Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology - Final Exam Practice Questions > Exam Review Questions - Summer 2015 > Flashcards

Exam Review Questions - Summer 2015 Flashcards

1
Q

Retrovirus has a diploid genome. This means…

A

2 segments of + sense ssRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reverse Transcriptase is required for what?

A

Copying cDNA from viral RNA during retrovirus replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does Reverse Transcriptase, required for copying cDNA from viral RNA, come from?

A

Reverse Transcriptase is virion associated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where in infected cells does Reverse Transcriptase of retroviral RNA take place?

A

The Cytoplasm. Afterwards, the RNA moves into the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a provirus?

A

A provirus is the genetic material of virus incorporated into and able to replicate with the host genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where in the host genome does retroviral dsDNA integrate?

A

There is no site specificity for viral dsDNA integration. However, transcriptional active sites are preferred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lentiviruses are referred to as slow viruses. Why?

A

They have a prolonged incubation period, taking up to 6 years to manifest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the pol- gene of Retrovirus encode?

A

Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells does FIV want to infect…

A

There is tropism of FIV to particular cells…CD4+ T Lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The most important mode of transmission of FIV in domestic cats is…

A

bite wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In later FIV stages, CD4+/CD25 T cells are activated, leading to an increased production of…

A

IL-10 and increases immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During infection of cats with FeLV, regressor cats…

A

mount an immune response that is capable of eliminating the virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F - FeLV has tropism to T-Lymphocytes.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cats infected with FIV or FeLV, may also be…

A

immunosuppressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During what virus infection do you have lymphoma/leukemia development?

A

FeLV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many genera are found in the Orthomyxoviridae family?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 names of important enveloped membrane Antigens in Orthomyxoviridae?

A

Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (NA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase?

A

Glycoproteins for attachment in Orthomyxoviridae envelopes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the type/configuration of nucleic acids in Orthomyxoviridae..

A

6-8 segments of linear, segmented, - sense, ssRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thogotovirus, Isavirus, Influenza A, B, and C are genera found in…

A

Orthomyxoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anitgenic shift/Antigenic drift are characteristics of…

A

Influenza A virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Retrovirus, Orthomyxovirus, and Paramyxovirus have a lipid envelope and so are sensitive to:

A

lipid solvents
heat (56 degrees C/30 min.)
acidic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Uncoating of the Orthomyxovirus envelope takes place in the…

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following names of an Influenza virus is correct according to the naming scheme of influenza viruses:

a. A/Iowa/Swine/15/30 (H1N1)
b. A/Swine/Iowa/15/1930 (H1N1)
c. Swine/A/Iowa/15/’30 (H1N1)

A

b. A/Swine/Iowa/15/1930 (H1N1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the transmission of influenza viruses…

A

aquatic birds - fecal-oral transmission is common
poultry - ingestion and inhalation
mammals - aerosol, droplets and fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of horses are at risk of contracting equine influenza?

A

Race horses
Breeding stock horses
Show horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Equine influenza is primarily a disease of the…

A

respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prolonged high fever in pregnant mares infected with equine influenza virus can lead to…

A

abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pigs possess both human (SAalpha2,6Gal) and avian (SAalpha2,3Gal) receptors and that is why they can be infected with human and avian influenza viruses. -T/F

A

False…both avian and human influenza can replicate in pigs….idk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the simplest way to detect orthomyxovirus in allantoic fluids and what feature of virus is utilized in the method?

A

Hemagglutination test, bc virus expresses hemagglutinin on virion surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What feasible therapeutic options are available for treatment of swine influenza in swine?

A

none exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

viruses of which family have a herringbone shaped nucleocapsid?

A

paramyxoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Paramyxoviruses can replicate in enucleated cells or cells treated with actinomycin D. - T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What replication strategy fits paramyxoviridae?

A

Cytoplasmic uncoating, cytoplasmic synthesis of both mRNA and +RNA, cytoplasmic translation of structural proteins from mRNA, cytoplasm synthesis vRNA(-) from +RNA, virion assembly and budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Replication of paramyxovirus occurs primarily in…

A

the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many types of glyocprotein spikes are there on the envelope of Paramyxoviridae?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

To which family of viruses does the Nipah virus belong?

A

Paramyxoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

T/F - According to the FAO and OIE, Rinderpest has been eradicated.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Giant, multinucleated cells that develop during paramyxovirus replication are also known as…

A

Syncytia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

AVPM-1 is a member of what sub-family of viruses?

A

Paramyxovirinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Of the 5 pathotypes of APMV (NDV), which is the most virulent?

A

Velogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Nipah virus naturally infects fruit bats, humans and swine are NOT susceptible. - T/F

A

False…“Barking Pig Syndrome”/”Porcine Respiratory and Encephalitis Disease”/”Porcine Respiratory and Neurologic Disease”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Dunkop (acute/pulmonary) and Dikkop (subacute/cardiac) are the 2 common clinical forms of Classical Swine Fever. - T/F

A

False. Dunlop and Dikkop are 2 common clinical forms of African Horse Sickness(AHS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the important wildlife reservoirs of rabies virus in the USA?

A

Raccoons, Insectivorous Bats, Skunk, Red Fox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rabies?

A
  1. Entry of virus through break in skin/MM –> virus enters peripheral nvs. or replicates locally in non-nervous tissue until they reach sufficient concentration to reach motor/sensory nv. endings in muscle/skin –> Virus is shed from myocytes into Extracellular spaces –> G or glycoprotein of virus binds to axon terminal of peripheral nv. fibers through lipoprotein receptors (including those for Ach), facilitating its entry into nerve endings –> the greater the degree of innervation at bite site, shorter the incubation period –> location of injury: bites to face have greater risk
  2. Spread of virus in CNS and Excretion of Virus
    Second phase of inf. begins when Virus progresses centripetally to CNS via axoplasm of peripheral/central nvs. –> virus reaches limbic system and extensively replicates –> “furious” form of RV –> spread w/in CNS cont. w/ replication in the neuro-cortex –> “dumb”/”Paralytic” RV –> Late in inf. virus moves centrifugally from the CNS down peripheral nvs. to adrenal cortex, pancreas, and Salivary Glands via CN’s –> extensive replication of virus in salivary glands results in high concentration of virus in saliva
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What lesions in the brain do you see in an animal infected with Rabies?

A

None!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The rift valley fever virus is transmitted transovarially (through egg) among Cullicoides spp. (biting flies). - T/F

A

False…Rift Valley Fever undergoes transovarial transmission in the primary, mosquito vector - Aedes spp.
Cullicoides is a secondary vector that undergoes mechanical transmission ONLY.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a mosquito-borne disease of horses caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus?

A

West Nile Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the earliest clinical sign of Scrapie in Sheep?

A

intense pruritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are clinical signs that appear after intense pruritis in Scrapie sheep?

A

muscle tremors, weaving gait, staring eyes, hindquarter paralysis –> death in 6wks to 5 months of developing signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Hog Cholera/Classical Swine Fever is spreading rapidly across the USA, causing concern among pig farmers. - T/F

A

False. Hog Cholera/Classical Swine Fever was eradicated from the USA in 1978. It is endemic to most countries of S. America and Far Eastern Asia (except Japan and Korea).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Which virus family has a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome?

A

Reoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Swine…

A

Coronavirus Group 1a
CS: gastroenteritis, watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration Trans/Diag: fecal-oral; acute feces; small intestinal section/smear
Prevent/Control: good sanitation; oral attenuated VX to pregnant sow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

T/F- Transmissible Gastroenteritis of Swine (TGEV) is classified as an OIE List B disease.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

TGEV Forms….

A

Epidemic Form - when 1st introduced into susceptible herd;WINTER; Rapid Spread

Endemic Form - when persists in a partially immune herd or due to concurrent porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) inf.; less severe form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

TGEV Diagnostics…

A

Histo, Necropsy, Fluorescent antibody test (FAT), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), RT-PCR detection of nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

TGEV Control…

A

Isolate sows due to farrow. Discontinue selling/purchasing breeding stock, partial culling, biosecurity, “all-in-all-out”, complete de-population and establishment of new herd; VX pregnant sows and neonatal pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus….

A

Coronavirus Group 1b
Cs: gastroenteritis, watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration
Trans/Diag: fecal-oral; acute feces; small intestine section/smear
Prevent/Control: oral attenuated virus VX (Asia) to pregnant sows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis aka “Vomiting/Wasting Disease in Pig”…

A

Coronavirus Group 2a
CS: vomiting, anorexia, encephalomyelitis, hyperesthesia, muscle tremors, emaciation
Trans/Diag: oronasal secretion, aerosol; nasal swabs, tonsil, lung and brain
Prevent/Control: good husbandry, maintain immune sows, NO VX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the 2 forms of Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis?

A

Vomiting and Wasting Disease Form - repeated retching and vomiting of yellow-green vomitus, anorexia, constipation, rapid emaciation

Encephalomyelitic Form - nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What happens to neonatal pigs w/ Vomiting/Wasting Disease?

A

dehydrated, cyanotic, comatose, and death

anterior distension of the abdomen from impaired emptying and accumulation of gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Bovine Coronavirus Infection…

A

Coronavirus Group 2a
CS: gastroenteritis, profuse bloody diarrhea, dehydration, decreased milk production, respiratory disease; explosive sudden onset of outbreaks within a herd
Trans/Diag: fecal-oral, aerosol, respiratory droplets; large int./lung sections, nasal swabs
Prevent/Control: inactivated/attenuated VXs - maternal immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Describe the VX for Bovine Coronavirus and the protocol..

A

Commercial bovine rota-corona-E.coli F5 (K99) VX…
Vx healthy, pregnant cows and heifers (re-vacciante before every subsequent calving)

Increased levels of Protective Antibody’s against Corona, Rota, and E.coli in Colostrum and Milk of Vaccinated cows –> Passive Immunity to calves against these Enteric Pathogens after drinking colostrum and milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Winter Dysentery in Cows…

A

occurs in mature cattle, most common in recently calved lactating cows

Young cattle may be inf. but normally exhibit mild CS’s

Etiology: Bovine Coronavirus - - causing: Calf Diarrhea

Trans: fecal-oral
CS: sudden, explosive outbreak of diarrhea, short course, dark green to black colored feces, presence of blood flecks, dehydration, decline in milk production, some coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

FIP…what does it stand for and what causes it?

A

Feline Infectious Peritonitis caused by Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)

Highly fatal immune-mediated disease of cats triggered by systemic inf. w/ FCov

Enigmatic Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the 2 forms of FIP?

A

Effusive (Wet) Form

Non-Effusive (Dry) Form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How is FCoV that causes FIP transmitted?

A

Infected/Transient Cats + Carrier Cats shed FCoV in Feces…

Fecal-Oral
Inhalation
Transplacental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

If FIP is transmitted via the Transplacental route, what are the outcomes?

A 
Kittens:
5-10% Resistant
70% Transient Inf. w/ Mild Diarrhea
5-10% Persistent Carriers
1-3% FIP +
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the 2 Hypothesis for the variant outcomes of FIP from Transplacental Spread?

A
  1. FCoV (FECV) Inf. Cat –> Mutations –> a. Avirulent/Less Virulent Variant and b. FIP FCoV (FIPV) Virulent Variant
  2. Avirulent and Virulent Variants simultaneously circulating in Cat populations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of cell-mediate immune response to FCoV Inf.?

A
  1. Strong CMI Response -> Prevent FIP
  2. Weak CMI and Strong Humoral Response -> Effusive (Wet) FIP
  3. Intermediate Response -> Non-Effusive (Dry) FIP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the CS of the Effusive (Wet) FIP Inf.?

A

Peritonitis, Serofibrinous pleuritis, Hepatic Pyogran., Pyogranulomatous Foci on Intestinal Serosal Surfaces, Distended Abdomen, Vasculitis, Intravascular Coagulation, Thoracic effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the CS of the Non-Effusive (Dry) FIP Inf.?

A

keratic precipitates on inner cornea, granulomatous uveitis, granulomatous meningoencephalitis, pyogranulomatous nephric lesions, enlarged mesenteric LNs, Granulomatous Inflammation, CNS involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where does the virulent form of FCoV replicate?

A

monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the Non-Protective Response of FCoV Inf.?

A

Decreased ability of immune cells to clear the virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

How do you Diagnose FIP?

A

Effusion Analysis: Rivalta Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Avian Infectious Bronchitis…

A

Coronavirus Group 3
CS: tracheobronchitis, nephritis, rales and decreased egg production
Trans/Diag: aerosol and ingestion of feces contaminated food; tracheal swab/tissue, cloacal swabs, cecal tonsils, kidney
Prevent/Control: multivalent attenuated and inactive VXs; sanitation and testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What types of chicks serve as a source of IBV?

A

Infected chicks, Carrier chicks, Transient Chicks and Recovered chicks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

In what is the source of IBV spread?

A

Coughing - virus is in the tracheobronchial exudate
Feces - virus is there!
Egg surface - virus came from the oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are all of the modes of transmission for IBV?

A

aerosol/inhalation
direct contact
contact w/ contaminated: poultry, litter, food, H2O, equipment, fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Once a healthy chicken is infected with IBV, what are the 3 main clinical manifestations that you may see?

A
  1. Respiratory Disease (most common)
  2. Reproductive Disorder (decreased egg prod.)
  3. Nephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

In the Respiratory Disease of IBV, what are the CS?

A

Bronchitis, depression, tracheal rales, ruffled feathers, gasping, dyspnea, respiratory distress, congestion and tracheal hemorrhage, inflammation of the trachea and bronchi with white caseous exudate in syrinx and primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

In the Reproductive Disorder of IBV, what CS will you see?

A

softened shells, mishappen, discolored eggs, thin, watery albumen (un-seperated from the thick albumen), involuted flaccid ovarian follicles, stunting, dwarfing of embryo

83
Q

In the Nephritis Disease of IBV, what CS will you see?

A

swollen kidney with white rales, visceral gout and urates on the heart and liver

84
Q

The prevention/control of IBV is via VXs…what kinds are available and when are they given?

A

Live VX’s - used in broilers
-initial VX for the priming of breeders and layers pullets
(Massachusetts M41, H120 and other MA strains)

Inactivated VX’s - intended for layers and breeders

85
Q

What is Breda Virus?

A

Bovine Torovirus - from the Family Coronaviridae

Species: BoTV-1 and BoTV-2

86
Q

What is Torovirus named after?q

A

Doughnut-Shaped Nucleocapsid

87
Q

What does Torovirus cause?

A

Profuse diarrhea in young calves

88
Q

How is BoTV-1/2 Transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

Nasal

89
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Breda Virus?

A

Rapid inf. of Epithelial Cells from lower half of villi –> extension into crypts throughout jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon –> villous atrophy –> crypt hyperplasia –> +/- fused villi

Villous atrophy and malabsorption –> Diarrhea

90
Q

Rhabdoviridae…

A 
enveloped
large spikes
helically coiled
single, linear, (-) sense ssRNA
11-15kb
Replication: ctyoplasm
11 genotypes
91
Q

How is Rhabdo- transmitted?

A

bite/scrath of rabid animal w/ virus in saliva

92
Q

What are the 5 proteins Rhabdo encodes?

A 
G Pro.
L Pro.
M Pro.
N Pro.
P Pro.
93
Q

Glycoprotein (G Pro.)…

A

forms RNA spikes

94
Q

Large protein (L Pro.)…

A

RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

95
Q

Matrix protein (M Pro.)…

A

associated w/ nucleocapsid and lipid envelope

96
Q

Nucleocapsid protein (N Pro.)…

A

associated with RNA –> forms nucleocapsid

97
Q

Phosphoprotein (P Pro.)…

A

mediated binding of L Pro to Nucleocapsid

98
Q

There are 2 epidemiological cycles to Rhabdoviridiae…

A

Urban RV Cycle - Africa, Asia, Central/South America
Dogs are the Main Reservoir!

Sylvatic RV Cycle - Europe and NA
most animals susceptible - Dead End Hosts: herbivores (Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Equine) - unlikely to transmit the disease

99
Q

Fruit bats transmit….

A

Australian bat lyssavirus

100
Q

Vampire Bats transmit…

A

human/animal RV in Mexico, Central and South America

transmit A LOT of cattle RV

101
Q

What wildlife species is the most frequently reported of Rabies Transmission?

A

Raccoon

102
Q

What wildlife species is the most important in perpetuation of wildlife rabies in central regions of the US?

A

SKUNK!!! They account for the most cases of cattle RV!

103
Q

2 uncommon routes of entry of Rabies Virus…

A

Intranasal

Trigeminal Nv. and ganglia in its course to the CNS

104
Q

Rabies infection in muscles and nerve cells is…

A

non-cytopathic.

105
Q

T/F - CMI response and humoral immune responses can be detected during the time Rabies Virus moves from the site of the bite to the CNS.

A

False. You cannot detect it! Neurons do not express MHC Class I Proteins - very little antigen is released to stimulate host defense mechanisms
Antibodies appear in serum later in CSF after neuro signs appear.

106
Q

The incubation period of Rabies virus depends on…

A

dose of inoculated virus, strain of virus, site of bite and degree of innervation

The closer the site of the bite to the brain the shorter the incubation period.

The higher the degree of innervation at site of bite - shorter the incubation period.

107
Q

The clinical course of rabies is divided into these 3 phases:

A

Prodromal
Acute excitative (Furious)
Paralytic/Endstage (Dumb)

108
Q

What are the CS of the Prodromal period?

A

change in temperament before obvious CS’s are observed

109
Q

What are the CS of the Acute excitative (Furious) period?

A

“Mad-dog syndrome”
nervous, irritable, vicious/aggressive - uses teeth, claws, horns, hooves
posture/expression is alert - pupils dilated!
animals lose caution of ppl and other animals
cannot swallow - pharyngeal paralysis - “Hydrophobia”
hypersalivation, exaggerated response to light/sound, hyperesthesia

110
Q

What are the CS of the Paralytic/Endstage (Dumb) period?

A

paralysis, ataxia, muscle weakness, loss of sensation

convulsive seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, death 2-14 days after onset

111
Q

How do you diagnose Rabies?

A

Direct FAT - demonstrates rabies antigen; recommended by WHO and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
Demonstrate inclusion bodies “Negri bodies” (not all cases will show these)
RT-PCR - tests presence of RNA in brain of suspect animal
Isolation - intracerebral inoculation of weanling mice w/ fresh homogenized tissue (Mice develop encephalitis within 14 days)

112
Q

How do countries control Rabies?

A

Quarantine for 6 months (RV free countries)

Endemic countries: VX dogs and cats; wildlife VX

113
Q

What are recommendations for Dogs and Cats in regards to RV?

A

Pre-exposure: VX at 3 months; re-VX 1-3 yrs for life
Post-exposure: Un-VX - euthanize immediately or quarantine for 6 months; VX 1 month before release
VX’d but not current - evaluate on case-by-case basis
Vx, current - ReVX immediately and keep under owner’s control for 45 days

114
Q

Vesiculovirus….

A

Vesicular Stomatitis

Distribution: USA and Carribean

115
Q

What are the important serotypes for Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

Indiana - subtypes: Fort Lupton, Alagaos, and Coccal

New Jersey - more virulent and more widely distributed

116
Q

What hosts get Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

mostly cattle, pigs and horses in America; Influenza-like disease in Humans

117
Q

How is Vesicular Stomatitis transmitted?

A

breaks in the skin/mucous membranes
Arthropods - the virus replicates in black/sand flies, cullicoides, leaf hoppers, mosquitoes
Mechanical transmission - Musca domestica

118
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

virus enters body through break in skin –> localizes in mucous membranes of oral cavity and skin –> intraepithelial edema –> vesicles form that rapidly/extensively ulcerate –> common for entire tongue/teat to slough –> systemic in swine and lab animals

119
Q

What are the first CS of VSV in swine and horse?

A

hypersalivation and Fever

120
Q

What are the first CS of VSV in swine?

A

lameness

121
Q

What are the general CS of VSV?

A

vesicles on tongue, oral mucosa, teats, coronary bands that extensively ulcerate leading to secondary infections
profuse salivation, anorexia, lameness, rejection of suckling calves

122
Q

What are the most pronounced lesions in horses infected with VSV?

A

tongue lesions - - lesions are characteristic ONLY of VSV

123
Q

Where are VSV lesions are most commonly found in swine?

A

coronary bands and snout

124
Q

What does VSV in humans manifest as?

A

Influenza-like: headache, fever, myalgia, and weakness for 3-5 days

125
Q

How do you prevent/control VSV?

A

REPORTABLE!!! Quarantine!!!

126
Q

Bovine Ephemeral Fever AKA 3-day sickness

A

Etiology: Bovine Ephemerovirus
Host: Cattle, Water Buffalo
Distribution: Not in NA
Transmission: Arthropod-Borne (Cullicoides, Mosquitoes)

127
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Bovine Ephemeral Fever?

A

virus ass. w/ buffy coat fraction of blood
EARLY NEUTROPHILIC W/ ABNORMAL LEVEL OF IMMATURE NEUTROPHILS IN CIRCULATION - - “LEFT SHIFT”
increase in plasma fibrinogen and significant decrease in plasma calcium

128
Q

T/F - Bovine Ephemeral Fever is an inflammatory disease.

A

Truth!

129
Q

What are the most common lesions associated with BEF?

A

polyserositis affecting joints, pleural and peritoneal surfaces

130
Q

In BEF, What does the influx of neutrophils and increased permeability of serial vessels suggest?

A

influx of neutrophils and increased permeability of serial vessels suggests the virus may associate with an Acute Neutrophil-dependent immune complex Hypersensitivity

131
Q

What are the CS of BEF?

A

classically, it begins with a fever (bi-, tri- or polyphasic), inappetence, hyper salivation, serous nasal discharge, increased heart rate, dyspnea, stiffness, lameness

132
Q

Recovery from BEF is…

A

dramatic and complete within 2-5 days

133
Q

Some animals with BEF show weird symptoms like…

A

recumbency and paralysis for 8hrs - 1 wk

134
Q

How do you diagnose BEF?

A

Isolation is difficult.

Inoculate infected buffy coat cells into cell cultures derived from Aedes albopticus or IC inoculation of sucking mice

135
Q

Picornaviridae characteristics…

A 
spherical
NON-enveloped
icosahedral
smooth/round virions
single molecule of linear +sense ssRNA
Replication: cytoplasm
136
Q

Genomic RNA of Picornaviridae has what linked to its 5’ end?

A

Protein: VPg covalently linked to its 5’ end

Genomic RNA is infectious**

137
Q

Picornaviridae virions acts like what?

A

mRNA –> translated into polyPRO –> cleaved to yield 11/12 individual proteins

138
Q

What do most Picornaviridae viruses cause?

A

Rapid cell death with characteristic CPE

139
Q

What is an important difference between viruses in various genera of Picornaviruses?

A

have stability at low pH

140
Q

Avian leukosis Etx

A

Alpharetrovirus

141
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Dx Etx

A

Feline Lentivirus

142
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia Etx

A

Equine Lentivirus

143
Q

Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis Etx

A

Caprine Lentivirus

144
Q

Maedi/Visna Disease Etx

A

Ovine Lentivirus

145
Q

At what stage of gestation will a calf become a persistent carrier if the cow gets infected with BVD?

A

2-4 mnths

146
Q

Rabies Etx

A

Lyssavirus

147
Q

Prenatal cerebellar hyperplasia is caused by (2)

A

Feline Panleukopenia and BVD

148
Q

Hog cholera characteristics…

A

turkey egg kidney and button ulcer colon

149
Q

BVD Etx

A

Bovine pestivirus

150
Q

Hog cholera Etx

A

Porcine pestivirus

151
Q

West Nile Etx

A

Flavivirus

152
Q

Looping Ill Etx

A

Flavivirus

153
Q

Togavirus causing the most severe disease?

A

EEEV

154
Q

VEEV epizootic cycle –> Reservoir/Amplifying Host:

A

Equine

155
Q

Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis Etx

A

Equine alphavirus

156
Q

FMD attacks the…

A

Epidermis

157
Q

CS of FMD…

A

lameness, ulcers, Tiger Heart, Abortions

158
Q

FMD Etx

A

Apthovirus

159
Q

Avian Encephalomyelitis Etx

A

Avian Tremovirus

160
Q

Encephalomyocarditis Etx

A

Cardiovirus

161
Q

Vessicular Stomatitis Etx

A

Vesiculovirus

162
Q

Bovine Ephemeral Fever Etx

A

Bovine Ephemerovirus

163
Q

Newcastle Disease Etx

A

Avian paramyxovirus 1

164
Q

What is the exotic Newcastle Disease in the US?

A

Velogenic Viscerotropic

165
Q

What body systems does Newcastle Disease affect?

A

GI (Viscerotropic)
CNS (Neurotropic)
Lungs (Lentogenic)
Lungs (Mesogenic)

166
Q

Mark’s Disease lesions are commonly associated with…

A

nerve enlargement

167
Q

Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 Etx

A

Bovine parainfluenza virus-3

168
Q

Is Feline sarcoma v-onc+?

A

Yup

169
Q

Lentiviruses are NOT oncogenic. How long are the infections they cause?

A

Life-long

170
Q

What viruses infect T-lymphocytes?

A

Feline Leukemia and Sarcoma

171
Q

Feline Leukemia and Sarcoma Etx

A

Gammaretrovirus

172
Q

Bovine Leukemia Etx

A

Deltaretrovirus

173
Q

Bovine Leukemia vs. Sporadic Bovine Leukosis…

A

SBL has multicentric thyme and cutaneous forms

174
Q

What Feline Leukemia virus can be transmitted cat to cat?

A

FeLV-A

175
Q

FIV is mainly transmitted how?

A

BITES

176
Q

FIV and FeLV have this in common…

A

immunosuppression

177
Q

What tests do you need for Equine Infectious Anemia?

A

AGID and Coggins Test

178
Q

Caprine arthrits-Encephalomyelitis causes…

A

hard bag, interstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, and most commonly arthritis

179
Q

Canine Distemper Etx

A

Canine Morbillivirus

180
Q

Peste des petits in ruminants Etx

A

Caprine morbillivirus

181
Q

Bovine respiratory syncytial disease Etx

A

Bovine pneumovirus

182
Q

Is Rotavirus Reportable?

A

Nope

183
Q

Bluetongue, AHS, EEEV/WEEV/VEEV are all…

A

Reportable!

184
Q

What are the reservoirs for Bluetongue?

A

Sheep and Deer

185
Q

What are the reservoirs for AHS?

A

Zebras

186
Q

Dikkop…

A

subacute chronic horse sickness

187
Q

Dunkop…

A

acute pulmonary horse sickness

188
Q

Bluetongue Etx

A

Ovine orbivirus

189
Q

AHS Etx

A

Equine orbivirus

190
Q

Rotavirus Etx

A

Rotavirus Group A

191
Q

Avian reovirus Etx

A

Avian orthoreovirus

192
Q

Birnaviridae…

A

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). Gumboro Disease

193
Q

Infectious Bursal Disease Etx:

A

Avibirnavirus

194
Q

Predilection site of IBD

A

Bursal cells

195
Q

IBD is highly contagious and excreted in…

A

feces for up to 2 wks; infections

196
Q

Caliciviridae…

A

linear, ss +sense RNA
Genomic RNA is infectious
Replication: cytoplasm

197
Q

Feline Calicivirus..

A

highly infectious path. of cats
Etx: Vesivirus
CS: inapparent to mild or acute oral and upper respiratory disease, lameness - Limping Syndrome

198
Q

FCV-associated virulent systemic disease…

A

FCV-VSD - VX’s cats affected….current vaccines may not protect against FCV-VSD Disease
Path: ulceration of tongue, gingiva, hard palate, nasal cavity, pinnae, haired skin
mild hyperemia to sloughing of the entire foot pad
broncho-interstitial pneumonia and necrosis of liver, spleen, and pancreas
infection of endothelial cells resulting in vascular injury

199
Q

CS of FCV-VSD…

A

pyrexia, SubQ facial edema and limb edema, crusted lesions, ulcers, alopecia on nose, lip, ears, around the eyes, on footpads
anorexia, jaundice, alopecia, respiratory distress, epistaxis, ulceration and sloughing of foot pad

200
Q

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine…

A

acute, highly infectious disease characterized by fever and formation of vesicles on snout, oral mucosa, soles of feet, coronary band, and between toes
USA declared free of VESV in 1959

201
Q

Equine viral arteritis (EAV)…

A 
Etx Equine arterivirus
One serotype
Trans. Respiratory and Venereal
Carrier stallion is natural reservoir
Site of Replication: Macrophages and Endothelial cells
Generalized edema and hemorrhage
202
Q

CS of EAV in adult horses…

A

fever, depression, anorexia, limb edema (hind limbs), edema of prepuce, scrotum, mammary glands - - some horses develop urticaria

203
Q

Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome…

A

Swine mystery Disease, Blue Ear Disease, Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome
Etx: Arterivirus
Piglets born viremic and transmit the virus for 112 days after infection.
Clinical Phases: 1 - repro failure
2- post weaning respiratory disease

Virology - Final Exam Practice Questions (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions