exam revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is net force

A

Overall force acting upon an object

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2
Q

what does a spring balance measure

A

measures the weight of an object

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3
Q

how does a spring balance measure

A

Measures by opposing the force of gravity acting with the force on an extended spring.

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4
Q

What’s an unbalanced force

A

One force is bigger than the other forces. It will win the ‘tug of war’

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5
Q

What’s the formula

A

Weight (N)= Mass (kg) X gravity (n/kg)

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6
Q

What is the kg on earth

A

10 n/kg

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7
Q

How much does 1kg equal

A

I0n/kg

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8
Q

How does planets effect gravity

A

The bigger or smaller the planet is the greater or little the pull of gravity is.

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9
Q

Does mass ever change?

A

No

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10
Q

What is friction

A

Friction is a contact force and is whenever an object comes into contact with another object.

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11
Q

What does friction do to objects

A

It’s when objects rub together. It slows down moving objects and rough surfaces carry a lot of friction

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12
Q

What are the rules of drawing a force diagram

A

You have to draw the direction of the arrow as it shows the direction of the force. The length of the arrow indicates the strength of the force.

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13
Q

Is a forwards force greater than friction how do we know this?

A

A forwards force is greater than friction. This can be seen by a long red arrow pointing forwards. This unbalanced force makes a box speed up.

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14
Q

what happens to friction when you apply brakes

A

When applying brakes, the force of friction is longer than driving force the longer. the longer is behind the more it slows down

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15
Q

What are the four forces on an aircraft?

A

There is weight which is gravity. lift which is an upward force. thrust that is a push force, thrust that gets an aircraft moving and drag which is air resistance.

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16
Q

how do you increase friction?

A

Rough surfaces: surfaces rub against each other to create friction. heavy objects: gravity pulling one surface onto another increases their interaction. size: The more surface area and object has the most space to rub against other object . speed: The fastest something is moving The more friction will push back.

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17
Q

How do you decrease friction

A

ball bearing: less of the objects touching. lubricants: oil, soapy water, water. shape: makes more object streamlined

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18
Q

What does traction do?

A

friction offers more traction. traction allows up to move forward. smooth surface is less traction. balance friction= traction

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19
Q

What’s a magnetic field?

A

Space around a magnet with a magnetic force is felt. It’s a noncontact force.

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20
Q

What are poles?

A

The magnet force is strongest at the polls. Same polls = like polls different poles = unlike poles opposites attract.

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21
Q

What has earth got to do with magnets?

A

Earth acts like a giant magnet. It has a natural magnet field. Always points towards north. North has the strongest magnetic force.

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22
Q

what is matter made up of?

A

Matter Is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made up of neutrons and electrons.

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23
Q

What charges are they?

A

Neutrons is no charge. Protons is a positive charge. Electrons are a negative charge. And the nucleus is the lines.

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24
Q

What does friction do to electrons?

A

Friction between materials causes electrons to move from one object to another. Electrons build up and cost something to be charged.

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25
Q

What levers do?

A

levers are a force multipliers as they multiply your effort. They work by pivoting a load around a fulcrum using effort.

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26
Q

FLE

A

FLE stands for Fulcrum load and effort. A example of this is scissors, the scissors effort are the handles, The Fulcrum is the screw and the load is the paper..

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27
Q

what is the acronym for living in non-living?

A

The acronym is Mr. N C grew. It stands for move, reproduce, nutrition, cells, grow, respond, exchange, waste, and water.

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28
Q

what is the linnaean classification order?

A

it is kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. A acronym for this is keep pond clean or frogs get sick. There is the order which is genus first and species second.

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29
Q

What are decomposers

A

Decomposes of every traffic level. They are snails, fungi, bacteria, and worms.

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30
Q

What’s a vertebrate?

A

A vertebrae is an animal that has a backbone and a skeleton

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31
Q

What’s an invertebrate?

A

An invertebrate is an animal that has no backbone and skeleton.

32
Q

What are the five vertebrate classes?

A

it is mammalia, amphibian, Pisces, Aves, and reptiles

33
Q

What are the six invertebrate classes?

A

Poriferan, cinadan, molluscs, anthropod, Echnodorian, and worms

34
Q

what is a heterotroph and an autotroph?

A

A heterotroph is an animal that cannot make its own food. An autotroph is an animal that can make its own food.

35
Q

what are the five kingdoms?

A

The five kingdoms are an Anamalia, plantae, fungi, protista, and Monera,

36
Q

what is Monera’s cell type, number of cells, nutrition, and an example.

A

it is no nucleus or organelles, prokaryotic, unicellular only, some autotroph, and all bacteria

37
Q

what is protista cell type, number of cells, nutrition, and an example.

A

it is eukaryotic, mostly unicellular some multicellular, some autotroph, and protozoans

38
Q

what is Fungi cell type, number of cells, nutrition, and an example.

A

It is eukaryotic, multicellular and some unicellular, heterotrophy, moulds and yeasts

39
Q

what is Plantae cell type, number of cells, nutrition, and an example.

A

It is eukaryotic, multicellular, autotroph, onions and grass

40
Q

what is Animalia cell type, number of cells, nutrition, and an example.

A

It is eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, insects and vertebrates.

41
Q

What is the female bit of a flower?

A

it is the carpel which is a female reproductive structure, stigma which is a sticky pad that Pollen lands on, style which is a slender tube that transports Pollen from stigma to ovary, ovary protects the ovules, and an ovule which contains the female sex cells egg cells or ova.

42
Q

what is the male structure of flowers?

A

There is a stamen which is the male reproductive structure, filament which is a thin stalk that supports the anther, anther which is a knoblike structure that produces pollen, and pollen contains microscopic cells that form into sperm cells.

43
Q

What are the other bits of a flower?

A

there is a sepal which is a flower petal that protects the bud before it blooms. And there is a petal which is colourful and scented that attracts pollinators.

44
Q

Process of pollination

A

The first step is that the pollen grain transfers from male anther to female stigma. Then the pollen grain travels down the style to the ovaries.

45
Q

What are vectors?

A

vectors of bees, wind water and insects. They move pollen.

46
Q

types of pollination

A

There is self pollination = when pollen falls from anther to stigma. this happens when the stigma is too short. cross pollination = bee is collecting pollen gets pollen on itself and transfers it to another flower. Doesn’t want pollen falling onto stigma.

47
Q

what happens in fertilisation through pollen after pollination

A

after pollinations a tube grows from the pollen grain through the style to the ovule. After fertilisation the petals stamen and sepal fall off. ovule turns into a seed and the fertilised egg becomes an embryo

48
Q

how many chromosomes does a zygote and embryo get from the female and male each?

A

23 chromosomes each. 46 altogether

49
Q

Female system

A

each female has two ovaries containing egg cells or ova (gametes). they are born with over 200,000 immature eggs (ovum). each mature ovum then travels to the uterus down the fallopian.

50
Q

What are ovaries responsible for?

A

they produce the hormones oestrogen and progesterone that are responsible for a woman’s menstrual cycle and her secondary sexual characteristics.

51
Q

What are a female secondary characteristics?

A

Breasts, wider hips, menstrual cycle.

52
Q

About the testes

A

sperm develop inside the testes. Testy is held in a scrotum. Testes produce the male sex hormone testosterone. each test is connected to the urethra by the vas deferens and travel of the prostate. Sperm is stored at the top of the testes in a group of coil tubes called the epididymis.

53
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

puberty starts with that small gland. It sounds a message to your grenades which are ovaries for females or testes for males. Send a message to start producing the hormones.

54
Q

male secondary sexual characteristics

A

they begin erection , produce sperm , growth spurt and hair growth.

55
Q

A definition of hormone

A

A chemical produced by one gland or organ of the body that affects other organs or tissues.

56
Q

what is menstruation?

A

Menstruation is when the uterus sheds its lining, the endometrium.

57
Q

how does the ovum affect menstruation?

A

menstruation occurs if the ovum is not fertilised. If the ovum is fertilised menstration doesn’t occur.

58
Q

how long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

It usually lasts around 28 days

59
Q

how long can gametes last?

A

Female gamete which are eggs can only live 24 hours after being released from ovary. Sperm which is a male gamete can last three days in the female system.

60
Q

how long can gametes last?

A

Female gamete which are eggs can only live 24 hours after being released from ovary. Sperm which is a male gamete can last three days in the female system.

61
Q

when is the fertile period?

A

The fertile period is day 11 to 17 and is the only days where you can get pregnant in your cycle.

62
Q

what day does ovulation occur and what is it?

A

ovulation occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation is eggs being released into the fallopian tube.

63
Q

what day does your hormones rise around?

A

progesterone and oestrogen rise around day 14.

64
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

fertilisation is the fusion of two gametes which forms a Zygote

65
Q

what is the female gamete?

A

it is an ovum or egg cell or ova

66
Q

what is the male gamete?

A

It is the sperm

67
Q

reproduction in animals

A

they reproduce sexually. Male and female gametes join together to create an embryo.

68
Q

what are the stages of cell buildup?

A

first is Zygote. Second is embryo. Third is fetus.

69
Q

How does embryos develop inside other animals?

A

In reptiles and birds embryos develop inside eggs. In mammals embryos developed inside the uterus.

70
Q

how does the egg reach the endometrium?

A

The ovum bursts from its follicle in the ovary and enters the fallopian tube. Occurs day 14 of menstruation which is ovulation.

71
Q

into more detail on how to create an individual on sperm and egg

A

The nucleus of the sperm and egg joined together to create an individual

72
Q

implantation of the endometrium zygo

A

Once the egg is fertilised, the zygote grows as it travels to the endometrium. When the zygote attaches to the endometrium it is called an embryo.te grows

73
Q

Birth

A

once the embryo grows after eight weeks, it’s a fetus. It’s pushed through the cervix and out the vagina.

74
Q

Abiotic meaning

A

It’s a nonliving. An example is water, soil, light, oxygen.

75
Q

What is biotic?

A

It’s a living. An example is trees, animals, eukaryotic.

76
Q

asexual meaning

A

from one parent like a floweer

77
Q

sexual meaning

A

from 2 parents like a baby