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Grade 11 Chemistry > Exam Review Notes > Flashcards

Exam Review Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

How many electrons can fit on each shell?

A 
First= 2
Second= 8 
Third= 18
Fourth= 32
Fifth= 50
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2
Q

In what order do you fill the shells?

A

2, 8, 8, 2, back one shell add 10, forward one shell add 6

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3
Q

What are protons?

A

equal to the number of electrons. It has a charge of +1 and a mass of about 1 amu

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4
Q

What are neutrons?

A

equal to the atomic mass- atomic number. It has a charge of 0 and a mass of about 1 amu

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5
Q

What are electrons?

A

equal to the number of protons. It has a hcarge of -1 and a mass of about 0 amu

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6
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. It has either gained or lst electrons to have a new charge

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7
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

an isotope with an unstable nucleus that decays into a different, often stable, isotope.

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8
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

When a large elements breaks up and releases helium with a mass f 4 and 2 protons and another element

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9
Q

What is beta decay?

A

When a large elements breaks up into another element and releases an electron (mass=0, charge=-1)

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10
Q

What is a half-life?

A

the time it takes for half the mass of a radioactive sample to decay. The length of time varies greatly and cannot be affected by external condiditons

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11
Q

What is transmutation?

A

when an element changes into another element through radioactive decay

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12
Q

What are strong forces?

A

force that holds the nucleus together. The strong force is the force of attraction between the nucleons an dis independent of the mass of the nucleons

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13
Q

What are electrical forces?

A

Force of repulsion between two positively charged protons and covers a long range.

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14
Q

When are nuclei unstable?

A
  1. when they have a large nuclei (force of repulsion is greater than the force of attraction)
  2. they have the wrong proton to neutron ratio
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15
Q

What are radioactive isotopes?

A

they have unstable nuclei and spontaneously emit a particle and decay into another element

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16
Q

What is the periodic trend for atomic radius?

A

increases from left to right across periods and down groups

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17
Q

What is the periodic trend for Ionization energy?

A

increase from left to right across periods and up groups

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18
Q

What is atomic radius?

A

the distance from the nucleus centre to valence electrons

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19
Q

What is ionization energy?

A

the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

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20
Q

What is the periodic trend for Electron affinity?

A

increase from left to right across periods and up groups

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21
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

the desire an atom has to gain more electrons

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22
Q

What is the periodic trend for re-activity for metals?

A

increase from right to left across periods and down groups

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23
Q

What is the periodic trend for re-activity for non-metals?

A

increases from left to right across periods and up groups

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24
Q

Which trends do not apply to noble gases?

A

electron afinity and re-activity

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25
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

the attractive forces between a negative ion and a positive ion

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26
Q

What is a covalent bond>

A

the attraction between atoms that results from the sharing of electrons

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27
Q

What is a multivalent bond?

A

A bond between a transistion metal and a non-metal

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28
Q

What are the prefixes?

A 
1= mono
2= di
3= tri
4= tetra
5= penta
6= hexa
7= hepta
8= octa
9= nona
10= deca
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29
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

atoms gain, lose or share electrons to have a valence structure that matches a noble gas. This does not apply to transition metals

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30
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

a covalent bond where the sharing is unequal and as a result one end is partially positive an done is partially negative

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31
Q

What is bonding polarity?

A

refers to how polar a bond is or how unequal the sharing is.

32
Q

If the EN is greater than 1.67……..

A

bond is more ionic

33
Q

If the EN is less than 0.4…….

A

bond is essentially non-polar

34
Q

If the EN is between 0.4-1.67……..

A

bond is polar

35
Q

If the EN is exactly zero……..

A

bond is truly non-polar

36
Q

What is the general solubility rule?

A

polar solvents dissolve in polar solutes. Non-polar solvents dissolve in non-polar solutes. LIKES DISSOLVE LIKES

37
Q

What is electrical condutivity?

A

only ionic compounds can conduct electricity and only when they are aqueous or molten

38
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

reaction releases energy so energy is a product

39
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

reaction needs energy so energy is a reactant

40
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

it accelerates the rate of the reaction and is shown when written above the arrow in a reaction.

41
Q

How is a precipitate formation shown?

A

by an arrow down

42
Q

How is a gas production shown?

A

by an arrow up

43
Q

What are the 4 types of synthesis reactions?

A
  1. Binary compound from 2 elements
  2. non-metal oxide and water react to form an oxyacid
  3. metal oxide and water react to produce a base
  4. metal oxide and non-metal oxide react to produce salt with and oxyanion
44
Q

What are the 3 types of decomposition reactions?

A
  1. Binary compound into elements
  2. Hydrogen carbonate into water and carbon dioxide
  3. Metal nitrate into metal nitrite and oxygen
45
Q

What are the 2 types of combustion reactions?

A
  1. complete combustion (produces carbon dipxide and water and energy)
  2. incomplete combustion (produces carbon dioxide, water, carbon, carbon monoxide and energy)
46
Q

What is corrosion?

A

slow combustion

47
Q

What are the 2 types of single displacement reactions?

A
  1. Metal-metal (or metal-hydrogen) Displacement

2. Halogen-halogen displacement (C is replaced)

48
Q

How do you determine if a single displacement reaction will occur?

A

You use the activity series and the element that was by itself but now entering a compound has to be higher on the activity series than the element that is currently in the compound

49
Q

What are the 3 types of double displacement reactions?

A
  1. AB + CD = AD + CB (normal)
  2. Neutralization (acid + base = salt and water
  3. Gas Evolution (H2S is actually a gas, H2CO3 breaks down into liquid water and carbon dioxide gas)
50
Q

How can you determine if a double displacement reaction will occur?

A

By looking at the solubility rules and seeing what the states of the products are. If they are all aqueous, no reaction will occur, if there is at least one solid, liquid or gas then a reaction will occur.

51
Q

What is an ionic equation?

A

an equation that shows all the aqueous compounds in dissociated form

52
Q

What is a net ionic equation?

A

shows only the elements involved in forming the precipitate

53
Q

What is the equation you use to go between moles and particles?

A

N = n x Na

54
Q

What is the equation you use to go between moles and mass?

A

m = n x Mm

55
Q

How do you calculate percent composition?

A

% element = Melement / Mcompound X100

56
Q

How do you go from the empirical formula to the molecular formula?

A

divide the molecular molar mass by the empirical molar mass then multiply your empirical formula by the value you get by doing this.

57
Q

What is the limiting reactant?

A

The reactant that limits the amount of product that it produced

58
Q

How do you find the limiting reactant?

A

find out how much product each reactant produces.

59
Q

What is the equation for percent yield?

A

actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100

60
Q

What is the equation to find the pH of an acidic solution?

A

pH= -log [H+]

61
Q

What is the equation to find the pH of a basic solution?

A

pH= 14+ log [OH-]

62
Q

What is the equation for dissociated acids?

A

[H+] = % dissociation/100 X [acid]

63
Q

How do you name a binary acid?

A

change the prefix to “hydro” and the suffix to “ic”

64
Q

How do you name an oxyacid?

A

ate endings become ic and ite endings become ous

65
Q

What is charles law?

A

V1/T1=V2/T2

66
Q

What is Gay-Lussac’s law?

A

P1/T1=P2/T2

67
Q

What is Avagadro’s law?

A

n1/V1=n2/V2

68
Q

What is the combined gas law?

A

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

69
Q

What is the ideal gas law?

A

PV=nRT

70
Q

What are the equations for partial pressure?

A

Ptotal= P1+P2=P3…..
OR
n1/ntotal= P1/Ptotal

71
Q

What is the law of combining volumes?

A

stoichiometry can be applied to gaseous products and reactants if they are under the same temperature and pressure.

72
Q

What is nitrogen narcosis?

A

having extra gas in your blood for a prolonged period of time. It can cause disoreientation and the extra gas dissolves due to the high pressure created by water depth

73
Q

What is the bends?

A

caused when gas dissolved in the blood stream is released too quickly as a diver ascends. This is a problem because the gas bubbles can get stuck in small blood vessels and cause blockages

74
Q

What are some altitude effects?

A

As altitude increases, pressure decreases causing a decreased amount of gas in the bloodstream making you feel dizzy. Your body responds by making more red blood cells to carry gases more efficiently.

75
Q

What are the percent components of the atmosphere?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.0387% carbon dioxide
0.034% argon

76
Q

What is ozone?

A

a layer in the stratosphere and it protects us from harmful UV rays. When hit with uv it decomposes into O2 and O then naturally synthesizes back together. Hwoever, it is poisonous at ground level and is a product when nitrogen oxides react with sunlight.

Grade 11 Chemistry (1 decks)

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