exam revision Flashcards
(249 cards)
1
Q
what are the five assumptions of the eight life stages?
A
- same basic needs
- personal development occurs in response
- development proceeds in stages
- movement through stages reflects motivation
- each is categorised by psychosocial challenge
2
Q
what age is stage 1: oral-sensory?
A
0-2
3
Q
what age is stage 2: muscular-anal?
A
2-3
4
Q
what age is stage 3: locomotor?
A
3-6
5
Q
what age is stage 4: latency?
A
6-12
6
Q
what age is stage 5: adolescence?
A
12-18
7
Q
what age is stage 6: young adulthood?
A
19-40
8
Q
what age is stage 7: middle adulthood?
A
40-65
9
Q
what age is stage 8: maturity?
A
65-death
10
Q
what is the basic conflict of the oral-sensory stage?
A
trust vs mistrust
11
Q
what is the basic conflict of the muscular-anal stage?
A
autonomy vs shame/doubt
12
Q
what is the basic conflict of the locomotor stage?
A
initiative vs guilt
13
Q
what is the basic conflict of the latency stage?
A
industry vs inferiority
14
Q
what is the basic conflict of the adolescence stage?
A
identity vs role confusion
15
Q
what is the basic conflict of the young adulthood stage?
A
intimacy vs isolation
16
Q
what is the basic conflict of the middle adulthood stage?
A
generativity vs stagnation
17
Q
what is the basic conflict of the maturity stage?
A
ego integrity vs despair
18
Q
what type of approach do pediatric OTs take?
A
strength-based
19
Q
what type of interventions do pediatric OTs take?
A
play-based
20
Q
what is the primary vehicle and context for children during pediatric OT?
A
families
21
Q
what are some risks during prenatal?
A
- neural tube defects
- prenatal exposure to teratogens
- multiple gestation
22
Q
what are the key developmental areas for children 1-3?
A
- social and communication
- fine motor
- gross motor
- cognitive
- perceptual
23
Q
what are the key occupations for children 1-3?
A
- self-care
- productivity
- play
24
Q
what are some typical self-care activities for a 0-4-month-old?
A
- integration of rooting and bite reflex
- coordinates sucking, swallowing, and breathing
- anticipates feeding
25
what are some typical self-care activities for a 10-12 month-old?
- active cooperation with dressing (pushes arms and legs)
- finger feeds small pieces
- allows nose to be wiped
- pulls off socks
26
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 0-3-month-old?
- grasp reflex present at birth
- no voluntary release
- visual regard for objects
27
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 3-6-month-old?
- looks at hands
- accuracy of reach improving
- able to hold small object
28
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 6-9-month-old?
- voluntarily release objects
- use index finger to point
- can rest one hand and reach with other
29
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 9-12-month-old?
- can reach and grasp in continuous movement
- can voluntarily supinate forearm
- clumsy release of object into small container
30
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 0-3-month-old?
- prone: turns head to either side
- neck righting
- upright: head bobs, negative support reaction
31
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 3-5-month-old?
- integration of moro reflex, TLR, STNR and ATNR
- prone: head to chest raised to 90 degrees with forearm support
- props with extended arms and rolls to supine
32
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 6-9-month-old?
- sits initially supported then unsupported
- developing equilibrium reactions in prone and supine
- rolls, crawls, scoot
- stands with support lifts foot to attempt steps
33
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 10-12-month-old?
- sits independently
- walks with handheld
- pulls self to standing using furniture
34
what are some typical cognitive activities for a 0-5-month-old?
- demonstrates emotions by vocalisation
- turns head to noise
- identifies voice of familiar people
35
what are some typical cognitive activities for a 6-8-month-old?
- finds partially hidden object
- looks to the floor when something falls
- uncovers face (peekaboo)
36
what are some typical cognitive activities for a 9-12-month-old?
- inconsistently imitates facial movements
- finds completely hidden objects
- drops things to watch them fall
37
what are some typical social/emotional activities for a 0-2-month-old?
- quiets when picked up
- responsive smile
- studies faces
38
what are some typical social/emotional activities for a 3-5-month-old?
- laughs
- cries when left alone or put down
- laughs when tickled likes physical play
39
what are some typical social/emotional activities for a 6-8-month-old?
- withdraws when stranger approaches
- responds to name
- raises arms to signal wanting to be picked up
40
what are some typical social/emotional activities for a 9-12-month-old?
- discomfort when separated from a parent in a strange enviro
- points to things they want
- offer toys but does not release
41
what are some typical self-care activities for a 12-18-month-old?
- feeds self with spoon (some spills)
- picks up and drinks (some spills)
- toilet training regime begins
42
what are some typical self-care activities for a 19-23-month-old?
- assist with dressing
- toilet training begins
- opens mouth to brush teeth
43
what are some typical self-care activities for a 2-3-year-old?
- washes self, dries hands
- can find armholes in overhead shirt
- holds a cup in one hand
44
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 12-18-month-old?
- build tower with blocks
- releases small objects with precision into container
- holds crayon with fist begins to use fingertips
45
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 19-23-month-old?
- stack 3-6 blocks
- places spoon in mouth without spilling
- turns book pages independently
46
what are some typical fine motor activities for a 2-3-year-old?
- holds crayon with fingertips
- strings large beads
- uses scissors, help to hold paper
47
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 12-18-month-old?
- begins to walk independently
- raises to standing
- creeps backward down stairs
- runs stiffly
48
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 19-23-month-old?
- run with more control
- gets in and out of bed
- jumps in place
- squats in play
49
what are some typical gross motor activities for a 2-3-year-old?
- walk on tiptoes
- catches large ball
- stand on one foot for fews secs
- jumpiing emerging and beginning to hop
50
what are some typical cognitive activities for a 12-18-month-old?
- finds toy hidden under one of several covers
| - uses trial and error to precisely imitate new sounds, movements or words
51
what are some typical cognitive activities for a 19-23-month-old?
- imitates sounds, word, or body movements immediately
- knowledge of cause-effect
- deduces location from indirect visual cues
52
what are some typical cognitive activities for a 2-3-years-old?
- matches coloured blocks
- repeats two digits
- can tell you their name
53
what are some typical social/emotional activities for a 12-18-month-old?
- copies and imitates adults
- waves goodbye
- starts to exhibit temper when angry
- offers and releases toys
54
what are some typical social/emotional activities for a 19-23-month-old?
- chooses toys and begins play
- prefers to play near but not with other children
- temper tantrums
55
what are typical cognitive development skills for a 3-4-year-old?
- 3-5 things placed in specific order
- day vs night
- distinguishes between the same and different?
56
what are typical cognitive development skills for a 4-5-year-old?
- can number 1-10, addition
- before/after, sequence of events
- seriates a double row of four items each
57
what are typical cognitive development skills for a 5-6-year-old?
- understanding right and wrong
- simple subtraction
- understands directions
- sequence five items by length and area
58
what are typical social-emotional development skills for a 3-4-year-old?
- starts to separate from caregivers
- seeks approval of adults
- plays simple games with other children
59
what are typical social-emotional development skills for a 4-5-year-old?
- dramatizes what they know from play
- seeks privacy
- understands sharing and taking turns
- knows the difference between real and make-belief
60
what are typical social-emotional development skills for a 5-6-year-old?
- uses feeling words
- follows routine and sequences
- wants to do things for themselves
61
what are the challenges for optimal development in the adolescence stage?
- physical maturation
- cognitive
- emotional/psychological
- social/relationship
- moral/spiritual
- occupational
62
when does physical maturation begin?
onset of puberty
63
what is puberty?
interrelated neurological and endocrinological changes that influence brain development, sexual maturation, hormone production, and physical growth
64
what is puberty marked by?
- heigh spurt
- maturation of the reproductive system
- appearance of secondary sex characteristics
- increased muscle strength
- redistribution of body weight
65
what physical maturation occurs for males?
- increased height and muscle mass
- voice changes
- spermarche- first spontaneous ejaculation
66
what physical maturation occurs for females?
- breast development
| - menarche- beginning regular menstrual period
67
what is transgender?
young people whose gender identity differs from the gender they were assigned at birth
68
what is gender dysphoria?
the distress a child experiences about the differences between their gender identity and physical body
69
what occurs in adolescence in relation to motor skill development?
- underlie the ability to perform physically
- changes correlate with physical growth
- changes in strength for both abdominal and grip strength
70
what occurs in adolescence in relation to general brain development?
- prefrontal cortex
- continued myelination of nerve fibres
- volume of gray matter
- focused synaptic pruning
71
what occurs in Piaget's theory of formal operational thought for adolescence?
- being able to use operations to manipulate and modify thoughts
- distinguish between reality and possibility
- raise hypothesis
72
what is egocentrism?
- perception of one's self at centre
| - view of others are constantly observing and judging one's behaviour
73
what is decentering?
gaining some objectivity over one's own point of view
74
what occurs in adolescence in relation to emotional development?
- emotional regulation
- experience more negative life events
- choosing to savour negative emotions
75
what type of disorder can occur through internalising emotions?
eating disorders
76
what can occur through externalising emotions?
delinquency
77
what is peer pressure?
demand for conformity to group norms and a demonstration of commitment and loyalty
78
when can risk-taking be positive?
-exploratory behaviour is part of the development
79
what are the factors that promote healthy development?
- social skills/involvement
- leisure and physical activity
- belief in moral values
- opportunities and rewards for positive school involvement
80
what are key transitions in occupation for 12-15-year-olds?
- increased independence
- transition to high school
- increased time spent in leisure with peers and on social media
81
what are key roles for a 12-15-year-old?
- family member
- student
- peer
- romantic partner
82
what are key transitions in occupation for 16-18-year-olds?
- becoming a driver
- finishing high school
- legal responsibilities at 18
- paid employment
- moving out
83
what are key roles for a 16-18-year-old?
- student
- family member
- peer
- romantic/sexual partner
- employee
- road user
- parent (possibly)
84
what are transitions to adulthood?
- exploring adult world and forming adult identity
- forming dreams
- choosing an occupation
- forming love relationships
85
what are some health challenges of young adulthood?
- suicide
- motor vehicle accidents
- accidental poisoning (alcohol/drug)
- STIs
86
what is crystallised intelligence?
application of previously attained knowledge and skills
87
what part of the memory is utilised by crystallised intelligence?
long term
88
what is fluid intelligence?
ability to process info and think logically, solving problems independent of acquired knowledge
89
what part of memory is utilized by fluid intelligence??
working memory
90
what are the factors affecting autonomy and leaving home for young adults?
- economic factors
- social norms
- parents and children having differing views regarding time
91
what are the factors affecting autonomy and self-sufficiency for young adults?
- financial independence
- independent decision making
- responsibility for one's actions
92
what are the factors affecting self-care for young adults?
- establishing work-life or work-study-life balance
- managing stress
- sleep
- learning skills for self-care
93
what are the four stages of identity formation?
```
identity:
-achievement
-moratorium
-foreclosure
-
```
94
what is identity achievement?
successful achievement of a sense of identity
95
what is an identity moratorium?
active struggling for a sense of identity
96
what is identity foreclosure?
absence of struggle for identity with no obvious concern about it
97
what is gender identity?
acquisition of a set of beliefs, attitudes, and values about oneself as a man or a woman in many areas of social life
98
what is sexual orientation?
refers to one's preferred preference for and attraction to sexually intimate partners
99
what are the three distinct phases that most relationships follow?
- dating
- courtship
- formal commitment
100
what are some shifts that can occur in the goals of dating?
- marriage
| - parenthood
101
what are some factors that may underpin successful relationships?
- compatibility of values, interests, and goals
- similar energy levels, intellectual skills, and shared lifestyles
- attractiveness and personality
102
what are the key factors that influence career choice?
- family background
- education
- gender role socialisation
103
what are Ginzeberg's developmental theory of occupational choice stages?
- fantasy period (until 11-12)
- tentative period (till late adolescence)
- period of realistic career exploration
- experimentation period
- crystallisation of vocational choice
104
what are four reasons it takes longer to grow up nowadays?
- tech revolution
- sexual revolution
- women's movement
- youth movement
105
what are physiological changes to the skeletal system that occur in adulthood?
development is complete
106
what are physiological changes to the muscular system that occur in adulthood?
gains strength
107
what are physiological changes to the weight that occur in adulthood?
gains due to decreased physical activity
108
what are physiological changes to the appearance that occur in adulthood?
decreased skin elasticity
109
what are physiological changes to the cardiovascular system that occur in adulthood?
steady decline, decrease 5-10 beats per decade during heavy exertion
110
what are three concepts relevant to direction of growth in adulthood?
- competence
- self acceptance
- self actualisation
111
what are three themes of friendship for adulthood?
- affective or emotional
- shared or communal nature
- sociability and compatibility
112
what are different types of intimate relationships?
- casula intimacy
- cohabitation
- marriage
113
what are four benefits for couples with multiple roles in dual-earner partnerships?
1. both likely to be integrated into social support
2. more financial resources
3. success in one role can buffer against negative in other
4. involvement in similar roles provides shared frame of reference
114
what are the dual roles of childbearing?
intimate partner and parent
115
what are some factors that can contribute to divorce or separation?
- age at marriage/relationship commencement
- socio-economic status
- socio-emotional development
- family history
116
what is Super's self Concept Theory for work and development?
1. growth (4-13)
2. exploration (14-240
3. establishment (25-44)
4. maintenance (45-65)
5. disengagement (65+)
117
what are some physical changes that occur during middle adulthood?
- thinning/greying hair, dry skin, wrinkles
- BMR declines
- osteoarthritis
118
what occurs for males during andropause in middle adulthood?
reduced testosterone
119
what occurs during menopause in middle adulthood for females?
- sleepness
- depression
- changes in self-identity
120
what are some sensory changes that occur in middle adulthood?
- visual acuity remains stable
| - hearing acuity diminishes especially for high-pitched sounds
121
what cognitive changes occur in middle adulthood?
- remains stable
| - brain shrinkage commences most are unaffected
122
what is the rate of brain shrinkage in middle adulthood dependent on?
intrinsic (genetics, weight) and extrinsic factors (diet, exercise)
123
what is generavity?
the capacity to contribute to the quality of life for future generations
124
when does generavity become most pronounced?
most people between 45-50
125
what is stagnation?
a lack of psychological movement or growth that may result from self-aggrandisement or from the inability to cope with developmental tasks
126
who may stagnation differ for?
narcissistic and depressed people
127
what are some valued occupations during middle adulthood?
inherently social (work, family, and friends)
128
what is typical development in marriage or intimate relationships during middle adulthood?
expressing love through more than sexuality
129
what are the stages of family development that will likely take place during middle adulthood?
- children in early/middle
- children become adolescence
- no children at home
- adult children may return home
- parents become grandparents
130
what is the parenting alliance?
the capacity of spouse to acknowledge, respect, and value the parenting role and tasks of the partner
131
what is the sandwich generation?
conflict in care-giving, caught between providing care for aging parents and their children
132
what does the sandwich generation have the potential of making difficult?
to achieve/maintain occupational balance
133
what are three themes in career management that contribute to adaption and development in middle adulthood?
- understanding and managing leadership and authority
- expanding interpersonal skills and relationships
- meeting new skill demands
134
how can individuals in middle adulthood understand and manage leadership and authority in their careers?
- identify authority structure in the work setting and establish their position
- career advancement assumes leadership
135
how can individuals in middle adulthood expand their interpersonal relationships in their careers?
- most occupations empthasise the development and use of interpersonal skills
- ability to interact effectively are criteria for promotion and selection
136
what is substantive complexity in relation to meeting new skill demands in middle adulthood careers?
the degree to which the work requires thought, independent judgment, and frequent decision making
137
what is intellectual flexibility in relation to meeting new skill demands in middle adulthood careers?
the ability to handle conflicting info, grasp several perspectives on a problem, and reflects own values and solutions
138
what are five reasons work activities or goals may change in middle adulthood?
- some end
- cannot resolve conflicts between job and personal demands
- realisation that one has succeeded as much as possible
- some women make greater commitment as children age
139
what are some negative associations of job loss?
- self-doubt
- passivity
- social withdrawal
140
what is the significant occupation for children 6-12?
school
141
what are sensory processes for children 6-12?
vestibular, proprioceptive, and visual system as CNS matures and body grows
142
what are perceptual functions for children 6-12?
spatial, temporal, and body awareness refines
143
what are praxis functions for children 6-12?
ideation, process, and execution of movements
144
what are neuro-postural controls for children 6-12?
- bilateral coordination
- reflex reactions
- musculoskeletal function
- postural alignment
145
when is hand preference established by?
6
146
what fine motor skills develop from 6-12?
- hand preference
- in-hand manipulation in both hands
- refinement of skill and stability
- refinement of bilateral hand coordination
- development of eye-hand coordination
147
what are basic self-care fine motor skills for use of tools in daily occupations for children 6-12?
- cutlery
- zippers
- shoelaces
- toilet paper
148
what are basic productivity fine motor skills for use of tools in daily occupations for children 6-12?
- handwriting
- scissors
- pencil case
149
what are basic leisure/play fine motor skills for use of tools in daily occupations for children 6-12?
- puzzles
- cards
- computer games
- art
150
what are some self-management skills that are developed at home and school for children 6-12?
- packing lunch
- organising clothes
- remembering library books
- controlling emotions and state of arousal in different enviros
151
what is the strongest predictor of academic success for children?
self-control or emotional self-regulation
152
what are some different coregulation and parenting styles?
- detached/neglectful
- harsh/aggressive
- anxious
- positive
- supportive, guide, zone of proximal development
153
what is a child's language and cognitive development related to?
child's enviro-social exposure and educational opportunities
154
what are the language and cognitive skills that children 6-12 develop?
- attention, memory, perceptual understanding
- mastery of basic skills in reading, writing, comprehension, maths, and ICT
- develop social relationships
- understand social norms
155
what is play for children 6-12?
- Intrinsic motivation
- Focus on means rather than ends
- Person-centred
- Relation to instrumental behaviours
- Freedom from externally imposed rules
- Active engagement
156
what are the benefits of play?
- important for development
- flexibility of thinking
- learning
- language acquisition
- adaptability
157
why is play so important in OT?
- integral part of a healthy lifestyle
- primary occupation in childhood
- influences and is influenced by enviro
158
what are four classical theories that have been identified in play?
- surplus energy
- recreation or relaxation
- pre-exercise
- recapitulation
159
what categories are five modern theories of play put into?
- arousal modulation
- psychodynamic
- cognitive-developmental
- socio-cultural
- occupational therapy
160
what is the arousal modulation theory of play?
associated with exploration, role in modulation, or arousal states. When in familiar situations child seeks increased arousal
161
what does the psychodynamic theory of play aim to explain?
the role of play in the emotional development of children
162
what are the two functions of play that are hypothesised by the psychodynamic theory?
- wish fulfillment
| - mastery of traumatic events
163
what is the cognitive-developmental theory of play?
a cognitive process and contributes to the development of problem-solving, creativity, flexibility, adaptability, and cognitively guided motor behavior
164
what are the three types of games that correspond to stages of cognitive development for Piaget?
- practice games (0-2)
- symbolic games (2+)
- games with rules (7-11+)
165
what are practice games according to Piaget and cognitive development theories?
doing actions for the pleasure of practicing them, sensory-motor play, exploration of sensations and movements
166
what are symbolic games according to Piaget and cognitive development theories?
imaginative element, involves make-believe and pretend, abstract problem-solving,m and language development
167
what are games with rules according to Piaget and cognitive development theories?
explicit rules socially constructed and abided by in a cooperative play of 2+ individuals, agent of socialisation
168
what does the socio-cultural theories of play explore?
relationships of play with culture:
- socialisation
- essential life skill
169
what are contemporary views of play in OT?
- organising effect on behaviour
- way of learning
- play as occupation
- play as productive role
170
what observable structure describes phases of play does Takata describe?
- sensory-motor (0-2)
- symbolic and simple construction (2-4)
- pre-game (4-7)
- game (7-12)
- recreational (12+)
171
what does Bundy's Model of Playfulness say playfulness is determined by?
- internal perception of control
- intrinsic source of motivation
- freedom to spend relaity
172
what two aspects does Stagnatii's sequence of pretend play development involve?
- symbolic play
| - conventional imaginative play
173
what areas does the symbolic and imaginative play checklist cover?
- pre-imaginary play
- play themes
- sequences of actions
- object substitution
- social interaction
- independent role play
- doll/teddy play
174
what does the child-initiated pretend play assessment measure?
cognitive play skills and self-initiation of play in children 3-7
175
according to Parten what are the play stages that develop social play?
- solitary (0-1)
- onlooker (1-2)
- parallel (2-3)
- associative (4-5)
- cooperative (5-6)
- formal games (6-7)
176
what does solitary independent play involve?
child plays alone and glances at others
177
what does onlooker play involve?
child plays alone, gaze follows others, aware but not involved in other's play
178
what does parallel play involve?
2 to 3 children share the same play space but not toys or conversation, the child talks to self and may imitate others
179
what does associative play involve?
minimal social interaction but children share play space and toys, there is little conversation and cooperation
180
what does cooperative play involve?
real social interaction, children work together towards a common goal, ongoing conversations, eye contact, and other physical contact
181
what does formal games involve?
children play games with rules, recognises when a person or animal is hurt and needs help
182
what are the three periods that late adulthood is divided into?
- young old= 65-74
- old old= 75-90
- very old= 90+
183
what is the wear and tear theory of aging?
-aging is due to cumulative effects of hard work and lifelong stress
184
what is the mitochondrial theory of aging?
-as we age mitochondria become less efficient, less ATP production
185
what is the hormonal stress theory?
long, elevated stress-related hormones have been connected to increased risks of certain diseases
186
how does age correlate with disability?
increased disability correlates with increased age and increased need for assistance to attend to ADL
187
how does inactivity and activity relate to aging?
- inactivity accounts for 1/2 of function decline that occurs between 30-70
- exercise can delay or reverse some effects
188
what are the three components of successful aging?
- low probability of disease and related disability
- high cognitive and physical functional capacity
- active engagement in life
189
how does the low probability of disease and related disability contribute to successful aging?
denotes absence of disease and affects the presence or severity of risk factors
190
how does high cognitive and physical functional capacity contribute to successful aging?
impacts a person's potential ability to be active and indicates what they can do
191
how does active engagement in life contribute to successful aging?
- interpersonal relationships involve communication, info exchange, emotional support, direct assistance
- the value of an activity is what an individual puts on it
192
what are some physical skills that decline as we age?
-manual dexterity and reaction time
193
what are some ways to protect hearing?
- stay away from loud or prolonged noises
- turn music down
- buy power tools with sound controls
194
what cardiovascular physiological changes occur in old age?
-coronary artery disease
-hypertension
-valvular heart disease
etc.
195
what pulmonary physiological changes occur in old age?
- chronic obstructive/restrictive disease
- asthma
- pneumonia
196
what musculoskeletal physiological changes occur in old age?
- osteoporosis
- osteoarthritis
- degenerative disk disease
197
what metabolic/endocrine physiological changes occur in old age?
- diabetes
- obesity
- kidney failure
198
what PNS and CNS failure physiological changes occur in old age?
- alzeihmers
- dementia
- parkinsons
199
what eye physiological changes occur in old age?
- prebysopia
- cataracts
- glaucoma
200
what vestibular physiological changes occur in old age?
presbyastasis disequilibrium
201
what integumentary physiological changes occur in old age?
- senile purpura
| - lentigos
202
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of decreased heart muscle and volume and its effect on exercise?
- decreased cardiac output and stroke volume
| - delays and diminishes decline
203
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of increased systolic and diastolic BP and its effect on exercise?
- increased risk of hypertension
| - upon onset of exercise greater decrease in HT
204
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of decreased size and number of mitochondria and its effect on exercise?
- decreased potential to produce energy required
| - increased size and volume but not the number of mitochondria helps energy
205
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of decreased muscle mass and its effect on exercise?
- lower extremity and distal muscles, loss of strength and endurance
- resistance exercise increases strength, endurance, and muscle hypertrophy
206
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of decreased 'psychomotor speed' and its effect on exercise?
- decreased reaction time, loss of balance, and coordination leading to falls
- delays decline
207
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of decreased bone mineral content and its effect on exercise?
- women: decreases 30, men: 50
| - decreases amount lost and can increase bone mineral density
208
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of connective tissue stiffness and its effect on exercise?
- decreased flexibility and joint stability
| - improved flexibility and mobility
209
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of decreased BMR and its effect on exercise?
- fewer calories required and decreased nutritional requirements
- slows decline of BMR
210
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of lean body mass and its effect on exercise?
- strength leads to falls and performance in ADLs
| - resistive exercises increase strength
211
what is the functional significance of old age-related change of 30-50% renal function and its effect on exercise?
- slower clearing of toxins and waste thus risk of drug toxicity
- can improve the cleansing of metabolic waste
212
what are the functional changes of attention in old age?
divided attention
213
what are the functional changes of memory in old age?
short-term and working memory
214
what are the functional changes of psychomotor in old age?
- reaction time
- speed
- fine motor
215
what are the functional changes of executive function in old age?
- abstract reasoning
| - mental flexibility
216
what aspects of attention are retained in old age?
sustained attention to task
217
what aspects of memory are retained in old age?
long-term memory and procedural memory
218
what aspects of psychomotor are retained in old age?
- verbal abilities
- routine
- familiar tasks
219
what aspects of executive function are retained in old age?
planning a task
220
what are some warning signs of memory decline?
- difficulty retaining functioning and activity
- disorientation
- poor abstract thinking
221
what are some preventable causes of memory decline?
- sensory loss
- drug toxicity
- depression
- metabolic problems
222
what is depression associated with a loss of in old age?
- physical function
- widowhood
- decreased activity and social network
223
what are some developmental tasks of old age?
- accepting one's life
- promoting intellectual vigor
- redirecting energy to new roles and activities
- developing point of view about death
224
what is involved with accepting one's life in old age?
-life goals and satisfaction
225
according to the SOC model of accepting one's life what are the three processes of adaption required?
- selection
- optimisation
- compensation
226
what are five characteristics of personality that have been associated with life satisfaction in old age?
- extroversion
- usefulness/competence
- lack of neuroticism
- optimism
- sense of control
227
what are four problems in evaluating intelligence in later life?
- age differences vs age changes
- definitions of abilities
- relevance of tasks used
- factors associated with heath are intertwined with cognition
228
what are interactions of heredity and enviro?
- absence of chronic disease
- favourable enviro
- involvement in intellectually stimulating enviro
- flexible personality
229
what are some myths about the very old?
- senile
- are isolated from family
- inefficient employees
230
what is ageism?
prejudice or discrimination that occurs on basis of age
231
what are centenarians?
people who are 100 years+
232
what are some physical changes that occur in old age?
- skin becomes thinner and less elastic-wrinkles
- muscles become weaker
- bones become brittle
- height is reduced
233
what occurs in old age according to the disengagement theory: gradual retreat?
the period in late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
234
what occurs in old age according to the activity theory of continued involvement?
successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age
235
according to the activity theory, what does happiness and satisfaction with life spring from for old people?
high levels of involvement with the world
236
what occurs with sleep and rest for old people?
may have trouble falling asleep and staying asleep
237
what are some different living arrangements for old people?
- living alone
- married living with spouse
- residential aged care facilities
- retirement community
238
what are the basic features of wisdom?
- factual knowledge
- procedural knowledge
- life-span contextualism
- relativism of values and life goals
- recognition and management of uncertainty
239
what is persistent vegetation?
when a person's brainstem functions even when there is no cortical functioning
240
what is disdain?
a feeling of weakness and frailty of oneself and others, often a defensive response to one's failed past
241
what are different ways people can experience death?
- gradual decline
- unpredictable and sudden
- ambiguous decline
242
what does a gradual decline towards death allow?
people more time to acknowledge their death and plan for it
243
what is hospice care?
an integrated system of medicine, nursing, counseling, and spiritual care for dying person and family
244
what are some ethical issues at the end of life?
- not only relevant to dying but also family
- conflictions with commitment of the medical profession to prolong life
- legal assisted suicide might put pressure on the elderly to end their lives
245
what are five patterns of bereavement?
- common grief pattern
- resilient
- chronic grief
- chronic depression
- depressed-improved
246
when may bereavement be more difficult?
- if death is sudden or ambiguous loss occurs
- if the dying person is unable to receive pain control
- if the survivor has experienced positive benefits of care-giving
247
what are some responses to the elderly?
- gratitude
- respect
- neglect
- elder abuse
248
what is elder abuse?
a violation of human rights and a significant cause of illness, injury, loss of productivity, isolation, and despair
249
what are possible warning signs of elder abuse?
- belittling, threats, and other uses of power and control
- bruises, abrasions, burns
- unexplained withdrawal from activities/depression
