators what can occur?
can become more susceptible to external motivators
44
what are some criticisms of self-care and aspects that are disregarded?
- care of mind
- sexuality
- sleep/rest/restoration
- care of others
45
what negatives to self-care can occur from caring for others?
reduced sleep and heavy workload
46
what canpoor sleep belinkedto?
- kidney disease
- heart disease
- increased blood pressure
- diabetes
- obesity
47
what are the different types of play?
- free
- guided
- directed
- sensory
- constructive/manipulative
- pretend
- creative
- exploratory
- rough and tumble
48
what is free play?
choice in how we play, where, what with, with adequate time etc.
49
what is guided play?
adult input to select materials
50
what is directed play?
adult instructs how to accomplish task
51
what is sensory play?
play that stimulates senses
52
what is constructive/manipulative play?
involves handling, placing, folding, balancing and pushing
53
what is pretend play?
dramatic, fantasy
54
what is creative play?
self-expression through play
55
what is exploratory play?
using senses to discover and learn
56
what is rough and tumble play?
play fighting, rumbling, wrestling
57
what are the levels of social play?
- solitary
- passive
- parallel
- associative
- cooperative
58
what does the solitary stage of play involve?
plays alone without regard for what others are doing
59
what does the passive stage of play involve?
watches other children play
60
what does the parallel stage of play involve?
playing independently alongside others
61
what does the associative stage of play involve?
loosely organised play together no shared goals or roles
62
what does the cooperative stage of play involve?
designated roles and dependent on each other to achieve goals/follow rules
63
what does play vary with?
- what child brings (developmental abilities, personal preferences, degrees of playfulness)
- enviro factors
- cultural factors
64
what are different types of leisure?
- serious
- casual
- project-based
- achievement
- social
- time-out
65
what are types of serious leisure?
- hobbies
- volunteering
- amateur activities
66
what are types of casual leisure?
- spectator sports
| - occupations that pass time
67
what are the types of project-based leisure?
- DIY projects
- specific occasions
- researching family history
68
what are types of achievement leisure?
- team activities
- music
- art
- writing
69
what are types of social leisure?
interaction with peers
70
what are types of time-out leisure?
- hanging at home
- listening to music
- watching tv
71
what may leisure activities involve for young adults?
- face-to-face or via electronics
- maybe linked to educational or work settings
- work long hours, leisure may be more resting and regrouping
72
what may leisure activities involve for middle adults?
- can be used for restoring occupational balance
- extend social networks
- sharing activities with friends and family
73
what may leisure activities involve for older adults?
- sustaining or expanding meaningful leisure
| - often have clear interests and capabilities
74
what is an external perspective of social identities?
the way others perceive and categorise us according to age, gender, ethnicity, national heritage and family origin, occupational roles etc.
75
what is self-identity?
thought to be formed during crucial developmental stages of life, and it seems to be of immense importance to us as we make our way through life
76
what is external identity?
the fact of being who or what a person or thing is
77
what is self/internal identity?
person's or thing's own individuality or essence
78
what is the evolving self?
because a person's life unfolds over time and is expressed through changing thoughts, feelings, and actions the self is best conceptualised as a process
79
what is the ongoing process of self-development and meaning influenced by?
person's culture or context, including historical time, as well as biology
80
what 4 propositions did Christiansen make about occupation and identity?
1. overarching concept that shapes and is shaped by occupations
2. identities are tied to what we do and our interpretations in a social context
3. central figure in self-narrative that provides meaning
4. identity is essential to wellbeing and life satisfaction
81
what is occupational adaption?
the construction of a positive occupational identity and achieving occupational competence over time in the context of the enviro
82
what two elements make up occupational adaption?
occupational identity and competence
83
what is spirituality?
the experience of meaning n life
84
what does spirituality relate to?
- thoughts
- feelings
- actions concerning the meaning we make out of life
85
what are values?
can be understood as principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile by the client who holds them
86
what are beliefs?
closely relate to values and can be. defined as cognitive content held as true
87
what is religion?
a set of shared beliefs and attendant practices uses to relate to the sacred
88
what is productivity?
occupations that make a social or economic contribution
89
what is employment?
state of having paid work
90
what are the two types of volunteering?
1. freely offers to take part in an enterprise or undertake a task
2. person works for an organisation without being paid
91
what are some reasons why people work?
- money
- spend days doing something they are good at
- use skills
- be productive
- interaction
92
how does productivity and volunteering fit into the Do-Live-Well Framework?
- contribute to society
- build security/prosperity
- developing/expressing identity
- develop capabilities/potential
93
how can overwork be detrimental to health?
- stress
- burnout
- impact on family life
94
how can unemployment impact mental and physical health?
loss of socially valued identity, sense of worth, and routine
95
what are working conditions that can impact health positively and negatively?
- opportunity for control
- skill use
- pay
- job security
- recognition and reward
96
when is there likely to be improved affect and personal control in work?
- work matches skills
- job design allows flexibility and input of decisions
- team and organisational culture is supportive
97
what is formal volunteering?
unpaid assistance in the form of time, services, or skills through formal organisation
98
what is informal volunteering?
informal ways. of providing support such as friends, neighbours, or family
99
what are some benefits of volunteering for older adults?
- increased sense of purpose and life satisfaction
- reduction in mortality
- social contact/support
100
what are some benefits of volunteering for young adults?
- increases intrinsic values related to work, caring, and community involvement
- increases emotional and intellectual maturity
101
what do worker roles and identities develop over time in relation to?
- employment interests
- job performance
- career development
- retirement prep/adjustment
102
what impacts can retirement have on time-use, the meaning of occupation, and identity?
- exit from established paid work
- loss of income/social opportunities/structure/social status
- potential to take on other roles
103
what are different retirement narratives (slopes)?
- progressive slope
- stable
- regressive
104
what is the retirement narrative of a progressive slope?
improved quality of life
105
what is the retirement narrative of a stable slope?
no change in quality of life
106
what is the retirement narrative of a regressive slope?
decreased quality of life
107
what are some characteristics of spaces?
- natural or built
- public or private
- indoor or outdoor
- open or confined
108
what is life world?
describes experiences, routine patterns, and interactions of daily life and the meaning given to spaces occupied
109
what is the embodied world?
individuals employ their own characteristics, dispositions, and attributes to share and interpret the places they. occupy, including people/objects they interact with
110
what is habitus (Bourdieu)?
the unconscious patterns of doing, thinking, speaking, and perceiving that people exhibit- basic to shared meaning within places
111
what are some dimensions of place?
- physical
- location
- socially constructed meaning
- distance between places
112
how can enviros be neutral on enablement?
have no influence on person and their occupations
113
how can enviros be positive on enablement?
support person to perform occupations
114
how can enviros be negative on enablement?
impact on person being able to perform
115
what is the socially constructed meaning of places?
places become associated with events and actions that give them personal and collective meaning
116
what are semiotics?
the study of anything in social life that stands for something
117
what is voluntary displacement?
choose to move or relocate places
118
what is involuntary displacement?
forced to move or relocate
119
what are the types of virtual places?
- web pages
- emailing lists
- social interactions through. chat rooms
- virtual reality
120
what are enviro augmentations that can be made?
- traffic management
- building access
- alarm systems to monitor safety
121
what is virtual reality?
the stimulation of a real or imaginary enviro where users can interact with objects or people
122
what is augmented reality?
playing content 'into'. real world
123
what are some criticisms of OT?
- too individualistic
| - dominated by western perspectives
124
what are some common features of groups?
- respect
- connectedness
- care for others
- belonging
125
what are social groups?
shared characteristics such as age, gender etc.
126
what are community groups?
bond among people with strongly similar backgrounds and interests
127
what is society?
set of systems that govern connections between groups
128
what are Rubin's structural characteristics of communities?
- size
- focus
- concrete social structure
- relative stability
- participative and congenial social interactions
129
what is size as one of Rubin's structural characteristics of community?
small enough to provide a sense of community, large enough to enable members to feel apart of the social structure
130
what is focus as one of Rubin's structural characteristics of community?
must address central problems of social life to help members feel connected to the larger society
131
what is concrete social structure as one of Rubin's structural characteristics of community?
people must be able to interact and identify with each other
132
what is relative stability as one of Rubin's structural characteristics of community?
should have history and core nucleus of members
133
what is participative and congenial social interactions as one of Rubin's structural characteristics of community?
interactions must be primary and secondary and allow for social structure
134
what are some biological forces that prompt group living?
- ecological niche
- competition
- cooperation
135
what does the ecological niche as a biological force prompting group living involve?
enviros to which particular species can successfully adapt
136
what does competition as a biological force prompting group living involve?
struggle between species to secure the resources necessary for survival
137
what does cooperation as a biological force prompting group living involve?
allee effect- when species work together to ensure reproduction and survival of species
138
what are the three elements of culture?
- lived element
- documentary element
- ideal
139
what is the lived element of culture?
the patterns, forms, and structures of everyday life that forms a coherent whole
140
what is the documentary element of culture?
the way meaning and culture are framed and communicated in media
141
what is an etic perspective of culture?
culture is observed from an outsider perspective- assumes characteristics are universal
142
what is an emic perspective of culture?
observed from an insider perspective- assumes characteristics are specific and distinctive to culture
143
what is mass society?
communities that have deteriorated where there is a weak kinship, impersonal neighborhoods, and a feeling by individuals that they are isolated
144
what is occupational injustice?
where some groups are deprived of occupations, alienated from their occupational selves, or restricted/exploited in their occupations
145
what is social capital?
a set of informal values or norms shared among members of a group that permits cooperation
146
what is occupational balance?
individual's perception of having the right amount of occupations and the right variation between occupations
147
why do we need occupational balance?
- manage competing demands for time and attention
- facilitate adaption
- promote health
148
according to Csikszentmihalyi when does flow occur?
when there is a match between skill and challenge of an activity
149
what are the dimensions of occupational experiences?
- flowing
- exacting
- calming
150
what are calming experiences of flow theory?
low. challenge
151
what are exacting experiences of flow theory?
occupations exceed skill level
152
what are some characteristics of flow?
- complete involvement
- sense of ecstasy
- activity is doable
- sense of security
- timelessness
- intrinsic motivation
153
what is congruence?
desired vs actual time engaged in meaningful
154
what are the four need dimensions of equivalence in occupational patterns?
- meet biological health and safety
- contribute to rewarding relationships
- feeling challenged
- create a positive identity
155
what are five theoretical factors of engagement in personal projects analysis?
- meaningful
- well structured
- supported
- efficacious
- not too stressful
156
what are some indicators of occupational imbalance?
- stress
- depression
- anxiety
- poor sleep
- social isolation
157
what are some characteristics of healthy occupational engagement?
- goals directed with feedback
- just right in terms of skill/challenge
- intrinsically rewarding
158
what are some strategies to help achieve occupational balance?
- self-reflection
- identification of imbalances
- how these impact
159
when did the origins of the concept of occupational justice emerge?
in late 1900s in work by Wilcock and Townsend
160
what does social justice address?
social relations and conditions of life
161
what does occupational justice address?
what people do in their relationships and their conditions for living and their need to freely participate ion meaningful occupation
162
what are some structural factors of occupational justice?
- type of economy
- regional/national/international policies
- values underlying policies
- cultural values
163
what are some family/community/international possibilities for occupational injustice?
- civic disturbance
- ethics breakdown
- social disintegration
164
what are some possible outcomes of occupational risk and injustice?
occupational. ..
- imbalance
- deprivation
- alienation
- marginalisation
- apartheid
