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exam revision Flashcards

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1
Q

what is occupational science?

A

the study of humans as an occupational being including the need for and capacity to engage in daily occupations in the enviro over the lifespan

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2
Q

what are some essential elements of occupation-based practice?

A
  • presence of occupational challenge
  • solutions that enable
  • client-centred
  • abductive reasoning
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3
Q

what are some basic assumptions of human occupation?

A
  • affects health and wellbeing
  • occupation organises time and brings structure
  • brings meaning to life
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4
Q

what can occupation be an important source of?

A
  • meaning
  • purpose
  • choice/control
  • balance and satisfaction
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5
Q

what can organisation be an important means of?

A
  • structuring time
  • organising materials and space
  • contributing to community
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6
Q

what are the key characteristics of occupational nature?

A
  • active engagement
  • purposeful
  • meaningful
  • contextualised
  • human
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7
Q

what is an activity?

A

an idea in the mind of the person and in their shared cultural language enables communication about occupational experiences in a broad way

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8
Q

what does productivity refer to?

A

both paid and unpaid work

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9
Q

work is often associated with income but what else can it include?

A
  • sense of identity
  • imposes structure
  • contributes to common good
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10
Q

what does self-care include?

A

eating, dressing, personal hygiene, and other occupations generally considered physiologically necessary for survival and health

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11
Q

what are the categories according to the ABS time use survey?

A
  • necessary time
  • contracted time
  • committed time
  • free time
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12
Q

what does the necessary time in the time-use survey involve?

A

personal care activities

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13
Q

what does contracted time in the time-use survey involve?

A

paid work, educational activities

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14
Q

what does committed time in the time-use survey involve?

A

domestic, child care, voluntary and care activities

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15
Q

what does free time in the time-use survey involve?

A

recreation, leisure, and social participation

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16
Q

what are simultaneous occupations?

A

doing more than one at the same time

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17
Q

what are levels of occupation?

A

segmenting and labeling behaviour

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18
Q

what are the three concepts of time?

A
  • time use
  • tempo
  • temporality
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19
Q

what is time use as a concept of time?

A

what we do with our time and why

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20
Q

what is tempo as a concept of time?

A

pace of life; biological rhythms

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21
Q

what is temporality as a concept of time?

A

subjective perception of the past, present, and the future

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22
Q

what are some intrinsic factors that affect time usage?

A
  • personality/temperament
  • skills, ability, knowledge
  • age, gender, SES
  • health/illness, disability
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23
Q

what are some extrinsic factors that affect time usage?

A
  • resources available
  • enviro (physical, social, political)
  • cultural influences
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24
Q

what are some meanings of time use?

A
  • physiological needs
  • personal gratification
  • killing time
  • social meaning
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25
Q

what are occupational roles?

A

patterns of behavior that involve certain rights and duties that an individual is expected, trained, and often encouraged to perform in a social situation

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26
Q

what can stressed be linked to a breakdown in?

A

telomeres

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27
Q

what is a telomere?

A

a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of chromosome nucleotide

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28
Q

what are quantitative ways of studying time use, tempo, and temporality?

A
  • objective
  • etic (outsider) perspective
  • how much time do people spending occupations?
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29
Q

what are qualitative ways of studying time use, tempo, and temporality?

A
  • subjective
  • emic (insider) perspective
  • how do people experience time spent in occupations?
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30
Q

what are methodologies for understanding time use?

A
  • time use diary
  • experience sampling methodology
  • occupational questionnaire
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31
Q

what does a time use survey involve?

A

participant to complete a log or diary of the sequences and duration of activities engaged in, typically for 24hrs

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32
Q

what does the experiencing sampling method make use of?

A

the sampling strategy of spot sampling while avoiding the problems associated with the intrusive observer

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33
Q

what are methodologies for understanding tempo?

A
  • morningness-eveningness questionnaire
  • accelerometer
  • smartphone apps for monitoring menstrual cycle
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34
Q

what are protective factors for healthy behaviour?

A
  • eating well
  • being physically active
  • having adequate sleep
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35
Q

what are the risk factors for healthy behaviour?

A
  • smoking

- drinking alcohol

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36
Q

what does PADL stand for and what does it mean?

A

personal ADL - personal care of the body

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37
Q

what does DADL stand for and what does it mean?

A

domestic ADL- care of home enviro

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38
Q

what does IADL stand for and what does it mean?

A

Instrumental ADL- person interacting with their enviro

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39
Q

what does self-maintenance include?

A
  • grooming
  • socialising
  • sexual expression
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40
Q

how are self-care occupations linked to a person’s identity?

A
  • independence
  • values and beliefs
  • motivation
  • choice
  • meaning
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41
Q

what are internal motivators for volition?

A

regulatory-largely physiological and include pain, hunger, and fatigue

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42
Q

what are purposeful motivators for volition?

A

-personal goals and personality characteristics

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43
Q

if we don’t pay attention to internal/purposeful motivators what can occur?

A

can become more susceptible to external motivators

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44
Q

what are some criticisms of self-care and aspects that are disregarded?

A
  • care of mind
  • sexuality
  • sleep/rest/restoration
  • care of others
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45
Q

what negatives to self-care can occur from caring for others?

A

reduced sleep and heavy workload

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46
Q

what canpoor sleep belinkedto?

A
  • kidney disease
  • heart disease
  • increased blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • obesity
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47
Q

what are the different types of play?

A
  • free
  • guided
  • directed
  • sensory
  • constructive/manipulative
  • pretend
  • creative
  • exploratory
  • rough and tumble
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48
Q

what is free play?

A

choice in how we play, where, what with, with adequate time etc.

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49
Q

what is guided play?

A

adult input to select materials

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50
Q

what is directed play?

A

adult instructs how to accomplish task

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51
Q

what is sensory play?

A

play that stimulates senses

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52
Q

what is constructive/manipulative play?

A

involves handling, placing, folding, balancing and pushing

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53
Q

what is pretend play?

A

dramatic, fantasy

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54
Q

what is creative play?

A

self-expression through play

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55
Q

what is exploratory play?

A

using senses to discover and learn

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56
Q

what is rough and tumble play?

A

play fighting, rumbling, wrestling

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57
Q

what are the levels of social play?

A
  • solitary
  • passive
  • parallel
  • associative
  • cooperative
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58
Q

what does the solitary stage of play involve?

A

plays alone without regard for what others are doing

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59
Q

what does the passive stage of play involve?

A

watches other children play

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60
Q

what does the parallel stage of play involve?

A

playing independently alongside others

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61
Q

what does the associative stage of play involve?

A

loosely organised play together no shared goals or roles

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62
Q

what does the cooperative stage of play involve?

A

designated roles and dependent on each other to achieve goals/follow rules

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63
Q

what does play vary with?

A
  • what child brings (developmental abilities, personal preferences, degrees of playfulness)
  • enviro factors
  • cultural factors
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64
Q

what are different types of leisure?

A
  • serious
  • casual
  • project-based
  • achievement
  • social
  • time-out
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65
Q

what are types of serious leisure?

A
  • hobbies
  • volunteering
  • amateur activities
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66
Q

what are types of casual leisure?

A
  • spectator sports

- occupations that pass time

67
Q

what are the types of project-based leisure?

A
  • DIY projects
  • specific occasions
  • researching family history
68
Q

what are types of achievement leisure?

A
  • team activities
  • music
  • art
  • writing
69
Q

what are types of social leisure?

A

interaction with peers

70
Q

what are types of time-out leisure?

A
  • hanging at home
  • listening to music
  • watching tv
71
Q

what may leisure activities involve for young adults?

A
  • face-to-face or via electronics
  • maybe linked to educational or work settings
  • work long hours, leisure may be more resting and regrouping
72
Q

what may leisure activities involve for middle adults?

A
  • can be used for restoring occupational balance
  • extend social networks
  • sharing activities with friends and family
73
Q

what may leisure activities involve for older adults?

A
  • sustaining or expanding meaningful leisure

- often have clear interests and capabilities

74
Q

what is an external perspective of social identities?

A

the way others perceive and categorise us according to age, gender, ethnicity, national heritage and family origin, occupational roles etc.

75
Q

what is self-identity?

A

thought to be formed during crucial developmental stages of life, and it seems to be of immense importance to us as we make our way through life

76
Q

what is external identity?

A

the fact of being who or what a person or thing is

77
Q

what is self/internal identity?

A

person’s or thing’s own individuality or essence

78
Q

what is the evolving self?

A

because a person’s life unfolds over time and is expressed through changing thoughts, feelings, and actions the self is best conceptualised as a process

79
Q

what is the ongoing process of self-development and meaning influenced by?

A

person’s culture or context, including historical time, as well as biology

80
Q

what 4 propositions did Christiansen make about occupation and identity?

A
  1. overarching concept that shapes and is shaped by occupations
  2. identities are tied to what we do and our interpretations in a social context
  3. central figure in self-narrative that provides meaning
  4. identity is essential to wellbeing and life satisfaction
81
Q

what is occupational adaption?

A

the construction of a positive occupational identity and achieving occupational competence over time in the context of the enviro

82
Q

what two elements make up occupational adaption?

A

occupational identity and competence

83
Q

what is spirituality?

A

the experience of meaning n life

84
Q

what does spirituality relate to?

A
  • thoughts
  • feelings
  • actions concerning the meaning we make out of life
85
Q

what are values?

A

can be understood as principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile by the client who holds them

86
Q

what are beliefs?

A

closely relate to values and can be. defined as cognitive content held as true

87
Q

what is religion?

A

a set of shared beliefs and attendant practices uses to relate to the sacred

88
Q

what is productivity?

A

occupations that make a social or economic contribution

89
Q

what is employment?

A

state of having paid work

90
Q

what are the two types of volunteering?

A
  1. freely offers to take part in an enterprise or undertake a task
  2. person works for an organisation without being paid
91
Q

what are some reasons why people work?

A
  • money
  • spend days doing something they are good at
  • use skills
  • be productive
  • interaction
92
Q

how does productivity and volunteering fit into the Do-Live-Well Framework?

A
  • contribute to society
  • build security/prosperity
  • developing/expressing identity
  • develop capabilities/potential
93
Q

how can overwork be detrimental to health?

A
  • stress
  • burnout
  • impact on family life
94
Q

how can unemployment impact mental and physical health?

A

loss of socially valued identity, sense of worth, and routine

95
Q

what are working conditions that can impact health positively and negatively?

A
  • opportunity for control
  • skill use
  • pay
  • job security
  • recognition and reward
96
Q

when is there likely to be improved affect and personal control in work?

A
  • work matches skills
  • job design allows flexibility and input of decisions
  • team and organisational culture is supportive
97
Q

what is formal volunteering?

A

unpaid assistance in the form of time, services, or skills through formal organisation

98
Q

what is informal volunteering?

A

informal ways. of providing support such as friends, neighbours, or family

99
Q

what are some benefits of volunteering for older adults?

A
  • increased sense of purpose and life satisfaction
  • reduction in mortality
  • social contact/support
100
Q

what are some benefits of volunteering for young adults?

A
  • increases intrinsic values related to work, caring, and community involvement
  • increases emotional and intellectual maturity
101
Q

what do worker roles and identities develop over time in relation to?

A
  • employment interests
  • job performance
  • career development
  • retirement prep/adjustment
102
Q

what impacts can retirement have on time-use, the meaning of occupation, and identity?

A
  • exit from established paid work
  • loss of income/social opportunities/structure/social status
  • potential to take on other roles
103
Q

what are different retirement narratives (slopes)?

A
  • progressive slope
  • stable
  • regressive
104
Q

what is the retirement narrative of a progressive slope?

A

improved quality of life

105
Q

what is the retirement narrative of a stable slope?

A

no change in quality of life

106
Q

what is the retirement narrative of a regressive slope?

A

decreased quality of life

107
Q

what are some characteristics of spaces?

A
  • natural or built
  • public or private
  • indoor or outdoor
  • open or confined
108
Q

what is life world?

A

describes experiences, routine patterns, and interactions of daily life and the meaning given to spaces occupied

109
Q

what is the embodied world?

A

individuals employ their own characteristics, dispositions, and attributes to share and interpret the places they. occupy, including people/objects they interact with

110
Q

what is habitus (Bourdieu)?

A

the unconscious patterns of doing, thinking, speaking, and perceiving that people exhibit- basic to shared meaning within places

111
Q

what are some dimensions of place?

A
  • physical
  • location
  • socially constructed meaning
  • distance between places
112
Q

how can enviros be neutral on enablement?

A

have no influence on person and their occupations

113
Q

how can enviros be positive on enablement?

A

support person to perform occupations

114
Q

how can enviros be negative on enablement?

A

impact on person being able to perform

115
Q

what is the socially constructed meaning of places?

A

places become associated with events and actions that give them personal and collective meaning

116
Q

what are semiotics?

A

the study of anything in social life that stands for something

117
Q

what is voluntary displacement?

A

choose to move or relocate places

118
Q

what is involuntary displacement?

A

forced to move or relocate

119
Q

what are the types of virtual places?

A
  • web pages
  • emailing lists
  • social interactions through. chat rooms
  • virtual reality
120
Q

what are enviro augmentations that can be made?

A
  • traffic management
  • building access
  • alarm systems to monitor safety
121
Q

what is virtual reality?

A

the stimulation of a real or imaginary enviro where users can interact with objects or people

122
Q

what is augmented reality?

A

playing content ‘into’. real world

123
Q

what are some criticisms of OT?

A
  • too individualistic

- dominated by western perspectives

124
Q

what are some common features of groups?

A
  • respect
  • connectedness
  • care for others
  • belonging
125
Q

what are social groups?

A

shared characteristics such as age, gender etc.

126
Q

what are community groups?

A

bond among people with strongly similar backgrounds and interests

127
Q

what is society?

A

set of systems that govern connections between groups

128
Q

what are Rubin’s structural characteristics of communities?

A
  • size
  • focus
  • concrete social structure
  • relative stability
  • participative and congenial social interactions
129
Q

what is size as one of Rubin’s structural characteristics of community?

A

small enough to provide a sense of community, large enough to enable members to feel apart of the social structure

130
Q

what is focus as one of Rubin’s structural characteristics of community?

A

must address central problems of social life to help members feel connected to the larger society

131
Q

what is concrete social structure as one of Rubin’s structural characteristics of community?

A

people must be able to interact and identify with each other

132
Q

what is relative stability as one of Rubin’s structural characteristics of community?

A

should have history and core nucleus of members

133
Q

what is participative and congenial social interactions as one of Rubin’s structural characteristics of community?

A

interactions must be primary and secondary and allow for social structure

134
Q

what are some biological forces that prompt group living?

A
  • ecological niche
  • competition
  • cooperation
135
Q

what does the ecological niche as a biological force prompting group living involve?

A

enviros to which particular species can successfully adapt

136
Q

what does competition as a biological force prompting group living involve?

A

struggle between species to secure the resources necessary for survival

137
Q

what does cooperation as a biological force prompting group living involve?

A

allee effect- when species work together to ensure reproduction and survival of species

138
Q

what are the three elements of culture?

A
  • lived element
  • documentary element
  • ideal
139
Q

what is the lived element of culture?

A

the patterns, forms, and structures of everyday life that forms a coherent whole

140
Q

what is the documentary element of culture?

A

the way meaning and culture are framed and communicated in media

141
Q

what is an etic perspective of culture?

A

culture is observed from an outsider perspective- assumes characteristics are universal

142
Q

what is an emic perspective of culture?

A

observed from an insider perspective- assumes characteristics are specific and distinctive to culture

143
Q

what is mass society?

A

communities that have deteriorated where there is a weak kinship, impersonal neighborhoods, and a feeling by individuals that they are isolated

144
Q

what is occupational injustice?

A

where some groups are deprived of occupations, alienated from their occupational selves, or restricted/exploited in their occupations

145
Q

what is social capital?

A

a set of informal values or norms shared among members of a group that permits cooperation

146
Q

what is occupational balance?

A

individual’s perception of having the right amount of occupations and the right variation between occupations

147
Q

why do we need occupational balance?

A
  • manage competing demands for time and attention
  • facilitate adaption
  • promote health
148
Q

according to Csikszentmihalyi when does flow occur?

A

when there is a match between skill and challenge of an activity

149
Q

what are the dimensions of occupational experiences?

A
  • flowing
  • exacting
  • calming
150
Q

what are calming experiences of flow theory?

A

low. challenge

151
Q

what are exacting experiences of flow theory?

A

occupations exceed skill level

152
Q

what are some characteristics of flow?

A
  • complete involvement
  • sense of ecstasy
  • activity is doable
  • sense of security
  • timelessness
  • intrinsic motivation
153
Q

what is congruence?

A

desired vs actual time engaged in meaningful

154
Q

what are the four need dimensions of equivalence in occupational patterns?

A
  • meet biological health and safety
  • contribute to rewarding relationships
  • feeling challenged
  • create a positive identity
155
Q

what are five theoretical factors of engagement in personal projects analysis?

A
  • meaningful
  • well structured
  • supported
  • efficacious
  • not too stressful
156
Q

what are some indicators of occupational imbalance?

A
  • stress
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • poor sleep
  • social isolation
157
Q

what are some characteristics of healthy occupational engagement?

A
  • goals directed with feedback
  • just right in terms of skill/challenge
  • intrinsically rewarding
158
Q

what are some strategies to help achieve occupational balance?

A
  • self-reflection
  • identification of imbalances
  • how these impact
159
Q

when did the origins of the concept of occupational justice emerge?

A

in late 1900s in work by Wilcock and Townsend

160
Q

what does social justice address?

A

social relations and conditions of life

161
Q

what does occupational justice address?

A

what people do in their relationships and their conditions for living and their need to freely participate ion meaningful occupation

162
Q

what are some structural factors of occupational justice?

A
  • type of economy
  • regional/national/international policies
  • values underlying policies
  • cultural values
163
Q

what are some family/community/international possibilities for occupational injustice?

A
  • civic disturbance
  • ethics breakdown
  • social disintegration
164
Q

what are some possible outcomes of occupational risk and injustice?

A

occupational. ..
- imbalance
- deprivation
- alienation
- marginalisation
- apartheid

occ science (1 decks)

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