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Cross cultural and Indigenous Psychology > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cultural Psychology?

A

Cultural psychology examines the cultural foundations of psychological processes and human behaviour.

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2
Q

What is Cross Cultural research?

A

Cross cultural research is a methodology which tests the cultural parameters of psychological knowledge. It involves researching human behaviour and comparing the results with psychological processes between two or more cultures.

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3
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

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4
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A stereotype is the generalised images that we have about groups of people

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5
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Prejudice is the tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership in terms of their stereotype.

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6
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Discrimination is the unfair treatment of others based on their group membership and systematic assumption of inferiority and the unfair and differential treatment of others based on this assumption of inferiority.

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7
Q

What is Xenophobia?

A

Xenophobia is the dislike or prejudice against people from other countries.

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8
Q

What is culture?

A

A culture is the shared rules which govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable the members of that group to co-exist and survive.

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9
Q

What is enculturation?

A

Enculturation is the process of absorbing and internalising the rules of our culture

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10
Q

What is acculturation?

A

Acculturation is the assimilation into another culture

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11
Q

What is a cultural shift?

A

A cultural shift occurs when cultures are relatively stable from one generation to the next but evolves slowly over time.

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12
Q

What are sub- cultures?

A

A sub culture is a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests in variance with those of the larger culture.

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13
Q

What is a world view?

A

A worldview is a particular philosophy of life or conception of the world.

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14
Q

What is an Individualistic culture?

A

An Individualistic culture is a society which is characterised by individualism, which is the prioritisation or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. Individualistic cultures are oriented around the self , being independent instead of identifying with a group mentality. Ie. America

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15
Q

What is an Collectivistic culture?

A

A Collectivistic culture emphasises on the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of an individual. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each persons identity. ie. South east asian cultures such as Japan and Indigenous cultures

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16
Q

What does it mean to have a Independent Construal of self?

A

Having an Independent Construal of self means that the individual places focus on personal, internal attributes such as individual ability, intelligence, personality traits etc

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17
Q

What does it mean to have Interdependent Construal of self?

A

Interdependent construal of self entails the primary task of fitting in and maintaining the interdependence between individuals.

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18
Q

What are the three theoretical orientations associated with studying cultures?

A

The three theoretical orientations are absolutism, cultural relativism and universalism.

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19
Q

What is absolutism?

A

Absolutism if a form of theoretical orientation which implies that human phenomena is the same across cultures.

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20
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Cultural relativism is a form of theoretical orientation which implies that human phenomena is different across cultures.

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21
Q

What is universalism?

A

Universalism is a form of theoretical orientation which implies that there are species wide similarities but empirical testing is required.

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22
Q

What are the approaches to culture?

A
  1. Bottom up ( psychological phenonmenon is observed in one culture and then is studies across other cultures to examine and refine theories).
  2. Top down( researchers begin with a theory about behaviour and incorporates aspects of culture to test limitations and broaden definitions).
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23
Q

What are the subjective elements of Culture?

A
  1. Values
  2. Beliefs
  3. Norms
  4. Attitudes
  5. Worldviews
  6. Enculturation
  7. Attributions
24
Q

What are the universal and culture specific physiological processes?

A
  1. Etics: whic are aspects of life that appear to be consistent across different cultures; universal or pancultural truths or principles.
  2. Emics: aspects of life that appear to differ across cultures; truths or principles that are culture specific.
25
Q

What are the types of Cross cultural research?

A
  1. Cross cultural validation study
  2. Indigenous Cultural Studies
  3. Cross Cultural comparison
26
Q

What is a Cross cultural validation study?

A

A cross cultural validation study examines whether a measure of a psychological construct that was originally generated in a single culture is applicable, meaningful and this equivalent in another culture.

27
Q

What is Indigenous cultural studies?

A

Indigenous cultural studies use rich, complex and in depth descriptions of cultures and cultural differences to predict ad test for differences in a psychological variable.

28
Q

What is a cross cultural comparison?

A

A cross cultural comparison is a study which compares two or more cultures on some psychological variables of interest, often with hypothesis that one culture will have significantly higher scores on the variable than that of the others.

29
Q

What is Exploratory testing?

A

Exploratory testing studies are designed ti examine the existence if cross-cultural similarities or differences. These are generally simple quasi -experiments comparing two or more cultures on a psychological variable.

30
Q

What is Hypothesis testing?

A

Hypothesis testing studies are designed to test why cultural differences exist. These types of tests go beyond quasi experiments by either including context variables or using experiments.

31
Q

What are structure oriented studies?

A

Structure studies examine whether constructs are conceptualised the same way across cultures, relationship of a construct to other constructs or the measurement of a construct.

32
Q

What are level oriented studies?

A

Level studies examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables.

33
Q

What are the key points for consideration in designing cross cultural research?

A
  1. Getting the right research question
  2. Designs that establish linkages between culture and psychological variables
  3. Bias and equivalence
34
Q

What is idiocentrism?

A

Idiocentrism refers to the individualism on the individual level. On the culture level, individualism refers to how individuals may act in accordance to individualistic cultural frameworks.

35
Q

What is Allocentrism?

A

Allocentrism refers to the collectivism on the individual level. On the cultural level, collectivism refers to how a culture functions.

36
Q

What are the types of Bias in cross cultural studies?

A
  1. Conceptual Bias ( The degree to which a theory or sets hypothesis being compared across cultures are equivalent).
  2. Method Bias: such as sampling bias, linguistic bias, , procedural bias
  3. Measurement Bias: referring to the degree in which measures used to collect data in different cultures are equally valid or reliable
  4. Response Bias: such as aquiescence, extreme response bias
  5. Interpretation Bias
37
Q

What is Brofenbrenner’s ecological model of child development?

A

This model describes the different systems of people surrounding a child throughout their development.

  1. Microsystem
  2. Mesosystem
  3. Exosystem
  4. Macrosystem
38
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A
  1. –> 18 mths learning trust v mistrust
  2. 18mths - 3 years autonomy v shame/doubt
  3. 3-5 years initiative v guilt
  4. 5-13 years industry v inferiority
  5. 13-21 years identity v confusion
  6. 21-39 years intimacy v isolation
  7. 40-65 years generativity v stagnation
  8. 65 + Integrity v despair
39
Q

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor: The child begins to interact with the environment through sensory perceptions and motor behaviour ( 0- 2yrs)
  2. Preoperational: The child begins to represent the world symbolically such as language (2-6 yrs)
  3. Concrete Operational: The child learns rules such as conversation, to think logically about concrete objects ( 7-12 yrs)
  4. Formal Operational: the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future (12 + years)
40
Q

Kohlberg’s level and stages of moral development

A
  1. Premoral
    - Punishment- Avoidance and Obedience
    - Exchange of favours
  2. Conventional
    - Good boy/girl
    - Law and order
  3. Principled
    - social contract
    - universal ethical principle
41
Q

What is included in the 5 factor theory?

A
  1. Neuroticism
  2. Extraversion
  3. Openness
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
42
Q

What is a monophasic culture?

A

A monophasic culture values cognitive experiences that take place only during normal waking phases. Dreams regarded as indirect indications of the dreamer’s concern’s, fears and desires.

43
Q

What is a polyphasic culture?

A

A Polyphasic culture values dreams and treats them as part of reality. The first type of culture is typically associated with a materialistic worldview on psychological experience. The second type of culture is associated with spiritual or traditional view.

44
Q

What is a High context culture?

A

A high context culture promotes direct communication in which messages are conveyed indirectly in context rather than directly in verbal language.

45
Q

What is a low context culture?

A

A low context culture promotes direct communication in which messages are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages and the effects of contexts are minimised.

46
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

A

The Hypothesis states the proposition that speakers of different languages think differently and that they do so because of the differences in their languages. Also referred to as linguistic relativity.

47
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

Bowlby proposed that infants have preprogrammed biological basis for becoming attached to caregivers.

48
Q

What are the different types of attachment?

A
  1. Secure attachment: warm and responsive
  2. Ambivalent: uncertainty from responses
  3. Avoidant: shun caregivers
49
Q

What is abnormal behaviour?

A

Abnormal behaviour is any behaviour which deviates outside of what is considered normal.

50
Q

What is a Universalist?

A

A universalist believes that all cultures share common primordial ancestors and that emotions are the same.

51
Q

What is a constructivist?

A

A constructivist believes that humans have adapted to different environments with their emotions evolving over time.

52
Q

What does symbolising three dimensions in two entail?

A

This a theory which suggests that people from western cultures focus on representatives on paper than do people from other cultures, and in particular spend more time learning to interpret pictures.

53
Q

What are Hofstede’s cultural dimensions?

A
  1. Power Distance
  2. Uncertainty Avoidance
  3. Individualism-Collectivism
  4. Masculinity-Femininity
54
Q

What is power distance?

A

Power distance is an Organisations need for vertical or hierarchical relationships based on status and power

55
Q

What is Uncertainty Avoidance?

A

Uncertainty-avoidance refers to the degree to which different organisations develop ways to deal with the anxiety and stress of uncertainty

56
Q

What is individualism-Collectivism?

A

This is used to explain, understand and predict cultural differences in a variety of contexts.

57
Q

What is Masculinity-Femininity?

A

This refers to the degree to which cultures foster or maintain differences between the sexes in work related values.

Cross cultural and Indigenous Psychology (1 decks)

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