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Exam revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the skeletal system
(4 functions)

A

Mineral Storage
Blood Cell production
Support and Protect
Body Movement

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2
Q

Mineral storage

A
  • site for storage and release of minerals
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3
Q

Blood Cell Production

A
  • red blood cells - carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide as a waste product
  • white blood cells - fight infection
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4
Q

Support and Protect

A
  • protect organs
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5
Q

Body Movement

A
  • muscle contractions cause movement of bone
  • 206 bones
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6
Q

Ligaments vs tendons

A

tendons - attach muscles to bones
ligaments - join bone to bone

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7
Q

parts of the spine

A

cervical - 7 (support head)
thoracic - 12 (connect rib cage)
lumbar - 5 (large weight carrying)
sacrum - 5 fused (distribute the weight of the upper body)
coccyx - 4 fused (muscles attachment)

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8
Q

Bone-specific information (classification)

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid (under irregular)

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9
Q

Long bones

A

made of compact bone tissue
- fibula (leg), femur (leg), phalanges (fingers)

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10
Q

Short bones

A

shaped like irregular cubes
- carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

protect organs
- skull, ribs, sternumm

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

irregular shape
- vertebrae, mandible, sacrum

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13
Q

sesamoid

A

small bones developed in tendons around joints
- patella

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14
Q

Muscle Specific Information

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- enables movement
- keep our system in place

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15
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

reciprical inhibition (pull not push)
agonist - creates movement
antagonist - relax during movement
- bicep, tricep, hamstrings, quads

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16
Q

Smooth muscles

A

involuntary
- bladder, stomach

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17
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

muscle of the heart
involuntary

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18
Q

Connective tissues

A

cartilage
tendons
ligaments

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19
Q

cartilage

A

smooth, slightly elastic tissue found in various forms in the body

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20
Q

tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

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21
Q

ligaments

A

attach bones to bones

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22
Q

flexion

A

The angle between two bones is decreased

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23
Q

extension

A

The angle between two bones is increased.

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24
Q

Fast twitch fibres (high intensity, strength, power)

A

contract rapidly
contract with greater force
fatigue easily
sports: sprints, jumps

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24
Q

Slow twitch fibres (endurance)

A

contract slowly with less force
don’t fatigue easily
red in colour
sports: 1500m run, 2km swim, triathlon

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24
Q

Concentric contractions (isotonic)

A

the muscle length shortens
- bicep curl (UP)

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25
Q

Eccentric contractions (isotonic)

A

the muscle length increases
- bicep curl (DOWN)

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26
Q

Isotonic

A

The muscle length changes during contraction

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27
Q

Isometric

A

the muscle length remains unchanged
- wall sit, plank

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28
Q

Isokinetic

A

resistance changes according to joint angle
movement at a constant speed

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29
Q

circumduction

A

Movement of a limb in a circular fashion, normally forming a cone shape.

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30
Q

pronation

A

Facepalm downwards.

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31
Q

supination

A

Facing palm upwards.

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32
Q

plantarflexion

A

Occurs at the ankle pointing toes downwards.

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33
Q

dorsiflexion

A

Occurs at ankle pointing toes upwards.

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34
Q

inversion

A

Turn the sole of the foot inwards.

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35
Q

eversion

A

Turn the sole of the foot outwards.

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36
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

Allows movement in the body where the agonist’s muscle shortens and the antagonist’s muscle relaxes.

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37
Q

agonist

A

muscle which creates the movement (shortens)

38
Q

antagonist

A

muscle relaxes to allow movement to occur (lengthens)

39
Q

3 functions of the Cardiovascular system

A
  • Circulate blood.
  • Bring O2 , water & nutrients to the cells.
  • Take CO2 & other wastes away from the
    cells.
  • Maintain body temp & hydration.
  • Fight disease
40
Q

Vena Cava

A

carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body

41
Q

Right Atrium

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

42
Q

Right Ventricle

A

pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs

43
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs

44
Q

Aorta

A

carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system

45
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart.

46
Q

Left Atrium

A

receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

47
Q

Left Ventricle

A

pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs

48
Q

Septum

A

helps keep oxygen-rich blood from the lungs from mixing with oxygen-poor blood from the body

49
Q

Valves

A

prevent the backward flow of blood

50
Q

Left side of the heart

A

pumps oxygenated blood (high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide) to the organs of the body.

51
Q

Right side of the heart

A

pumps deoxygenated blood (low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide) to the lungs.

52
Q

Capillaries

A

allow the exchange of gases, nutrients & wastes between

53
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart (red)

54
Q

Veins

A

carry blood back to the heart. (blue)

55
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

the amount of blood pumped by each beat of
the heart.

56
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per
minute, measured in litres per minute

57
Q

3 acute cardiovascular responses to exercise

A

increased heart rate (beats per min)

Increased stroke volume (blood per beat)

Increased cardiac output (HR x SV)

58
Q

Role of blood in human body

A

Transport of gases, nutrients, wastes.

Fighting infection.

Regulation of temperature and hydration.

59
Q

What’s blood made up of and their roles

A

RED BLOOD CELLS – contain haemoglobin which carries the oxygen

WHITE BLOOD CELLS – fight infection

PLATELETS – responsible for blood clotting.

60
Q

What is happening to the body/lungs when we inhale?

A
61
Q

What is happening to the body when we exhale?

A
62
Q

different lung volumes and how are they measured

A

…

63
Q

VENTILATION

A
  • The amount of air breathed in and out in one minute.

V= TV X RR

64
Q

RESPIRATORY RATE

A

The amount of breaths per minute

65
Q

VITAL CAPACITY

A

the max amount of air that can be breathed out after
a max inspiration.

66
Q

TIDAL VOLUME

A

the amount of air breathed in and out with each
breath.

67
Q

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

A

the max amount of air that can be breathed in on top of a normal inspiration.

68
Q

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

A

the max amount of air that can be breathed out after a normal expiration.

69
Q

RESIDUAL VOLUME

A

the amount left in the lungs after a max forced
expiration.

70
Q

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

A

residual volume plus vital capacity. (left in lungs after max expiration + amount breathed out after max

71
Q

Why does gas exchange occur in the body?

A

Gaseous exchange occurs
because of differences in
concentration or pressure
levels.

72
Q

process of gas exchange from when we inhale to when we exhale.

A
73
Q

How do we get fuel for energy?

A

Food is taken into our bodies as chemical energy and converted into forms of energy that we can use in our daily activities

74
Q

What is ATP and why do we need it?

A

adenosine triphosphate - energy source for all muscular effort

75
Q

When does ATP break down? What is ATP broken down into?

A
76
Q

Linear Motion

A

straight line

77
Q

Angular motion

A

rotation around an axis

78
Q

General motion

A

combination of linear & angular

79
Q

Projectile motion

A

flight of airborne objects

80
Q

What 4 things influence motion?

A

MASS (matter)
WEIGHT (gravitational pull)
INERTIA (state of motion)
FORCE (push or pull)

81
Q

Moment of inertia and how it affects sporting skills

A
82
Q

What is biomechanics and what is it used for?

A

Biomechanics is the study of human movement.
Almost all elite athletes and sportspeople utilise biomechanical principles when training, competing or recovering from an injury.

83
Q

MASS

A

subject to the amount of matter of an object.

84
Q

INERTIA

A

a body’s reluctance to change its state of motion.

directly proportional to its mass.

85
Q

WEIGHT

A

subject to the gravitational pull on an object due to it having mass.

86
Q

FORCE

A

a PUSH or a PULL

a force can: speed up / slow down / stop/change direction

87
Q

NEWTONS 1ST LAW - INERTIA

A

An object will remain at rest or in its current state of motion unless
acted upon by an external force.

example: A soccer ball will not roll across the pitch until a player kicks it.

88
Q

NEWTONS 2ND LAW - ACCELARTION/MOMENTUM

A

When a force is applied to an object, that object experiences an acceleration in the direction of that force

example: A soccer kick will accelerate at a rate directly
proportional to the force applied by the player.

89
Q

NEWTONS 3RD LAW - ACTION, REACTION

A

For every “ACTION” there is an equal and opposite “REACTION”

90
Q

SYSTOLIC blood pressure

A

the highest pressure, and is the pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle contracts. ( 120 mmhg at rest )

91
Q

DIASTOLIC blood pressure

A

the lowest pressure, and is the pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle relaxes. ( 80 mmhg at rest )

92
Q

3 functions of the Respiratory system

A
  1. Carbon dioxide out and oxygen in
  2. Protect the body from illness and dirt
  3. Create speech
93
Q

joints

A

the area where 2 or more bones meet

94
Q
A

Sport Science (2 decks)

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