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PE Studies > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Environment Conditions - Heat

Responses to Heat

A

An increase in the following:

  • Sweat response
  • Skin blood vessel vasodilation
  • Peripheral blood flow
  • Skin temperature
  • Ventilation
  • Core temperature
  • Heart rate/ cardiac output/stroke volume/ blood pressure
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2
Q

Environment Conditions - Heat

Heat Loss

A
  • Conduction: Occurs by direct contact , transfer of heat directly from one molecule to another. (Picking up an aluminium baseball bat) Accounts for 3% of heat loss.
  • Radiation: Occurs when heat travels from a warmer body to the cooler surroundings without touching. Accounts for 60% of heat loss.
  • Convection: Occurs when radiated hear is carried away from the body on water or air currents, works best when air or water is cold. Accounts for 12% of heat loss.
  • Evaporation: Body cooling as a result of sweating, amount of sweat depends on level of activity and conditions. Body’s main defence against overheating. Accounts for 25% at rest, but can reach more than 80% during heat or work.
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3
Q

Why do we sweat?

A

As a cooling mechanism to stop the body from overheating. As an athlete’s core temperature rises, so does sweat production.

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4
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Overheating, occurs when the body experiences extreme loss of salt and water through sweating.

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5
Q

How the body is affected by heat

A
  • Increase in skin temperature and core temperature
  • Increase in heart rate
  • Increased sweating/sweat loss by athlete due to heat and humidity
  • Initial increase in blood pressure due to plasma viscosity
  • Blood flow redistribution from muscles to skin
  • Increased respiration/ ventilation response
  • Sweating
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6
Q

Cardiovascular Drift

A

Where some cardiovascular response begin to change after about 10 minutes of constant exercise. Arterial pressure and stroke volume decrease while heart rate increase.

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7
Q

Junior risks of dehydration

A
  • Sweat at a lower rate than adults
  • Are not as efficient at regulating extremes of temperatures
  • Get hotter during exercise
  • Have more skin surface for there body weight
  • Hearts pump less blood
  • Acclimatise slower
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8
Q

Athletes who compete in hot conditions can expect:

A
  • Having to work harder to reach the same intensity as in cooler climates.
  • Rapid dehydration and faster fatigue.
  • An elevated heart rate when working at the same level as cooler. climate.
  • Higher resting body temperature.
  • Impaired performance compared to in cooler positions.
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9
Q

Precautions to take if competing in heat:

A
  • Ensure sufficient electrolyte replacement
  • Monitor fluid intake with fluid replacement every 15 minutes during training and competition
  • Avoid caffeine and alcohol
  • Monitor body weight and urine volume
  • Undertake glycerol loading
  • Ice Vests, cool drinks, staying in shade, wearing appropriate clothing and using evaporative fans.
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10
Q

Slow and Fast twitch

A
  • Fast Twitch known as Type 2, are white, contract quickly but tire quickly too.
  • Slow Twitch known as Type 1, are red due to high myoglobin, contract slowly, tire slowly.
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11
Q

Type I & Type IIA & Type IIB Characteristics

A

Fibre Diameter-
Type I: Small Type IIa: Medium Type IIb: Large

Myoglobin Content-
Type I: High Type IIa: Medium Type IIb: Low

Mitochondrial Density-
Type I: High Type IIa: High Type IIb: Low

Triglyceride Stores-
Type I: High Type IIa: Medium Type IIb: Low

Glycogen Stores-
Type I: Low Type IIa: High Type IIb: High

Phosphocreatine Content-
Type I: Low Type IIa: High Type IIb: High

Myosin-ATPase-
Type I: Low Type IIa: High Type IIb: High

Glycolytic Enzymes-
Type I: Low Type IIa: High Type IIb: High

Oxidative Enzymes-
Type I: Low Type IIa: High Type IIb: High

Ability to generate ATP-
Type I: High Type IIa: Medium Type IIb: Low,

Motor Neurone Size-
Type I: Small Type IIb: Large Type IIb: Large

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12
Q

Motor Units

A

The motor neuron, and the fibres it stimulates, is called a motor unit. The size depends on the degree of control needed when a muscle is stimulated. Small motor units are used for subtle and precise groups. Larger units are used for strength and power. Groups of units often work together to coordinate the contractions of a single muscle.

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13
Q

Methods of Enhancing Performance

-Stimulants

A

(Amphetamines, Cocaine, Ephedrine)

Physiological Changes: Increases heart rate, respiration rates and blood pressure.

Perceived Benefits: Increases the body’s tolerance to short term intense exercise.

Common Sports: High jump, 100/200m sprints.

Side Effects: Problems with heat regulation, faster breathing, coordination issues, dehydration and weight loss, dependence and addiction.

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14
Q

Methods of enhancing performance

-Protein

A

(Whey Protein Concentrate, Whey protein isolate, Whey protein hydrolysate)

Physiological Changes: Stimulates muscle protein synthesis, rapidly digested.

Perceived Benefits: Speeds recovery and adaption to stress/exercise, improvement in recovery, hypertrophy (increase in muscle fibre size) and strength gains.

Common Sports: AFL, soccer, hockey, netball. Any sports needing strength and power.

Side Effects: Possible bloating, cramps and headaches. Over the long term, high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke and several types of cancer.

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15
Q

Methods of enhancing performance

-Protein Bars

A

(Protein Bars)

Physiological Changes: Energy boost pre-exercise, useful refuelling post exercise.

Perceived Benefits: Can help replace oxygen Stores post exercise to speed recovery.

Common Sports: At the gym, pre and post training in most sports.

Side Effects: Always check the label so you know how much protein/carbs in the product.

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16
Q

Mechanical Factors contributing to increased power:

A

The number of fibres recruited, the muscle fibre type, the cross sectional area, the joint angle and muscle length, the muscle shape and location, the speed of contraction, the type of muscle contraction, age, gender.

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17
Q

Force Velocity

A

The force a muscle can create decreases with the increasing velocity of shortening. However the force a muscle can resist increases when the velocity of lengthening is increased. When force is minimal, a muscle contracts with max velocity. As force increases the velocity slows. Smaller load = more rapid contraction.

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18
Q

Force Length

A

The length of a muscle affects how well it creates tension. The force-length relationship calculates how muscle tensions vary at different lengths. Peak force occurs at resting length. The total tension of a force of a muscle can be increased, such as when a muscle is stretched slightly beyond its normal resting length.

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19
Q

Force Time

A

Newton’s second law provides mathematical underpinning. Known as impulse-momentum relationship. The greater time over which force is applied, the greater the resulting motion.

Impulse = Force x Time

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20
Q

Impulse

A

When a force is applied to a ball, its momentum changes, this is called impulse. Equation is very important for situations where acceleration of an object is essential to success.

21
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

1) Nerve Impulse -> Neuromuscular junction.
2) Acetylcholine released -> Depolarised motor end plate.
3) Calcium released into the muscle.
4) Myosin heads cock and attach to actin.
5) Contraction occurs.

H Zone - Area within the filament
A Band - Area between two Z bands
I Band - Area between the two A bands
Z Line - Boundary between one sarcomere and the next

22
Q

Newton’s Laws

A

First Law: An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Second Law: The acceleration of an object is proportional to force acting upon it and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

Third Law: For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction.

23
Q

Static and Dynamic Balance

A

Static - Involves maintaining body position without moving. This is particularity important for gymnasts and divers. Some sports require that the centre of gravity of mass is higher than biomechanically desirable, hence competitors have to “walk tall” to raise their centre of mass and making them less balanced.

Dynamic: Some athletes might bring their legs closer together, hence being able to react and move with more speed. Especially present in badminton and tennis.

24
Q

Levers

A

Levers have 3 main elements:

  • An Axis: or pivot point, called the fulcrum
  • A resistance: the load to be moved
  • A force: the action causing the load to be move

There are first, second and third class levers.

First Class: Force Fulcrum Resistance (Throwing a javelin)

Second Class: Force Resistance Fulcrum (A foot on its toes)

Third Class: Fulcrum Force Resistance (Kicking a soccer ball where the knee is the fulcrum)

25
Q

All or nothing Theory

A

Neuron fires completely or not at all, there is no inbetween.

26
Q

Fatigue and Recovery

-Fatigue

A

Fatigue: The diminished capacity to work at a level that was possible during recent times and not as a result of sickness or injury.

Causes of Fatigue

  • The inability to maintain ATP resynthesis
  • Metabolic by-Products like hydrogen ions and lactic acid
  • Depletion of fuels, in particular glycogen and creating phosphate
  • Dehydration, and increased body temperature
  • Reduced availability of calcium
  • Restriction of blood flows to muscles as a result of redistribution
27
Q

Fatigue and Recovery

-Recovery

A

Refers to how quickly the body adapts from one period of activity to the next.

The aim of a Recovery regime is to overcome the effects of exercise, in particular fatigue, and return the body to a pre-exercise state.

Recovery Strategies

  • Cool Down
  • Passive Recovery
  • Replenishment or glycogen Stores
  • Replenishment of fluids and electrolytes
  • Rest
  • Regenerative techniques; hydrotherapy, massage, oxygen therapy
  • Recovery Clothing
28
Q

Training Program Phases

- Macro/Micro cycles

A

Training Programs assists athletes in achieving short term goals, stimulates and develops athletes, integrates training with other commitments, prevents over training, work toward achieving long term goals.

Macrocycle: In most cases, a whole training year, similar from year to year, for when an athlete has long term goals such as an Olympian. A macrocycle is broken down into mesocycles (period of months)

Microcycle: A number of training sessions that typically lasts 5-10 days, usually a week. Consists of skills, weight, fitness and rest days. For team sports, tactical sessions will also be included. Tapering ensures athletes will be ready and fresh. A complication can be when teams have to travel.

29
Q

Training Program Phases

-Tapering

A

Tapering is the final phase of a training program prior to a major event. It involves a gradual reduction in training volume while maintaining training intensity. Ideal to achieve peaking and minimise fatigue.

  • Increased maximum oxygen uptake
  • Increased diameter and cross sectional area of muscle fibres
  • Increased muscle glycogen storage
  • Increased strength and power
30
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

-Aeroplane example

A

As velocity of fluids increase, pressures decrease.
Fast flow =Pressure low
Together with Newton’s second and third Law form the basis of the shape of the wing of a plane. The wing is designed to seperate the air into two streams, creating a pocket of fast-moving air above its surface. Below the surface the air moves more slowly due to less distance to travel, the pressure of the air moving above the wing is is lower, so the wing is sucked upwards and lift is created.

31
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

-Curveball example

A

By gripping the the curved rigid seems, and throwing the ball in a particular motion, spin can be produced. As air flows over the ball, the seams causes the air to slow down on one side, creating a difference in velocity between top and bottom. A ball will spin in direction of the high velocity/low pressure.

32
Q

Magnus Effect

A 
Explains the lift force created when spin is imported on a ball, the pressure differential creates a Magnus Force, and causes the ball to dip, swerve or soar in the direction of the swing. 
Major types of spin are:
-Topspin (Tennis)
-Backspin (Basketball) 
-Sidespin (Cricket Bowling)
33
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Fluid Flow

A

The way liquids and gases move or flow.

34
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Laminar Flow

A

Flow of a fluid past an object where the fluid flows continuous lines or layers. Low velocity/streamlined objects.

35
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Turbulent Flow

A

It is represented by random, chaotic, multidimensional Changes in momentum, pressure and velocity.

36
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Drag

A
  • Fluid force that resists motion
  • Occurs opposite direction of the body or object
  • Acts in same direction as the flow of fluid moving past the object
  • Dependant on; Velocity, size and shape of the object, viscosity (thickness of fluid)

Air less viscous, therefore less drag than water. Runners and cyclists less drag than swimmers and rowers.

Increase in Altitude = Decrease in drag

Total Drag = Pressure Drag + surface drag + wave drag

37
Q

Pressure Drag

A

-Separation of fluid when object moving through it when =pressure differential
-Immediate layer of fluid near surface of object = Boundary Layer
Slower rate or flow
-Affected by cross section of the body at right angles to the flow
-Shape and position of the body
-Smoothness of the surface

38
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Surface Drag

A
  • Skin friction and drag

- Dependent on viscosity (Swim suits, skins, cricket balls)

39
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Wave Drag

A
  • Interaction between air and water = waves, resistant force = wave Drag
  • Increase in speed = Increase in wave Drag
40
Q

Fluid Mechanics & Physical Activity

-Streamline

A

Making a fluid flow smoothly past an object to reduce drag. Air resistance is reduced therefore creating more acceleration.

41
Q

Performing at High Gravity

A

Less air resistance and force of gravity, Mexico City Olympics long jump record, as well as many others were broken due to better conditions. Endurance athletes are affected due to lack of oxygen intake, less oxygen to the muscles therefore affects aerobic metabolism.

42
Q

Altitude Training

A

Improve tolerance to a lack of oxygen, are called attitude acclimatisation. Use altitude training to boost red blood cells, and haemoglobin in the body. This is due to more red blood cells are need to maintain oxygen delivery. When athletes return, they have an increase advantage in oxygen transport and use.

43
Q

Altitude

-Effect on Respiratory

A
  • Rate and depth of ventilation is increased
  • Chemoreceptors are stimulated by low partial pressure of oxygen
  • The alkalinity of the blood increases as a result of increased gas exchange in the lungs
  • Arterial blood partial pressure is lowered
44
Q

Altitude Training

-Cardiovascular System

A
  • Partial pressure oxygen is decreased throughout the body
  • Blood volume decreases as a result of fluid loss from respiration
  • Plasma volume increased by up to 25%
  • Proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells is reduced
  • Cardiac output at rest and during sub maximal stroke volume and heart rate
  • Heart rare will increase, higher altitude equals a higher heart rate
45
Q

Training Cycles at altitude should

A
  • Need to adapt to reflect slower recovery
  • Extended tapering period
  • Peaking will not last as long, must be kept in mind
  • Training loads should be reduced in intensity
46
Q

Altitude Training Regimes

-Live High : Train High

A

Allows maximum exposure, homesickness, strange food, strange surroundings can affect training ability. Vulnerable to mountain sickness, can be fatal.

47
Q

Altitude Training Regimes

-Live High : Train Low

A

Benefit from adaptions of altitude whilst being able to train harder at sea level. Hypoxic tent, allows an athlete to reap the benefits in a decrease of oxygen whilst still be able to train hard during the day. (Fremantle Dockers altitude chamber room)

48
Q

Altitude Training Regimes

-Live low : Train high

A

Lives at sea level, then uses a simulated altitude Training facility for training. Manipulate the amount of oxygen available. Training at altitude takes at least two weeks to be effective, while at rest it takes much longer. So this must be factored into any program.
Altitude also increases the basic metabolic rate whilst decreasing altitude.

49
Q

4 Types of Electrolytes

A
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Calcium

PE Studies (2 decks)

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