Exam Revise Flashcards
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
How does urine enter the bladder from ureters?
Through peristaltic contractions.
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- excretion of metabolic wastes.
- osmoregulation.
- regulation of acid-base balance.
- secretion of hormones.
What is the regulation of the acid-base balance in the urinary system?
The kidneys monitor and help keep blood pH ay 7.4 mainly by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions as needed.
What is erythropoietin?
A hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates red blood cell production whenever the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced or oxygen demand increases.
What is the glomerular capsule also known as?
The Bowman capsule.
What is the inner layer of the glomerular capsule composed of?
Podocytes- that have cytoplasmic extensions.
What are filterable blood components in Glomerular Filtration?
Water
Nitrogenous wastes
Nutrients
Salts(ions)
What are small arteries called?
Arterioles
What do capillaries join?
Arterioles to venules.
What are the three layers that form the walls of veins and arteries?
Inner to outer:
- Endothelium w. basement membrane of elastic fibres.
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Connective tissue (largely collagen fibres).
What are small veins called?
Venules.
Why is blood flow in veins different to that of arteries and arterioles?
Blood flow in veins is primarily due to skeletal muscle contraction.
How do red blood cells produce ATP?
Via anaerobic fermentation
What are red blood cells also known as?
Erythrocytes
What are the two subgroups of white blood cells (leukocytes) and their types?
- Granular leukocytes:
Neutrophils- phagocytise & digest bacteria
Basophils- releases histamine
Eosinophils- protecting against parasitic worms - Agranular leukocytes:
Monocytes-
Phagocytic dendritic cells: tissues ‘in envir’
Macrophages: liver, kidney, and spleen.
Lymphocytes-
B cells: produce antibodies
T cells: helper & cytotoxic T cells
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
What does the words systole and diastole mean?
Contraction of heart muscle & relaxation of heart muscle, respectively.
What is the systemic circuit?
O2-rich blood is pumped from left ventricle into aorta, which branches off to form arteries going to specific organs.
Left ventricle- aorta- superior/inferior vena cava-right atrium
What is a portal system in blood circulation and give an example.
It begins and ends in the capillaries.
Example: hepatic portal system
-assoc w the liver
-capillaries that occur in the villi of small intestine pass into venules that join to form the hepatic portal vein.
List the path of pulmonary circuit.
Right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary trunk (divides into right and left pulmonary arteries[O2-poor blood])- pulmonary capillaries (gas exchange occurs [O2-rich blood])- pulmonary venules (lead to 4 pulmonary veins)- left atrium
What elements do living things primarily contain?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Proteins are polymers of
Amino acids
What chemical elements does DNA contain?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
Where are proteins assembled?
In a ribosome
Solutions of pH 7 are considered neutral because
They have the same concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
Plants can polymerise glucose monomers to make
Cellulose
Which of the following is not a function of proteins in cell membranes?
Producing lipid molecules
Name the three types of muscles.
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Describe the characteristics of skeletal muscle.
Striated cells
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary movement of body
Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle.
Spindle-shaped Single nucleus Not striated Occurs in blood vessel walls Involuntary- peristaltic contractions
Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle.
Branching Striated cells Single nucleus Wall of heart Involuntary
Vitamins are important components of diet because they
Are part of coenzymes in enzymatic reactions
Aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis both
Contain an electron transport chain
The end products of photosynthesis are
Oxygen and carbohydrates
What is not true of ADH?
It increases urine volume
What is the structure responsible for regulating contraction of the atria is the
Sinoatrial node
What is the order that blood passes through?
1 4 2 5 3
Urea is a byproduct of metabolism of
Proteins
Allergens are assoc with immune responses mediated by
IgE
What cells, responsible for cell mediated immunity arise in the thymus?
T-lymphocytes
Where do sperm cells mature?
In the epididimys.
What structures are responsible for moving along mRNAs and translating them?
Ribosomes.
If gene for methionine RNA is deleted, what is the immediate effect?
Would not begin protein synthesis.
How many amino acids would be found in the translation product resulting from DNA coding region of 450 nucleotides?
150.
Correct order for the flow of info in cells?
DNA, mRNA, protein
Which of the mRNA sequences would code for two diff amino acids?
GAGAGAGAGAGAGAG.
Jacobs syndrome males have genotype XYY, it is caused by
Non-disjunction during meiosis in father
Kleinfelters syndrome males have a genotype XXY, this is most likely caused by
Non disjunction during meiosis in the mother
Family produces colour-blind daughter, which parent is the source?
Both parents.
Small circular DNA molecules used in cloning DNA are called
Plasmids
Hypervariable DNA sequences often used for paternity testing and forensics are called
Microsatellites
What is an ecosystem service NOT provided by microorganisms?
Pollination.
After eight cycles of PCR?
2^8= 256
Differences b/n humans in biochemistry, behaviour and disease susceptibility are most commonly caused by
Single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Which is likely to be a recognition site for one of the enzymes used in DNA cloning?
GGCGCGCC
Restriction enzymes
Recognise and cleave specific DNA sequences
The majority of the biomass on planet is
Microbial
What are the processes of DNA replication?
- enzyme DNA helicase unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds.
- Complementary base pairing by DNA polymerase.
- Leading strand follows helicase enzyme, while synthesis on lagging strand results in formation of Okazaki fragments.
- Enzyme DNA ligase connects Okazaki fragments.
Gene expression requires which two processes?
Transcription and translation
How does transcription begin?
- Enzyme RNA polymerase binds to promoter.
- Enzyme opens up DNA helix and complementary base pairing occurs (like replication)
- RNA polymerase inserts nucleotides = mRNA molecule.
What is a codon?
A triplet of nucleotides
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UGA, UAG
What are the 3 steps of protein synthesis (translation)?
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
Termination of polypeptide synthesis require what protein?
A release factor
What makes the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein?
- Primary structure: linear order of amino acids in a protein.
- Secondary structure: folding, linking, or pleating of protein chain due to hydrogen bonding. (alpha helix, pleated sheet arrangement, triple helix structure of collagen)
- Tertiary structure: superfolding/complex twisting that yields globules in three-dimensional shape of molecule [conformation] (Eg protein myoglobin)
- Quaternary structure: some proteins are composed of two or more separable polypeptide chains. Aggregation of multiple polypeptides to form a single functioning protein.
What happens in Prophase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis.
What happens in Telophase I and Prophase II?
Daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair.
What occurs in Telophase II?
Spindle disappears, nuclei form, cytokinesis takes place.
What are the four main stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
