EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
Identify the levels of ecological organization referred to in each of the following examples :
A) Herring gulls fighting for east space on a beach
b) A honey bee using the sun to navigate to a patch of flowers
c) Biodiversity changes in the moral forest caused by climate change
d) A group of pine, maple, and oak tree fighting of access to legit in a patch of forest
A) Herring gulls fighting for east space on a beach
- population
b) Ahoney bee using the sun to navigate to a patch of
flowers
- individual
c) Biodiversity changes in the moral forest caused by climate change
- ecosystem
d) A group of pine, maple, and oak tree fighting of access to legit in a patch of forest
- Community
Match each competition term with its meaning below : Exploitative Interference intraspecific interspecific
Exploitative
Members of same species population use the same resource
Interference
Members of two different species population use the same resource
Intraspecfic
Fighting among community members over a resource
Interspecific
harvesting of the same resource by multiple population of the community
Compare and contrast the terms fundamental niche and realizes niche
Fundamental niche is defined as the entire niches that a species is potentially capable of using . This includes all of the interactions a species has within its habitat and community, its pattern of living, and its use of resources . It can be describes using the times and lactation where the species is active, where and how it gets its energy, which other species it interacts with and so on.
Realized niche is the actual niche that species occupies , based on local competitive conditions. The realized niche is usually smaller then the fundamental niches of the effect of competitor with other species
How did Dr. J.H connell show that related niches of the chthamalus was smaller then its fundamental niche
Connell removed semibalanus from the rocks below the low tide line to see if chthamalus could expand its population into that habitat. it did, which proved that fundamental niche of the chthamalus include habitat below the low tide line. the habitat actually occupied by chthamalus (its realized niche) was smaller than its potentially could have been , because of completion with semibalanus
Describe two example where organism have evolved adaptation to avoid predation
Morphology: Many species have developed body coverings to protect themselves against predator, for example the shell of a turtle or sharp quills covering a porcupine. The bodies of some species have adapted in order to escape predates, for example, the long legs of antelope and deer for running, or horn and antlers for fighting.
Chemical : Some species use the toxic compounds produced by the plants they eat to make them unpalatable, or even poisonous to predators . for example some toads and frogs have poison in their skin
Cryptic colouration: Many insects try to look like the parts of plants in order to hide from predators. For example, , the grasshopper can blend in wit its surrounds so that it looks like a blade of grass
Aposematic colouration: The adult monarch butterfly’s colouring is a dramatic pattern of orange, red and black , which warns potential predators that it does not taste good
Define Parasitism
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one species gains an advantage at the expense of the other
Describe two types of parasitism and provide an example of each one. Explain hoe your example demonstrates the parasitic relationship
Microparasite: Microscopic organism like bacteria and viruses can be parasites. For example, the bacterium , plasmodium , cause disease , malaria, by infecting the human hosts bloodstream and liver . Plasmodium is a parasite because it feeds off the host and the host is harmed as a result.
Macroparasite
Ectoparasite, such as fleas, attach to a host’s body - usually at the hairs’s roots - where they pierce the skin and feed on the host’s blood. They are parasites because they feed off the host and the host is harmed( as it is losing some blood and is potentially exposed to disease)
Which type of parasitism does not involve the consumption of resources from the host’s body
Social parasitism does not involve consuming the host’ body; it involves the parasite manipulating the social behaviour of its host. An example is brood parasitism in birds, where a brood parasitic bird, the cuckoo , gets the host bird to raise the cuckoo’s offspring for it
Identify the symbiotic relationship represented in each of the flowing cases and explain why the relationship is symbiotic
Honey bees have specially adapted hind legs that attract and collect pollen grains from the flowers that they vista for sector. Some of the pollen grains get passed on to the next flow they visit
- Mutualism: Both the bees and the flower benefit because the bees get vector , and in return , it transports the flowers pollen to another plant
Leafcutter ants chew leaves and then grow fungus on them as a food source for their colony
Mutalism : Both the ants and fungus benefit. The ants gets food, while the fungus gets both a place to grow and protection
A roundworm spends part of its life cycle in the digestive system of vertebrates and then migrates to the heart, where it causes cardiac diesease
Parasitism: The roundworm consumes energy inside the host, so the host will get sick and maybe die
Cribou, elk and white- tailed deer scratch away at the snow cover in search of food, making the ground available for other animals, like squirrels and birds, to find food in winter
- Commensalism: The squirrels and birds benefit from getting their food exposed, but the elk and caribou do not gain any benefit from the squirrels and birds
Barnacles attach to the skin of whales, which unwittingly transport them all over the worlds’ oceans. This cause no harm to the whales, but provides protection and a content supply of moving, food -rich water for the barnacles
- Commensalism : The barnacles benefit by getting free transport on the skin of the whales, as well as protection and access to of, whereas the whales do not benefit
Determine the population change for rabbits living on an island, given the information:
a) In 2008, 3 males and 6 female rabbits were introduce to the island. There were no rabbits there before. Over the next year, the population experiences 35 births and 16 deaths. no immigration or emigration. Determine the population size , the net population change ,and the percentage change over the year
b) In 2009, a bridge was constructed from the mainland to the island. over the next year, the population experiences 56 births, 23 deaths, 15 immigrants, and 5 emigrants. Determine the percentage change in population over the year
a) The net population change of rabbits on the island in 2008 is determined using the equation:
(b + i) - (d + e)
= (35+0) - (16+0)
The population size at the end of 2008 was 9+19 = 28
The percentage change in population is :
= Net population change divided by n times 100
19
___ times 100 = 210 %
9
In 2008 , the population of rabbits on the island increased by 210 percent
b) The percentage change in the rabbit population in 2009 was:
= (56+15) - (23+5)
______________times 100
28
= 153.6%
In 2009, the population of rabbits increased by approx 154 %
The number of individual in a given population is symbolized by the letter ——
N
The intrinsic rate of increase, is also known as the —-
Biotic potential
Biotic potential
is the rate at which population could grow if resources were unlimited, and is represented by letter r
Population will grow to the limits of their —–
environments , which puts a capo on the number of individual , this number is called carrying capacity and is symbolized by the letter k
Population growth model
attempts to account for the amount of resources that a given population’s habitat has
available to sustain it , it is called the logistic growth model
Logistic growth model
When graphed, the model displays an s- shaped or sigmoid curve . This curve can be broken up into 3 phases
What are the three phases of the linguistic growth model
First phase characterized by period of slow, constant, arithmetic increase and is called lag phase
Second phase characterized by rapid growth, moving quickly from slow growth to an exponential growth pattern and is called log phase
Third phase characterized by flattening out of the line into a plate , indicator that the growth rate is zero and thus population is no longer increasing for this reason phase called stationary phase
Theoretically, what prevents the unlimited exponential growth of natural populations, causing them to eventually display a logistic growth pattern?
For natural populations, the resource are unlimited. one or more resources determine the carrying capacity for species ,in particular environment. As those resource limits are reached, the population growth slows until it stops growing completely and levels off . this causes the initial exponential growth pattern(j curve) to change into sigmoid or s-shaped curve, of the logistic growth model
Identify each of the following as representing either a denity- independent or a density- dependent effect.
The population of motion pine settles decline rapidly after application of a pesticide
As the number of leopard fronts in a pond increases, the birth rate decreases.
- Density - independent
An extremely cold winter with aloof of precipitation results in the freezing of a hard crust over the ground . Wood caribou numbers decline
- Density- dependent
A small population of Eastern marmot( a type of groundhog )shows a rapid increase in population size, despite no noticeable change in weather pattern or vegetation
- Density independent
A hurricane passed over two islands( A and B), at full force. Before the storm, the population of ground squirrels on Island A was 25 and was 259 on island B. The population on the island after the storm were 2 and 1 , respectively
- Density- independent
The population of motion pine settles decline rapidly after application of a pesticide
As the number of leopard fronts in a pond increases, the birth rate decreases.
- Density - independent
An extremely cold winter with aloof of precipitation results in the freezing of a hard crust over the ground . Wood caribou numbers decline
- Density- dependent
A small population of Eastern marmot( a type of groundhog )shows a rapid increase in population size, despite no noticeable change in weather pattern or vegetation
- Density -independent
A hurricane passed over two islands( A and B), at full force. Before the storm, the population of ground squirrels on Island A was 25 and was 259 on island B. The population on the island after the storm were 2 and 1 , respectively
- Density- independent
Calculate the crude density of a population of northern leopard frogs( Rana pippins) if 165 individuals were found in a wetland habitat with an area of 125 m^2
calculate the ecological density of the front population if the wetland and habitat has a section of road in it that takes up 20 m^2 of the total area
a) The crude density is determined as :
D = N
____
S
= 165
______
125
= 1.32 frogs per m^2
b) The ecological density is determined as :
DE= N
\_\_\_
SE
= 165
\_\_\_\_\_\_
125- 120
= 165
\_\_\_\_
105
= 1.57 frogs per m^2
Organism that have a large number of offspring , most of which do not survive to adulthood, exhibit type —– survivorship
Type iii
Species that have an equal chance of surviving at any age exhibit type ———- survivorship
Type ii
Species that typically have a small number of offspring that we well taken care of by their parents, and thus usually survive into adulthood , exhibit type ——–survivorship
Type 1
A human population has a high proportion of elderly individual and relatively few young . Do you predicts its size will increase or decrease ? Why ?
It will portably decrease in size.This is because few births will occur, since most people in the population will be beyond their child- bearing years
List 3 factors that are mainly responsible for determining the human carrying capacity on the planet
standard of living
Ability to find or create new resources
capacity of the earth to deal with our waste
