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Conducting Behavioural Research 1 > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is Science?

A

The way of knowing through observation and experimentation

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2
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

Empiricism is knowledge gained by sensory experience or direct observation

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3
Q

What is Rationalism?

A

Rationalism is knowledge gained through use of reasoning or deductive reasoning.

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4
Q

What are the main goals for Scientific research?

A

To answer empirical questions, to create knowledge, to provide structure and processes to create knowledge and to advance statistical and predicated research models

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5
Q

What is Qualitative research?

A

Qualitative research is the data obtained through interviews, focus groups, observation and data collection. Qualitative research primarily uses written text and words to create an indepth study on a phenomena through the use of exploratory questions.

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6
Q

What is Quantitative research?

A

Quantitative research quantifies population demographics, attitudes, behaviours and opinions. It utilises the data collected to make inferences and predictions from structured studies such as surveys, interviews, polls and systematic observations.

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7
Q

What is Cross Sectional research?

A

Cross sectional research involves using different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest but share other characteristics. This study does not occur over time

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8
Q

What is Longitudinal research?

A

Longitudinal research involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time. This type of study occurs at multiple sessions and the study itself can change over time.

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9
Q

What is Experimental Research?

A

Experimental research is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables and controls and measures any change. This includes true experiments, quasi experiments and field studies.

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10
Q

What is a true experiment?

A

A type of experimental research design which is used to establish cause and effect relationships.

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11
Q

What is a Quasi experiment?

A

A type of experimental research design which is used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment

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12
Q

What are Field Studies?

A

Field studies are a type of experimental research design which entails the collection of raw data outside of a lab environment.

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13
Q

What is Non-Experimental Research?

A

This is a type of research which lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions. This includes survey studies, case studies and correlational studies.

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14
Q

What are survey studies?

A

Survey studies are a type of non-experimental research design which is used to gather information about individuals through self-reporting means.

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15
Q

What are case studies?

A

Case studies are a type of non-experimental research design which uses descriptive research approach to obtain an in depth analysis of a person, group or phenomenon.

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16
Q

What are correlational studies?

A

Correlational studies are a type of non-experimental research often used as a preliminary way to gather information about a topic or in situations where performing an experiment is not possible.

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17
Q

What is a literature review?

A

A literature review reviews the current state of knowledge in the specific subject. These are utilised to understand the methods and statistics needed to further study the topic as to narrow the research down to a state where it is testable and has directional arguments about the relationships between variables.

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18
Q

What is basic science?

A

Basic science is the increased understanding of fundamental principles. This is driven by intellectual curiosity and scientific discovery.

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19
Q

What is Applied Science?

A

Applied science is aimed at solving practical problems.

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20
Q

What are the categories of research questions?

A

The description, explanation, prediction and application.

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21
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a pattern of thought or behaviour that organises categories of information and the relationships among them.

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22
Q

What are the three requirements to enable prediction?

A

The three requirements for prediction are covariation, temporal relationships and confounds.

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23
Q

What are the different levels of measurement?

A

The different levels of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.

24
Q

What is the nominal level of measurement?

A

The nominal level of measurement only indicates categories and normally deals only with non-numeric (quantitative) variables or where numbers have no value.

25
Q

What is the ordinal level of measurement?

A

The ordinal level of measurement reports the ranking and ordering of the data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them.

26
Q

What is the interval level of measurement?

A

The interval level of measurement are units which measure intervals with equal distance between values with an absolute of zero value.

27
Q

What is the ratio level of measurement?

A

The ratio level of intervals are units measuring intervals with equal distance between values with absolute zero and no score.

28
Q

What are primary methods of data collection?

A

Primary methods of data collection are through observation, surveys, qualitative methods, and imaging, medical and mechanical means.

29
Q

What are secondary methods of data collection?

A

Secondary methods of data collection include sourcing through existing data and public records.

30
Q

What does it entail when describing frequency through central tendencies?

A

This includes the use of using the mean, median and mode to describe frequency and relationships within data.

31
Q

What does it entail when describing frequency through dispersion?

A

This includes the use of graphs, charts, standard deviation and the maxima and minima vs range within data.

32
Q

What are the types of correlation?

A

The types of correlation are positive correlation, negative and no correlation.

33
Q

What is survey research?

A

Survey research is used to gather information to measure opinions. attitudes, perceptions. behaviours and facts. This is also used to answer research questions and test hypothesis.

34
Q

What are the types of ethical considerations prior to undertaking research?

A

The ethical considerations are voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality and privacy.

35
Q

What are the types of surveys?

A

The types of surveys include descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, longitudinal, prospective, panel, diary, time series and cohort.

36
Q

what level of measurements sit within qualitative methods of research?

A

Nominal level items sit within qualitative methods of research. This is because of characteristics such as demographics, forced choice and being dichotomous.

37
Q

What level of measurement sit within quantitative and continuous items of research?

A
  1. Ordinal level- ranking in order and uses scales like likert
  2. Interval/Ratio ( Cumulative /Guttman scales), filter/contingency and semantic differentials.
38
Q

What are the 5 steps to a good survey design?

A
  1. identifying objectives
  2. write high quality questions based on objectives
  3. determine the format or response options
  4. format the survey
  5. pilot testing and making necessary changes
39
Q

What is a test?

A

A test is a measurement instrument used to assess a certain characteristic, attribute or behaviour through systematic collection of information about an individual.

40
Q

What is a standardised test?

A

Standardised tests are a measure that is scored and administered in a consistent manner.

41
Q

What is a non-standardised test?

A

Non-Standardised tests are measures that do not possess clearly specified norms and do not allow for a fair comparison of individuals.

42
Q

What is a norm referenced test?

A

A norm referenced test is a measurement which allows for comparing an individuals performance to a norm.

43
Q

What is a criterion referenced test?

A

A criterion referenced test is a measurement which allows for comparing an individual’s performance to a specific skill.

44
Q

What does classical test theory state?

A

Classical test theory postulates that that every measurement consists of two elements, namely true scores and measurement error.

45
Q

What is a measurement error?

A

The measurement error is the difference between a test score and and on individuals actual ability.

46
Q

What are the different types of validity?

A
  1. Construct validity
  2. measurement validity
  3. internal validity
  4. external validity
  5. convergent validity
  6. discriminant validity
  7. criterion validity
47
Q

What is Internal validity?

A

Internal validity is the ability of a study or measure to do what is intended.

48
Q

What is External Validity?

A

External validity is the ability to apply our results beyond the people participating.

49
Q

What is measurement validity?

A

Measurement validity is characterised as the extent to which a measurement assesses an intended construct.

50
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Construct validity characterises a degree to which a measurement instrument maps to a theoretical construct that is described in a theory.

51
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

Convergent validity is a extent to which a measure that is intended to assess a certain construct is related to a measure that is thought to measure a closely related construct.

52
Q

What is Discriminant validity?

A

Discriminant validity is when a relation between measure that is intended to assess a certain construct and a measure that assesses a unrelated construct.

53
Q

What is a criterion related validity?

A

Criterion related validity is the degree to which a measure intended to assess a given construct is correlated with other measures that have been previously validated as measures of similar constructs, with latter measures commonly validates using academic achievement tests.

54
Q

What is reliability?

A

Reliability is the repeatability of research and reproductivity of a measurement.

55
Q

What are the different types of reliability?

A
  1. Test Retest- the test is administered twice
  2. interrater- the extent to which two raters agree on a measure
  3. Internal consistency- The extent to which items within a measure consistently measure the same construct
  4. Split half- a measure splits into to equal parts.

Conducting Behavioural Research 1 (1 decks)

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