exam revision Flashcards
difference between self confidence and self efficacy
Self-confidence is the guaranteed belief in your own abilities and effectiveness as a person whereas Self-Efficacy is task specific confidence–the belief in individual has to perform a particular task.
Example: golfer may have confidence in his wedge shots but not his drives.
Which concept, self-efficacy or self-confidence is most useful when working with an athlete?
Can justify both.
Self efficacy: in a sport you do task specific things, if we focus on this we can get a task specific outcome optimal.
Self Confidence: Motivation is a vital concept in performance and an increase in self confidence can increase motivation. A general optimal arousal pre game can illicit maximal performance.
Outline the characteristics of the flow state
- Transformation of time: time is slowed or sped up depending on the task
- Complete confidence: no self-doubt, individual takes risks.
- Loss of self-consciousness: performance becomes effortless
- Paradox of control: having complete control, things are automatic, effortless
- Autolectic experience: activity is enjoyable and rewarding
- Challenge-skill balance: the challenge of the task matches the skill of the athlete.
Which Mental states have the greatest impact on performance?
- no right or wrong: justify
- anxiety and arousal
Consequences of High levels of Anxiety
Physiological
• increased muscle tension
• Evidence of increased injury
Psychological
• Impaired concentration
• Narrowing of attention
• Reduction in confidence or self-efficacy
inverted U hypothesis - self-confidence
Can relate to flow state, without complete confidence the athlete does not have the capability to take risks or produce the skills required to achieve maximal performance. This can also relate to anxiety, a low self confidence may mean high anxiety meaning an impact on performance as stated above.
eg: a golfer may need to play a risky shot over the bunker but does not have the confidence for that shot, so plays an easy shot that doesnt make to green or leads to a difficult putt.
Describe 4 ways a team captain could provide team cohesion (practice explaining)
- Build a culture
- Positive self-talk
- Maximising player buy-in
- Maintain positive relationships in the group
- Endorsement of coaches’ messages
- Celebrating individuals within the team.
focus on all of these is keeping team morale high but also to maintain focus on the ultimate goal which is winning.
7 principles of effective imagery
- Visualise the whole act you want to perform
- Do it in real time
- Imagine the outcome you want to achieve
- Make the image as realistic as possible (all the senses)
- Rehearse success not failure
- Practice both External and internal imagery
- Be your own movie director
Outline how the inverted U hypothesis could be utilised to improve performance outcomes
- Helps athletes visualise their arousal
- Can draw it
Identifies that arousal levels should be higher or lower dependent on the sport. So an athlete can clearly see where they need to be for their required sport.
eg darts may require a lower arousal.
However it does not account for individual variability meaning an AFL player may prefer to be relaxed pre-game rather than having a high arousal. Nonetheless this can be accounted for as the inverted U hypothesis help us clearly identify where the athlete is on their curve and professionals can employ techniques to increase or decrease arousal.
In what ways can practising Bensons relaxation procedure be useful for an athlete
Shifts Focus from negative thoughts reduces muscle tension and results in less stress. Steps: 1. Breathing concentration 2. Mental Imagery 3. Single word – “relax” on each breath
It can…
- Improve concentration and attention
- Brings down arousal and then bringing them to optimal level for performance
Negatives
- As a -ve can make someone too relaxed and therefore they will go past their optimum arousal for performance
- Can be useless, to implement pre-competition if they have never used them before.
Explain Neideffers 4 quadrants in his model of attention
- 4 quadrants: broad internal, external, narrow external, internal
Broad External: Peripheral awareness where the individual has the ability to read and react to the environment. Suitable for fast team sports such as bball and footy
Broad Internal: Problem-solving, creating, thinking and planning.
Good at competition planning and developing an alternative plan of attack. Suitable for coaches and high IQ players.
Narrow External: focused targeting which includes the ability to block distractions. Suitable for target sports such as archery or golf.
Narrow Internal: Ability to focus on single thought/Idea. which may mean enhanced body awareness or ability to stick to a game plan. Suitable for endurance athletes and strength sports.
Discuss how Nideffers model of attention can be useful to an athlete
Proposes that Under ideal conditions we are able to match the demands of performance but Under pressure it is difficult to shift attention. We have the tendency to shift to dominant style which can be detrimental if it doesn’t match the sport.
Sport psychologists can help maximise performance by keeping athletes in the right quadrant for their particular sport. Can also aid in understanding strength and limitations of an athlete. Also helps in talent identification in junior athletes, identifying which athletes are good in what sports.
Explain the drive theory for arousal and anxiety
State’s performance is a function of three factors:
• Complexity of the task
• Level of arousal
• Learned habits
Believes that if you have adequately learned the skill the higher your arousal the higher your performance.
Follows a linear line with arousal and performance.
Limitations
• Does not explain why experienced athletes make mistakes under pressure
• Fails to account for cognitive anxiety
Explain the catastrophe model for arousal and anxiety
Believes performance is based on athlete's level of cognitive arousal. Performance is enhanced when... - Cognitive anxiety is high - Somatic anxiety is low Performance is deteriorated when... - Cognitive anxiety is high - Somatic anxiety is high
Also shows that performance does not instantly return to optimal once arousal is decreased.
This takes into account cognitive anxiety and choking but it is difficult to comprehend and can lead to a decreased focus in athletes.
Discuss “In order to increase PA all we need to do is help people become more motivated”
- Can agree or disagree
- Define PA
- How much should we be getting?
- What is motivation
- How can we increase it?
Children’s reasons for NOT
participating in Sport
• I am not good at it • What if I get teased or laughed at? • Anxiety about performing in front of others • Too competitive • If it’s not fun or too boring
Children’s reasons for sport
participation
To have fun • To improve skills and learn new skills • For thrills and excitement • To be with friends or make new friends • To succeed or win
