Exam Review pt 2 Flashcards
What does PCV mean?
Packed cell volume: the volume of blood occupied by RBCs
What are the different layers of centrifuged anti-coagulated blood?
plasma, buffy coat, RBCs
What does the buffy coat consist of?
platelets, WBCs, nucleated RBCs (if present)
True or false: it is important to run more than one sample for PCV per patient
true; should see values within 1-2%
What mechanism delivers oxygen to the blood?
hemoglobin
What are the reference intervals for PCV for dogs?
37-55% or 0.37-0.55 L/L
What are the reference intervals for PCV for cats?
27-45% or 0.27-0.45 L/L
Plasma is the fluid component of blood. What is contained in plasma?
proteins, electrolytes, etcetera
True or false: plasma is produced from coagulated blood
false; plasma is produced from ANTI-coagulated blood
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
serum is just like plasma except the blood has CLOTTED before fluid is collected
Will serum have a higher or lower protein content than plasma?
serum has a LOWER protein content due to coagulation
Which tube do you collect blood for serum in?
red top tube
How long does your blood sample need to sit before centrifuging for serum?
20 minutes
True or false: it is okay to wait a while to remove the serum from a centrifuged blood sample
false; serum needs to be removed immediately and placed in a new red top tube
List three causes of yellow plasma
hemolysis, liver disease, biliary obstruction
What animals can have routinely yellow plasma?
large animals
What is the scientific name for yellow plasma?
icteric
What is lipemia?
white plasma
List causes of lipemia
sample collected too soon after a meal, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, hyperadrenocorticism
What is the cause of red plasma?
hemolysis
True or false: poor technique for blood collection can lead to red plasma
true
What organ of the body produces protein?
liver
Will plasma protein values be the same as serum protein?
no, plasma should read slightly higher than serum
Albumin and globulins are examples of what?
proteins
What tool is used in clinic to measure protein?
refractometer
What are the basic steps of using a refractomer to measure protein?
- zero with distilled water (should read 1.000)
- apply the sample to the platform (serum or plasma)
- read the SP scale (look for g/dL or g/100mL on scale)
What is serum electrophoresis? Who performs it?
only performed at reference labs, breaks proteins into fractions
What causes hyperproteinemia?
Hyperalbuminemia (dehydration), hyperglobulinemia (increased antibody production)
What happens to protein values when a patient is dehydrated?
the relative amount of protein INCREASES as the patient dehydrates
What causes hypoproteinemia?
hypoalbuminemia, caused by liver disease (therefore less protein being produced)
What is the difference between thrombocytes and platelets?
the term thrombocytes can be used in all species (nucleated, non-nucleated thrombocytes), platelets can only be used for mammals (non-nucleated thrombocytes)
What/where are platelets produced from?
Megakaryocytes in bone marrow
What is the average lifespan of a platelet?
up to 3-7 days
What are basic functions of platelets?
form plugs to seal holes (i.e. damaged blood vessels), initiate and accelerate coagulation mechanisms
How would you comment on <8 platelets per field on a smear?
without clumping: thrombocytopenia
with clumping: cannot comment
How would you comment on >29 platelets per field of a smear?
with or without clumping: thrombocytosis
What is the normal range of platelets per field for canine smears?
8-29
What is the normal range of platelets per field for feline smears?
10-30
What is the appropriate comment for 12-15 platelets/field for canine?
within normal limits
Appropriate comment for 3 platelets/field with clumping for a canine smear?
cannot comment due to clumping
Comment on 40-45 platelets/field with clumping on a canine smear.
thrombocytosis
If platelets are clumped, how will this affect electronic counters results?
counts can be misleadingly low due to clumping
What can happen with fat droplets and RBCs when using electronic platelet counters?
RBCs and fat can be mistaken for platelets; inaccurate results
true or false: exercise and excitement can cause a high platelet count
true
what are the three types of hematology analyzers?
buffy coat analysis, impedance counter, laser flow cytometry
what are some limitations of buffy coat analysis?
inadequate separation of layers, grouping together of values (granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes)
How many fields do you count when counting for a WBC estimate?
10 fields
true or false: when estimating WBC count, you count only the nucleated cells in 10 random fields
true
What role do neutrophils play in inflammation?
they release inflammatory mediators
true or false: neutrophils can kill or inactivate bacteria
true
what is the main function of eosinophils?
to deactivate histamine; increased number of eosinophils seen in allergic reactions
How do basophils initiate inflammation?
release of their granules initiate inflammation
What are some components of basophil granules?
heparin, histamine, serotonin and hyaluronic acid
What other leukocyte is attracted to basophils by histamine and serotonin?
eosinophils
Why would eosinophils be attracted to basophils? (think components)
basophils contain histamine and eosinophils have an anti-histamine
Are we able to distinguish between types of lymphocytes (B, T, etc)?
no; only exception is plasma cells
T-cells assist with ____ immunity?
cell-mediated immunity
B-cells play a role in ____ immunity?
humoral immunity; b-cells become plasma cells (i.e. antibody production)
Why are monocytes referred to as the “dump truck” cells?
they are phagocytic, collect large substances like necrotic debris
what is commonly seen on a smear when there is inflammation present in a patient?
increased neutrophils-neutrophilia
what will a smear contain/look like when a patient is having an allergic or parasitic reaction?
eosinophilia (occasionally see basophilia)
what are the main functions of erythrocytes?
transport O2 and CO2, remove wastes from plasma/delivery to phagocytes
where are erythrocytes produced in the body?
bone marrow
what hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?
erythropoietin; hormone from the kidney
how long does it take for the full production of RBCs to take place?
4-6 days
are immature RBCs larger or smaller than mature cells?
immature are larger cells
why do RBCs settle to the bottom of the microhematocrit tube when centrifuged?
RBCs have highest S.G. out of all the components of blood
what is the term for an increased PCV value?
polycythemia
what is the term for decreased PCV value?
anemia
what errors in your process can affect PCV results?
inadequate mixing of blood, dilution of blood by anticoagulant in under-filled EDTA tube, vigorous mixing of sample (hemolysis)
what way do the sealed ends of microhematocrit tubes face when placed in the centrifuge?
sealed ends face OUTWARDS
what will happen to your PCV if the sample is spun too fast or too long?
decreased PCV
what will happen to our PCV if the sample is spun too slow or not long enough?
elevated PCV
define: hypoalbuminemia
decreased albumin
define: normoalbuminemia
WNL albumin
define: hyperalbuminemia
increased albumin
define: hypoamylasemia
decreased amylase
define: normoamylasemia
WNL amylase
define: hyperamylasemia
increased amylase
define: hypobiliubinemia
decreased bilirubin
define: normobilirubinemia
WNL bilirubin
define: hyperbilirubinemia
increased bilirubin
define: hypocalcemia
decreased calcium
define: normocalcemia
WNL calcium
define: hypercalcemia
increased calcium
define: hypochloremia
decreased chloride
define: normochloremia
WNL chloride
define: hyperchloremia
increased chloride
define: hypocholesterolemia
decreased cholesterol
define: hypercholesterolemia
increased cholesterol
define: hypofibrinogenemia
decreased fibrinogen
define: hyperfibrinogenemia
increased fibrinogen
define: hypoglobulinemia
decreased globulin
define: hyperglobulinemia
increased globulin
define: hypoglycemia
decreased glucose
define: hyperglobulinemia
increased glucose
define: hypokalemia
decreased potassium
define: hyperkalemia
increased potassium
