Exam revision Flashcards
State two functions of the swim bladder of a fish. (2 Mark)
Buoyancy, respiration
Give three advantages of flaked fish food. (3 Marks)
Suitable food most fish, widely available, often cheaper than other food types.
Explain why egg depositors often have a high breeding success rate. (6 Marks)
Egg depositors clean their eggs, to prevent parasites. Egg depositors produce fewer eggs, to allow the fish to provide parental care. Both parents are involved in the care of the eggs, for increased protection.
Explain three ethical considerations when importing wild caught fish for a pet shop. (3 Marks)
Depletes wild population, may not be substainably sourced, many may suffer/ die due to inappropriate transport.
State three possible cause of feather plucking in birds. (3 Marks)
Stress, disease/ parasites, incorrect diet
Describe how a birds skeletal system is adapted to filght. (5 Marks)
Less bones than mammals to be lightweight. hollow bones are lightweight. Hollow boines allow more oxygen to be absorbed into blood for flight. keeled breastbone to anchor wing muscles. fusion of bones for strength.
Define the term soft bill. (1 Mark)
Birds whose beak is designed to eat soft foods.
Explain three ways that season can trigger breeding in birds. (6 Marks)
Birds will breed wher there is an increased availbility of food, for rearing of offspring. Increased availibility of nesting materials, to create a suitable nest. Increased day length, as light stimulates production of reproductive hormones.
Define the term ex situ conservation. (1 Mark)
The process of protecting a species outside its natural habitat. E.g. zoos.
State the main purpose of the zoo Licensing Act 1981. (1 Mark)
To ensure all zoos in the UK are licensed, regularly inspected and provided with an appropriate environment.
Explain four ways that mixed species exhibits in zoos can influence animal welfare. (8 Marks)
Representative of natural habitat, to allow animals to exhibit natural behaviours. Positive interaction between species, is a form of enrichment. competition for food, causing increased aggression. Increased risk of disease, spread between closely related species.
Describe the risks involved with the chemcial sedation and immobilisation of zoo animals. (3 Marks)
Physical injury to the animal during immobilisation/ recovery. Overdose of anaesthetic leading too complications/ death. Hyperthermia/ hypothermia related to decreased thermoregulatory ability.
Explain possible ways that suppliers can impact on a land- based business. (3 Marks)
If suppliers increases prices then business will need to increase proces, or make less profit. If suppliers cannot provide goods, business may have to source from alternative suppliers, may let customers down therfore losing sales.
State three aims of the Working Time Regulations 1998. (3 Marks)
Imposes limits on employees hours of work. employees have the right to a minimum weekly rest period. Employees have the right to annual leave.
For a small zoo, discuss the records kept and explain their importance in relation to both keeping animals and running a zoo business.
Number of animals/ species. Birds/ deaths. disease monitoring and treatments. water test readings. Identification of individual animals. Biological data, e.g. age, weight, sex. ZIMS.
Financial records, physical records, legal requirements, monitoring business performance and progress.
State three considerations that should be made when choosing the location of an aquarium. (3 Marks)
Proximity( away from) windows. Environmental temperature. Vibrations.
State two sources of aquatic livestock. ( 2 Marks)
Wild caught, specialist breeders.
Explain two adaptations of lungfish to their environment. (4 Marks)
Uses lungs to get oxygen, enabling it to survive in poorly oxygenated water. Burrows, enabling it to survive droughts.
Explain why algae wafers should be used as part of a feeding strategy in a mixed species aquarium.(3 Marks)
They will sink to the bottom easily, as bottom feeders can only access food on the substrate, due to an inferior mouth position.
Explain one function of the lateral line in fish.(2 Marks)
Detects movement, which allows them to navigate.
State four breeding triggers in birds. (4 Marks)
Light, temperature, season, food availibility.
Explain which vitamin and mineral should be added to the barn chickens diet to improve eggshell quality. (4 Marks)
Calcuim, to make eggshells stronger. Vitamin D, to enable calcuim to be absorbed into the body.
Give one reason why outdoor housing could cintribute to improving eggshell quality. (1 mark)
Exposure to sunlight
Explain three causes of feather plucking in birds.(6 Marks)
Stress, due to inappropriate housing. Poor nutrition, leads to poor feather condition. Disease cause itching leading to overgrooming.
Define Zooanthroponosis.(1 Mark)
A disease that can be transmitted from humans to animals.
Define vector. (1 Mark)
A living animal that transmits disease from one host to another.
Explain three emergency protocols that should be in place in the event of a dangerous animal escape. (6 Marks)
Use of firearms to get the animal under control quickly. Evacuation of public, to reduce the chance of fatality. Staff training, to ensure everyone knows their role. I
Explain the use of studbooks in conservation breeding programmes. (5 Marks)
Contain every individual animal within a breeding programme, and their biological/ genetic data, all births/ death/ transfers between zoos, they are used to make breeding decisions, and allow the population status to be monitored.
State three external influences on the land- based business market. (3 Marks)
Supply of goods. Competition. Customer demand.
Explain how financial records can be used to monitor business performance. (3 Marks)
Profit/ loss can be monitored, which enables business to take remedial action, to ensure that the business is successful/ doesn’t go bankrupt.
Discuss the sourcing and conservation considerations for keeping marine fish in a zoo. (12 Marks)
Different sources, captive bred vs wild caught, CITES, Import of Live Fish Act 1980, conservation status, welfare, health, record keeping, legislation, suppliers of goods, history and development of zoological collections, zoo mission statement, visitor expectations, collection planning, ethics, research.
State three types of food presentation methods used in an aqaurium. (3 Marks)
Scatter feeding, hand feeding, automatic feeding, drip feeding.
Chondrichthyes is a class of fish: Name one other class of fish. (1 Mark)
Agnatha or osteichthyes.
Define the term aestivation (1Mark)
A state of hibernation during the summer/ hot periods.
Explain one disadvantage of the egg scattering reproductive strategy of some fish. (3 Marks)
No parental protection, so eggs are susceptible to predators, which results in a lower survival rate.
Explain three reasons for keeping accurate records of species’ numbers in an aquarium. (6 Marks)
To ensure any births are identified, so that the tank is not overstocked. To ensure any deaths are identified, so that water quality can be checked/ disease can be treated. To ensure species/ individuals are compatible, in order to reduce aggression/ competition.
List three protected characteristics listed in the Equality Act 2010.
Age, gender, disablility.
Explain why a business needs to understand their competitors. (3 Marks)
Allows business to identifycompetitor’s products and services/weakness. gaps in market, enabling the business to provide their own products/ services at a competitive price, to maintain customer flow/ business performance.
State four considerations when creating a breeding plan for captive birds. (4 Marks)
Environmental triggers- temperature, lighting, seasonality. Nests/ materials. Pairing birds. timings.
Explain three advantages of housing birds in an outdoor aviary. (6 Marks)
Can contain large amounts of plants, in order to mimic the natural habitat. Provides exposure to natural light, which ensures birds are deficient in vitamin D. Encourages breeding, by exposing the birds to their natural circadian rhythm.
Describe onee function of the gizzard in birds. (3 Marks)
To reduce the size of food particles, via mechanical breakdown, using grit.
Explain one reason for quarantining newly arrived birds. (2 Marks)
To prevent spread to the rest of the collection, by monitoring for disease.
State two pieces of equipment that could be used when restraining a snake. (2 Marks)
Hook, tube
Exlplain three reasons for keeping zoo animals within the correct social groupings. (6 Marks)
Provides social interactions, increasing the animals physical/ mental stimulation. Allows natural hierarchy to be established, if the correct ratio of males to females used. Avoidance of abnormal behaviours, if solitary animals are kept on their own/ social species kept in groups.
Explain why zoological collections keep animal health records. (5 Marks)
Records the number of healthy animals/ births/ deaths, to identify/ track diseases/ health issues, as well as monitor the effectiveness of treatments, so that changes can be made to husbandry routines when needed, to ensure high standards of welfare are maintained.
State three examples of physical resources that are required by a zoo business. (3 Marks)
Transport, animals, housing and equipment.
Explain how the knowledge of the customerbbase will influence the business decisions. ~(3 Marks)
Number of cutomers will dicate the price of service/ product/ stock levels. Type of customers how much they can afford to pay. characteristics of customers will affect the frewuency of sales. influence product desgin.
State three pieces of legislation that an aquatics shop needs to comply with. (3 Marks)
Import of Live Fish Act 1980, Animal Welfare Act 2006, CITES.
Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of egg scattering as a breeding strategy for fish.(4 Marks)
Advantages- Lots of eggs produced, so increase chance of survival. No parental care, saves energy cost.
Disadvantages- Most eggs fail to hatch. High levels of predation.
Explain why it is important to record the mubers and species in each tank for a commercial aquarium. (3 Marks)
Avoid overcrowding. stress levels, disease spread.
Descibe two ways how poor wate quality can cause ill health in fish. (2 Marks)
Ammonia imbalances. pH imbalance.
State two methods of presenting food to fish in an aquarium. (2 Marks)
Hand feeding. scatter feeding.
Explain three benefits of enrichment for avian species (3 Marks)
Reduction of stereotypical behaviour. Encouraging natural behviours. Increase breeding success.
Explain two factors that need to be considered before feeding birds. (4 Marks)
Species kept rquire different dietary types: amount of food/ feeding regimes.
Flight weight, for public displays/ bird general health weight must be carefully calculated and monitored.
Explain two methods that could be used to prevent the spread of an avian disease outbreak. (4 Marks)
Quaratine of birds, to allow any diseases that might be incubating to show their signs. Vaccinations, prevetion of viral infections caused by contamination of sharing food and accomadation.
State two examples of sustainabel resources that could be incorporated into enclosure design. (2 Marks)
Biodegrable substrates, solar panels.
Explain three reasons why it is important to carry out a risk assessment before handling or restraining an animal. (3 Marks)
Reduce escapes- nest checked for holes.
prepared for emergencies- in the event of an emergancy broken equipment would result in being unprepared. Minimising stress to the animal to aviod escape and recapture.
Explain two reasons why its important to keep records of enrichment. (2 Marks)
Should be changed regularly to ensure animals dont lose interest, checked to ensure equipment is not damaged.
Explain two reasons why its important to keep records of cleaning. (2 Marks)
Record kept of cleaning frequency, maintain hygiene for animal welfare to reduce spread of disease.
Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of mixes species exhibits in zoos. (4 Marks)
Advantages- Opportunity to respresent natural associations between species. Speices enjoy increased activity levels in a mixed exhibits.
Disadvantages- Possible competition foor food between species. Risk of disease and parasite transmission between species.
A zoo is closing down and has a variety of animals that need transporting to thier new acccommadation. The types of animals at the zoo include aquatic, avian and other zoo species.
Discuss the animal welfare considerations and the physical resources required to transport the range of animals safely and justify your suggestions. ( 12 Marks)
Physical resource- property, vechiles and machinery, tools and equipment, stock.
Animal consoderations- techiques for handling and restaint of zoo animals, animal welfare considerations, transport of animal considerations.
Identify three types of records that a business should keep in relation to taxarion? (3 Marks)
VAT, invoices, wage records.
State four signs of newcastle disease in an avian species. (4 marks)
Lowered egg production, coughing, respiratory distress, lack of appetite.
Explain two health related consequences of poor avian husbandry. (4 Marks)
Malnutrition caused by incorrect nutrition through poor diet, leads to deficiencies and lower immunity.
Illness disease caused by poor hygiene, can lead to other health problems or death of the animal.
State two pieces of legisaltion or guidlines thta relate to zoological collections in the UK. (2 Marks)
The Zoo Licensing Act 1981.
Secretary of State’s standards of modern zoo practice.
What type of pathogen causes white spots in fish. (1 Mark)
Protozoan parasite
State three considerations when siting an aquarium in a home. (3 Marks)
Passing foot traffic, noise, proximity - away from windows.
state four reasons for using a naturalistic approach to enrichment for avian species. (4 Marks)
natural materials are safer to use. Aesthetics for the public viewing. Promoting natural behaviours. Simulate the animals natural environment.
Explain how different filteration systems maintain the health and stablity of an aquarium. (3 Marks)
Mechanicial filter exchanges the water and traps particles. Chemical filter e.g. carbon filter removes pathogens. Biological filter e.g. sponges used to miantain bacteria to remove harmful chemicals.
Explain why a range of feeding techniques need to be used for a mixed species tank. (6 Marks)
Filter feeders need food that dissolves in the water, because they feed by straining suspended matter and food aprticles from the water. Surface feeders need food that will float on the surface, because they eon’t dive for food. Bottom feeders need food that will sink to the bottom because they oick up gravel suck up the food then spit gravel out.
State one factor that should be cosidered before breeding birds in captivity an ddescribe two reasons for this. (3 Marks)
environment, stimulte natural behviours. rise in temperature normally stimulates breeding cycle.
An animal care assistant needs to provide enrichment for a mammal in their care. State two types of enrichment techniques and describe how they can be used for a named mammal. (6 Marks)
sensory, scent trails, lights, sounds. Social group structure, dynamics. Food, scatter feeding, puzzle feeders, browse.
Explain the feeding and nutritional requirements for a geriatic zoo animal. (5 Marks)
Less energy, required for growth/ activity. high protein, for repair. separating the geriatic during feeding, to avoid competing for food.
Explain how good record keeping supports decision making and performance monitoring. (3 Marks)
Monitoring production levels, to indicate inefficient coasts, track production afainst sales.
