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Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What height is considered to be the Physiological Zone?

A

MSL - 10000feet

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2
Q

What height is considered to be physiologically deficient zone?

A

10000-50000 feet

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3
Q

What is considered to be the Space Equivalent Zone?

A

50000 feet and above

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4
Q

What is the break down of the atmosphere?

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% other gases (ozone, CO2, methane etc)

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5
Q

Does the percentage of gases in atmosphere change?

A

No, pressure may change but percentage relationship stays the same

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6
Q

What height is pressure approximately half that of atmosphere?

A

18000 feet

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7
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Lack of 02 to tissue sufficient to cause impairment of function

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8
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia?

A 
Hypoxic hypoxia (due to low o2 levels)
Anaemic Hypoxia (insufficient blood)
Stagnant (lack of flow, g force)
Histotoxic hypoxia (poison)
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9
Q

At 33000 feet on 100% oxygen, what is this equivalent to?

A

Sea level on air

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10
Q

At 40000 feet on 100% oxygen, what is this equivalent to?

A

10000 feet on air

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11
Q

What are some signs of hypoxia?

A 
Tingling cyanosis
Loss of judgement
Loss short term memory
Slower reaction times
Mental 'Tunnel vision"
Hot flushes, (cherry cheeks)
Sense of euphoria
Muscular in-coordination and tremors
Loss of peripheral, colour and night vision
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12
Q

What factors will increase risk of hypoxia?

A 
Rate of ascent
Exercise/fitness (lack there of)
Illness/cold
Fatigue
Drugs and alcohol (hangover)
Smoking
Stress/workload
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13
Q

How do you ‘recover’ from hypoxia?

A 
O2 mask, 100% oxygen
Descend below 10000 feet
Breathe normal rate and depth
Declare emergency
Land ASAP
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14
Q

What is oxygen paradox?

A

Worsening of symptoms following re-introduction of O2 after period of exposure to hypoxia

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15
Q

What is you useful level of conciousness at FL180?

A

20-30 minutes

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16
Q

What is your useful level of conciousness at FL250?

A

3-5 mins

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17
Q

What is your useful level of conciusness at FL300?

A

1-2mins

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18
Q

What is your useful level of conciusness at FL350?

A

30-60 seconds

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19
Q

What is your useful level of conciusness at FL400?

A

15-30seconds

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20
Q

What is your useful level of conciusness at FL430?

A

9-12 seconds

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21
Q

What are some post hypoxic symptoms?

A

Fatigue
Headache
Lethargy

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22
Q

What are some causes of hyperventilation?

A 
Hypoxia
Vibration
Pain
Excessive G forces
Anxiety/fear/stress
Motion sickness
Voluntary over breathing
Environmental stressors (high temperatures)
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23
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperventilation?

A 
Dizziness
Lightheaded
Sensory changes
Tingling
Apprehension
Unconsciousness then recovery
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24
Q

What are some body cavities that contain gas?

A 
Teeth
Lungs
Gastrointestinal tract
Middle ear
Sinuses
Post op sites
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25
Gas expansion in lungs can lead to what illnesses?
Pneumothorax Air embolism (air bubbles) Pnemomediastinum
26
What can lead to gas expansion in the lungs?
Pressure changes and holding your breath
27
When is pain in the ears likely to occur?
During descent
28
Where in the ear are you likely to feel affects of pressure change?
Middle ear (known as barotrauma)
29
Why do we feel pain in the ear?
Air cannot easily escape Eustachian tube to equalise pressure
30
What are the four sinuses
Ethmoidal Sphenoidal Frontal Maxillary
31
What are some techniques to avoid trapped gas problems?
Valsava technique Fly when healthy Equalise ear pressure regularly when on descent Eat non gaseous type foods/maintain healthy diet
32
What are the two types of pressure systems in aircraft?
Pressured and sealed cabins
33
What altitude is high differential systems normally set at?
About that of 5000-8000 feet
34
What are the advantages of high differential systems?
Minimal 02 consumption No Decompression illness Don't need special equipment
35
What are the disadvantages of high differential systems?
Payload and endurance penalty | Large decompression on failure
36
If the high differential system fails, how can you prevent hypoxia from occurring?
Breath cabin air | Supplementary 02 available
37
What are the advantages of low differential systems?
Optimum payload and endurance | Minimum decompression on failure
38
What are the disadvantages of low differential systems?
Greater risk of hypoxia and DCI | Greater O2 requirement
39
What are some physiological effects of cabin depressurisation?
``` Pressure changes (ears, stomach, lungs sinuses) Hypoxia Decompression illness Cold (-56 degrees) Noise ```
40
What is spatial disorientation?
Inability to correctly interpert a/c, altitude or attitude or airspeed in relation to Earth or other points of reference
41
What are the three types of spatial disorientation?
Recognised Unrecognised Incapacitating
42
What is the make up of orientation?
Eyes 80% Proprioceptors 10% Vestibular 10%
43
What is the stimulation threshold of the semi circular canals?
2 degrees / second squared
44
What does the semi circular canals pick up?
Angular acceleration
45
How many semi circular canals do we have in each ear?
3
46
What do our otolith organs detect?
Linear acceleration and sense gravity
47
How many otolith organs do we have?
2 per ear
48
What are proprioceptors?
Sensitive to touch | 'Seat of pants'
49
What are some vestibular illusions?
Somatogravic Somatogyral Leans Cyrolis
50
What is somatogravic illusion?
Dark night, acceleration, think you are pitching up. | Deceleration = pitch down
51
What is somatogyral illusion?
False sense of rotation 'graveyard spin' poor visual clues
52
What are the leans?
False sense of roll | cause pilot to lean to cancel sensation
53
What is coriolis illusion?
False sense of tumbling | May cause nausea and vomitting
54
What is autokinesis?
Illusion involving apparent moving of single point source of light. Eyes normal movement are interpreted by the bran as movement of object
55
What is empty field myopia?
Eyes naturally rest at 1-2 m resulting in distance vision being reduced
56
How can you 'cure' empty field myopia?
Focus on something in distance (ie wingtip)
57
What a focal traps?
Object (Bugs/dirt/oil etc) on the windscreen leading to your eyes focusing on that object
58
How can you deal with visual illusions?
``` Being aware of them, signs, symptoms etc Prior planning Good visual scans Trust instruments Fly when healthy Limit head movement ```
59
What is the cornea and how much focusing % does it make up?
Majority of focusing ability of eye | 75%
60
What is the lens and how much focusing % does it make up?
Fine tunes the visual image | 25%
61
What is the retina?
Light sensitive area where light converted to electrical impulses
62
Where do the rods and cones 'live'?
In the retina
63
What does the iris do?
Controls the amount of light entering the eye
64
What does the pupil do?
Operative in iris through which light enters the eye
65
What do the cones do and where are they concentrated?
High resolution and detail (colour, red green and blue) Gives best visual acuity Concentrated in fovea
66
What is each cone connected to?
Single optic nerve fibre
67
What are rods and where are they located?
Give poor visual acuity, resolution and detail. Not sensitive to colour Night vision Located in peripheral retina outside fovea
68
What is the blind spot?
Where there is a lack of rods and cones at optic disc
69
What can blind spot do to an object?
Block an 18m object at 200m away
70
What degrees does blind spot affect?
2-6 degrees
71
On average, what is the total time to perceiver and react to oncoming traffic?
5 seconds | 1 second to detect, 2 seconds to decide what to do 2.5 seconds for muscle movement
72
How long does it take for rods to adapt to the dark?
30-45 minutes
73
What are some techniques to assist with night blind spot?
Look off centre Never fixate more than 2-3 s 15 degrees overlap
74
With night vision, what does it deteriorate at, at 4000 feet?
5% worse
75
With night vision, what does it deteriorate at, at 10000 feet?
20% worse
76
What is the OHS limit for noise exposure?
85db
77
If noise level is 88db, what is OHS exposure limit?
4 hours
78
If noise level is 82 db, what is OHS exposure limit?
16 hours
79
What are the primary signs and symptoms of motion sickness?
``` Pallor (pale) Cold sweats Nausea Vomitting Increased saliva Burping/flatulence Stomach awareness Headache Drowsiness/lethargy Yawning/sighing ```
80
Which sex is more likely to suffer from motion sickness?
Female
81
What are the age tolerances to motion sickness?
``` 0-2 = rare 3-12 = peak 13+ = tolerance improves ```
82
How can you best manage motion sickness?
``` Minimise head movements Lie down Keep mind occupied Stay in the most stable part of AC (middle and window) View horizon ```
83
What is the G tolerance window?
4.5-5.5 g
84
What is the G continum
``` Weight increase Grey out Black out ALOC GLOC ```
85
When are you likely to grey out?
3-4 g
86
When are you likely to black out?
4-4.5 g
87
Do you lose consciousness at blackout?
no
88
What is ALOC?
Almost loss of consciousness | Short duration to 6+ g's(approx 5 seconds)
89
What is GLOC?
When blood flow to brain ceases (4.5-5.5g)
90
What is the recovery time for GLOC?
1-5mins
91
After exposed to GLOC, how long and you at absolute and relative incapacation?
15 seconds each
92
What are symptoms of GLOC?
``` Euphoria Confused/disorientated Muscle spasm Seizures Light headed Amnesia (50%) Denial ```
93
What factors affect G Tolerance?
``` Being unprepared Rapid onset of G Fatigue Dehydration Alcohol Hypoxia Negative G ```
94
What condition can occur for Negative G?
Red out
95
What happens in the body when exposed to negative G?
``` Blood goes to head Mental confusion Headache Facial pain Fullness in head ```
96
What G protection options are there?
``` Anti g straining manoeuvre Anti g suits (1-1.5g) Regular exposure to G Positive pressure breathing Centrifuge training Avoiding stresses that lower tolerance ```
97
How many hours of sleep do you require?
7-8 hours
98
What is sleep driven by?
Circadian rhythm
99
What is REM and NREM?
Rapid Eye Movement | Non Rapid Eye Movement
100
How many stages of sleep are there?
4
101
With your Circadian rhythm, when is your performance best/worst?
Approx 6pm | After midnight, between 2am-5am
102
Which stage of sleep is your recovery stage?
Stage 4
103
What happens in REM sleep?
Dreaming, laying down memory
104
What are some affects of fatigue?
``` Increased irritability Impaired judgement Diminished check lists Fumbling Decreased crew coordination Lack of concern ```
105
After being awake for 17 hours, what is your approx performance %?
30% equivalent of 0.05BAC
106
What is sleep inertia?
Transition phase between sleep and awakeness | Can last approx 30 mins
107
What is the IMSAFE fitness model?
``` I-Illness M-Medication S-Stress A-Alcohol F-Fatigue E-Eating ```
108
What can a common cold increase the risks of when flying?
``` Disorientation Barotrauma Fatigue Dizziness Poor flight performance ```
109
How long do you need to be sick with a CPL before seeing a DAME?
7 days
110
How long do you need to be sick with a PPL before seeing a DAME?
30 days
111
Is malignancy a permanent grounding?
Not necessarily, can be restricted and depends on risk of sudden incapacitation
112
What can medications do to your performance in the air?
``` Impair cognitive functions Sedation Altered arousal/alertness Alter mood Impairment of vision, hearing and balance Allergic reactions Gastro upset ```
113
How long can it take to be rid of canabis effects?
24 hours
114
What does alcohol do to your performance?
Increase risk of dehydration risk of hypoxia reduced g tolerance
115
How long should your last drink be before flying?
8 hours bottle to throtte
116
What is the leading cause of total pilot incapacitation?
Gastro (58%)
117
When should you eat before flight?
6 hours
118
What is low blood sugar also known as?
Hypoglycemia
119
How many litres of water should you drink on a normal day?
1-2 litres
120
What is your blood alcohol content limit?
0.02%
121
What is your drugs limit for flying?
0
122
What does DAMP stand for?
Drugs and Alcohol Management Policy
123
What is the CREEP model?
``` C-Container R-Restraint E-Energy Absorption E-Escape P-Post crash factors ```
124
What are the four principles of survival?
Protection Location Water Food
125
Describe immersion suits
Stops water getting into suit providing insulating layer. | Provides insulating layers only in combo with layers underneath
126
What is the standard survivability in 14 degrees and 6 degrees water in normal clothes?
``` 14 = hour 6 = half an hour ```
127
What is the standard survivability in 14 degrees and 6 degrees in an immersion suit?
``` 14= 15hours 6 = 13 hours ```
128
What is the airway freeboard and floatation angle for lifejackets?
120mm and 45 degrees
129
What are the three categories of hypothermia
Mild (>32) Moderate (28-32) Severe (<28)
130
How was the statue law of the Occupational Health and Safety Act passed?
Through parliament by govenment
131
Under the new Workplace Health and Safety Laws, a PCBU (person conduction business or undertaking) can be what?
Volunteer organisation Sole trader Employer
132
What is the main OHS document in Victoria?
OH&S Act 2004
133
What does Section 25 of OH&S Act 2004 state?
While at work, employee must take reasonable care for his or her own safety
134
What can effective consultation lead to?
More informed management decisions Stronger commitment to decisions More openness, respect and trust
135
What is a hazard?
A source or situation with a POTENTIAL for harm of human injury or ill health, damage to property, environment, or a combo
136
What are the three processes for risk assessment?
Identification Analysis Evaluation
137
Describe two considerations for Reasonably Practice
Likelihood of hazard or risk occurring degree Degree of harm that may result from hazard or risk
138
When is a Safe Work Method Statement used?
Used in high risk construction work
139
What does a Safe Work Method Statement do?
Considers and documents a risk assessment of the identified hazards for each job step and the controls
140
What are the hierarchy for dealing with a hazard?
Eliminate the hazard altogether Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative Isolate the hazard Use engineering controls to reduce the risk Use admin controls to reduce the risk Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
141
What is the process for OHS Management Systems?
``` OHS Policy Planning Implementation Measurement Evaluation ```
142
What is the framework for ICAO safety management system?
Safety Policy and objectives Safety risk management Safety Assurance Safety Promotion
143
Who do you report workplace incidents to?
Victorian Workcover Authority
144
Within how long do you need to send an incident for to Victorian Workcover authority?
48 hours
145
How long must you keep a record of an incident notification form?
At least 5 years
146
When is notification required if a serious injury or death has occurred?
Phone call immediately | Written within 48 hours
147
What are the most common type of workplace injury?
Sprains and strains
148
What are the components of the spine?
``` Disc Vertebrae Liagaments Muscles Spinal cord ```
149
What is the best way to protect your back before you lift?
Stabilise your core
150
When does hearing loss occur?
When hair cells are damaged to a point that they can no longer move back and forth freely
151
What is the most effective way of reducing risk when dealing with heights?
Seek to perform task on ground
152
What personal protection equipment is to be used on an elevated work platform?
Safety harness connected to platform Hard hat Insulated footwear
153
What is the first step in the lock out-tag process?
Shut down the machinery and equipment, ensure it can't be operated
154
At what height is Armstrongs Line?
65000 feet
155
What is Boyle's Law?
At a constant temperature, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which it is subjected
156
What is Dalton's Law?
Total pressure of a mixed gas is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the constituent gases
157
What is the oxygen pathway?
``` Atmosphere Trachea and Bronchi Alveoli Blood (haemoglobin) Tissues ```
158
3 factors that affect ergonomics
Manual handing movement posture
159
What is WRMSD?
Work Related Muscular Skeletal Disorder

Human Factors (1 decks)

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