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RMHI > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

For a standardised mean difference between two dependent groups, would Hedge’s g or Bonnet’s delta be reported?

A

If the dependent group variances are reasonably similar, then Hedge’s g and its confidence intervals are the best options to report

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2
Q

What does Bonnett’s delta require?

A

Normality, and it will not necessarily be affected by differences in variation between groups

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3
Q

In a regression, the sum of squares of the observed scores on the dependent variable is equal to:

A

SStotal = SSreg + SSresidual

The sum of squares of the residual values + The sum of squares of the predicted dependent variable scores.

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4
Q

What does a smaller confidence interval imply?

A

That the predicted value is more precise and covers less of the available options

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5
Q

What does it mean if the CI crosses zero?

A

There is a chance that there is no effect

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6
Q

When using contrast weights, what must they all add up to?

A

Zero

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7
Q

How can contrast weights be assigned?

A

To investigate different combinations and effects of different conditions

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8
Q

What is R squared?

A

An effect size which measures the strength of prediction. It is the proportion of the the sums of squares total accounted for by sums of squares regression.

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9
Q

How can we determine the unique proportion of variation in the DV accounted for by each IV?

A

Semi partial correlation squared - it must be squared to be a proportion otherwise it would just be the correlation between the DV and an individual IV

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10
Q

What is the adjusted R squared?

A

is a less biased version of observed R Squared that is used when there are many IVs

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11
Q

What must a good research questions contain?

A

A questions mark, a verb, a the study population and all variables being considered

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12
Q

What is the population?

A

The population is the complete set of all individuals relevant to our research question and to whom some psychological theory applies.

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13
Q

What is a sample?

A

A sample is a subset of individuals who are selected by some sampling scheme from the population and assumed to be representative of that population.

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14
Q

What is a deviation score?

A

A deviation score is the value obtained by subtracting the mean score from each individual score

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15
Q

What is a Z-score?

A

A z score is a particular kind of standardized score obtained by dividing a deviation score by the standard deviation
The mean of z scores always equals 0 and their standard deviation always equals 1.

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16
Q

What is the difference between a z score and standardised score

A

While a z score is a type of standardised score, standardised scores in general can have any predefined mean and standard deviation, like IQ

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17
Q

What is a summary characteristic?

A

A summary characteristic is some kind of aggregation undertaken on the individual values in one or more variables to produce a single quantity that is informative about the values e.g. mean, SD, variance ect.

18
Q

What is an estimator?

A

An estimator is the mathematical function applied to our sample scores to obtain an estimated value for a population parameter…or, more simply, it is a formula to get our summary characteristic.

19
Q

What is an effect size?

A

An umbrella term used for any quantitative measure of the strength of a relationship between construct measures. They are estimated by sample statistics and can be applied to population parameters as well. An effect size is more useful when it has an accompanying confidence interval.

20
Q

A correlation is

A

a standardized measure of the strength and direction of the association
between scores on two variables.

21
Q

A covariance is

A

an unstandardized measure of the strength and direction of the association between scores on two variables.

22
Q

What is Cook’s d used for?

A

Cook’s d is a measure of undue influence, which is used to assess whether there are any outliers that, when removed, would significantly change the results. This can affect the normality of the residuals, which is a statistical assumption for linear regression.

23
Q

What is the best way to tell which IV is driving an association in a multiple linear regression?

A

Semipartial correlation

24
Q

Assumptions for mean differences between two independent groups

A
  1. Observations are independent.
  2. Observed scores on the construct measure are normally distributed.
  3. Variances in two groups are the same (homogeneity of variance assumption).
25
Q

When is the Levene’s Test used?

A

To investigate when the assumption of homogeneity of variance has been violated, this is shown when a p-value less than 0.05 is revealed.

26
Q

What is the coefficient of determination?

A

The proportion of total sum of squares that is accounted for by the regression sum of squares.

27
Q

p = Pr( Tobs | H0= True)

A

The p value is the (conditional) probability of the sample effect size being observed or one larger, given that the null hypothesis is true.

28
Q

Chronbach’s alpha is…

A

A measure of reliability that is considered to be very conservative

29
Q

The Breusch-Pagan Test is…

A

A NHST that examines constant residual variance in linear regressions, which can be shown in a residual plot (lack of fanning out/in)

30
Q

What is the Coefficient of Determination?

A

A value that ranges from 0-1, and is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable. Also called R-sqaured

31
Q

What is compound symmetry?

A

Compound symmetry refers to a covariance matrix that has the same variance in each diagonal element and the same covariance in every off-diagonal element of the matrix.

32
Q

What is sphericity?

A

Sphericity refers the variances of all possible difference scores between pairs of three or more within-subject conditions (or levels) being homogeneous at a population level.

33
Q

What is the definition of a CI in an NHST?

A

A confidence interval calculated in a single sample defines the complete set of null hypothesised values that would not be rejected if used in a NHST test on the sample statistic.

34
Q

Cramer’s V is…

A

A measure of strength of association for categorical variables, gives output between 0 and 1, where larger values indicate stronger associations. Requires at least one variable with 3 or more levels

35
Q

Covariance is…

A

the sum of the cross-products of the deviation scores of 2 variables divided by n-1

36
Q

What is the Bonferroni correction?

A

A method for dealing with the curse of multiplicity that corrects the per comparison alpha value by dividing the family-wise alpha value by the number of NHSTs. Very conservative approach

37
Q

Measurement error makes correlations smaller or bigger?

A

Smaller

38
Q

What is the Pillai Test?

A

The Pillai result is the multivariate test result of the omnibus null hypothesis test that the within-subject means for all levels are the same. If the P value is small for Pillai’s test (it is approximately F-distributed), then this indicates that the data are not consistent with the means for all levels of the within- subject factor being equal.

39
Q

Definition of variation is?

A

The total amount of variability in a distribution of scores from the mean. It is measured by the sum of squared deviation scores (often shorted to sum of squares)

40
Q

The Greenhouse-Geisser estimate will be (lower/higher) than the Hynh-Feldt estimate, as it is more (liberal/conservative).

A

lower; conservative

41
Q

What is the Greenhouse-Geisser estimate or the Hynh-Feldt estimate used for?

A

Estimating sphericity

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