Exam Review pt 2

Question 1

What does PCV mean?

Answer 1

Packed cell volume: the volume of blood occupied by RBCs

Question 2

What are the different layers of centrifuged anti-coagulated blood?

Answer 2

plasma, buffy coat, RBCs

Question 3

What does the buffy coat consist of?

Answer 3

platelets, WBCs, nucleated RBCs (if present)

Question 4

True or false: it is important to run more than one sample for PCV per patient

Answer 4

true; should see values within 1-2%

Question 5

What mechanism delivers oxygen to the blood?

Answer 5

hemoglobin

Question 6

What are the reference intervals for PCV for dogs?

Answer 6

37-55% or 0.37-0.55 L/L

Question 7

What are the reference intervals for PCV for cats?

Answer 7

27-45% or 0.27-0.45 L/L

Question 8

Plasma is the fluid component of blood. What is contained in plasma?

Answer 8

proteins, electrolytes, etcetera

Question 9

True or false: plasma is produced from coagulated blood

Answer 9

false; plasma is produced from ANTI-coagulated blood

Question 10

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 10

serum is just like plasma except the blood has CLOTTED before fluid is collected

Question 11

Will serum have a higher or lower protein content than plasma?

Answer 11

serum has a LOWER protein content due to coagulation

Question 12

Which tube do you collect blood for serum in?

Answer 12

red top tube

Question 13

How long does your blood sample need to sit before centrifuging for serum?

Answer 13

20 minutes

Question 14

True or false: it is okay to wait a while to remove the serum from a centrifuged blood sample

Answer 14

false; serum needs to be removed immediately and placed in a new red top tube

Question 15

List three causes of yellow plasma

Answer 15

hemolysis, liver disease, biliary obstruction

Question 16

What animals can have routinely yellow plasma?

Answer 16

large animals

Question 17

What is the scientific name for yellow plasma?

Answer 17

icteric

Question 18

What is lipemia?

Answer 18

white plasma

Question 19

List causes of lipemia

Answer 19

sample collected too soon after a meal, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, hyperadrenocorticism

Question 20

What is the cause of red plasma?

Answer 20

hemolysis

Question 21

True or false: poor technique for blood collection can lead to red plasma

Answer 21

true

Question 22

What organ of the body produces protein?

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

Will plasma protein values be the same as serum protein?

Answer 23

no, plasma should read slightly higher than serum

Question 24

Albumin and globulins are examples of what?

Answer 24

proteins

Question 25

What tool is used in clinic to measure protein?

Answer 25

refractometer

Question 26

What are the basic steps of using a refractomer to measure protein?

Answer 26

- zero with distilled water (should read 1.000) - apply the sample to the platform (serum or plasma) - read the SP scale (look for g/dL or g/100mL on scale)

Question 27

What is serum electrophoresis? Who performs it?

Answer 27

only performed at reference labs, breaks proteins into fractions

Question 28

What causes hyperproteinemia?

Answer 28

Hyperalbuminemia (dehydration), hyperglobulinemia (increased antibody production)

Question 29

What happens to protein values when a patient is dehydrated?

Answer 29

the relative amount of protein INCREASES as the patient dehydrates

Question 30

What causes hypoproteinemia?

Answer 30

hypoalbuminemia, caused by liver disease (therefore less protein being produced)

Question 31

What is the difference between thrombocytes and platelets?

Answer 31

the term thrombocytes can be used in all species (nucleated, non-nucleated thrombocytes), platelets can only be used for mammals (non-nucleated thrombocytes)

Question 32

What/where are platelets produced from?

Answer 32

Megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 33

What is the average lifespan of a platelet?

Answer 33

up to 3-7 days

Question 34

What are basic functions of platelets?

Answer 34

form plugs to seal holes (i.e. damaged blood vessels), initiate and accelerate coagulation mechanisms

Question 35

How would you comment on <8 platelets per field on a smear?

Answer 35

without clumping: thrombocytopenia with clumping: cannot comment

Question 36

How would you comment on >29 platelets per field of a smear?

Answer 36

with or without clumping: thrombocytosis

Question 37

What is the normal range of platelets per field for canine smears?

Answer 37

8-29

Question 38

What is the normal range of platelets per field for feline smears?

Answer 38

10-30

Question 39

What is the appropriate comment for 12-15 platelets/field for canine?

Answer 39

within normal limits

Question 40

Appropriate comment for 3 platelets/field with clumping for a canine smear?

Answer 40

cannot comment due to clumping

Question 41

Comment on 40-45 platelets/field with clumping on a canine smear.

Answer 41

thrombocytosis

Question 42

If platelets are clumped, how will this affect electronic counters results?

Answer 42

counts can be misleadingly low due to clumping

Question 43

What can happen with fat droplets and RBCs when using electronic platelet counters?

Answer 43

RBCs and fat can be mistaken for platelets; inaccurate results

Question 44

true or false: exercise and excitement can cause a high platelet count

Answer 44

true

Question 45

what are the three types of hematology analyzers?

Answer 45

buffy coat analysis, impedance counter, laser flow cytometry

Question 46

what are some limitations of buffy coat analysis?

Answer 46

inadequate separation of layers, grouping together of values (granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes)

Question 47

How many fields do you count when counting for a WBC estimate?

Answer 47

10 fields

Question 48

true or false: when estimating WBC count, you count only the nucleated cells in 10 random fields

Answer 48

true

Question 49

What role do neutrophils play in inflammation?

Answer 49

they release inflammatory mediators

Question 50

true or false: neutrophils can kill or inactivate bacteria

Answer 50

true

Question 51

what is the main function of eosinophils?

Answer 51

to deactivate histamine; increased number of eosinophils seen in allergic reactions

Question 52

How do basophils initiate inflammation?

Answer 52

release of their granules initiate inflammation

Question 53

What are some components of basophil granules?

Answer 53

heparin, histamine, serotonin and hyaluronic acid

Question 54

What other leukocyte is attracted to basophils by histamine and serotonin?

Answer 54

eosinophils

Question 55

Why would eosinophils be attracted to basophils? (think components)

Answer 55

basophils contain histamine and eosinophils have an anti-histamine

Question 56

Are we able to distinguish between types of lymphocytes (B, T, etc)?

Answer 56

no; only exception is plasma cells

Question 57

T-cells assist with ____ immunity?

Answer 57

cell-mediated immunity

Question 58

B-cells play a role in ____ immunity?

Answer 58

humoral immunity; b-cells become plasma cells (i.e. antibody production)

Question 59

Why are monocytes referred to as the "dump truck" cells?

Answer 59

they are phagocytic, collect large substances like necrotic debris

Question 60

what is commonly seen on a smear when there is inflammation present in a patient?

Answer 60

increased neutrophils-neutrophilia

Question 61

what will a smear contain/look like when a patient is having an allergic or parasitic reaction?

Answer 61

eosinophilia (occasionally see basophilia)

Question 62

what are the main functions of erythrocytes?

Answer 62

transport O2 and CO2, remove wastes from plasma/delivery to phagocytes

Question 63

where are erythrocytes produced in the body?

Answer 63

bone marrow

Question 64

what hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

Answer 64

erythropoietin; hormone from the kidney

Question 65

how long does it take for the full production of RBCs to take place?

Answer 65

4-6 days

Question 66

are immature RBCs larger or smaller than mature cells?

Answer 66

immature are larger cells

Question 67

why do RBCs settle to the bottom of the microhematocrit tube when centrifuged?

Answer 67

RBCs have highest S.G. out of all the components of blood

Question 68

what is the term for an increased PCV value?

Answer 68

polycythemia

Question 69

what is the term for decreased PCV value?

Answer 69

anemia

Question 70

what errors in your process can affect PCV results?

Answer 70

inadequate mixing of blood, dilution of blood by anticoagulant in under-filled EDTA tube, vigorous mixing of sample (hemolysis)

Question 71

what way do the sealed ends of microhematocrit tubes face when placed in the centrifuge?

Answer 71

sealed ends face OUTWARDS

Question 72

what will happen to your PCV if the sample is spun too fast or too long?

Answer 72

decreased PCV

Question 73

what will happen to our PCV if the sample is spun too slow or not long enough?

Answer 73

elevated PCV

Question 74

define: hypoalbuminemia

Answer 74

decreased albumin

Question 75

define: normoalbuminemia

Answer 75

WNL albumin

Question 76

define: hyperalbuminemia

Answer 76

increased albumin

Question 77

define: hypoamylasemia

Answer 77

decreased amylase

Question 78

define: normoamylasemia

Answer 78

WNL amylase

Question 79

define: hyperamylasemia

Answer 79

increased amylase

Question 80

define: hypobiliubinemia

Answer 80

decreased bilirubin

Question 81

define: normobilirubinemia

Answer 81

WNL bilirubin

Question 82

define: hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 82

increased bilirubin

Question 83

define: hypocalcemia

Answer 83

decreased calcium

Question 84

define: normocalcemia

Answer 84

WNL calcium

Question 85

define: hypercalcemia

Answer 85

increased calcium

Question 86

define: hypochloremia

Answer 86

decreased chloride

Question 87

define: normochloremia

Answer 87

WNL chloride

Question 88

define: hyperchloremia

Answer 88

increased chloride

Question 89

define: hypocholesterolemia

Answer 89

decreased cholesterol

Question 90

define: hypercholesterolemia

Answer 90

increased cholesterol

Question 91

define: hypofibrinogenemia

Answer 91

decreased fibrinogen

Question 92

define: hyperfibrinogenemia

Answer 92

increased fibrinogen

Question 93

define: hypoglobulinemia

Answer 93

decreased globulin

Question 94

define: hyperglobulinemia

Answer 94

increased globulin

Question 95

define: hypoglycemia

Answer 95

decreased glucose

Question 96

define: hyperglobulinemia

Answer 96

increased glucose

Question 97

define: hypokalemia

Answer 97

decreased potassium

Question 98

define: hyperkalemia

Answer 98

increased potassium