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BIO152 > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines have 2 rings whilst pyrimidines have 1

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic enhancer sites?

A

DNA sites where regulatory proteins bind to activate transcription.

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3
Q

What are the roles of euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

In a eukaryotic chromosome, euchromatin is DNA undergoing transcription, whereas heterochromatin is highly intranscribed DNA.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of nuclear pores?

A

They allow for the passage of rna into the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

In which direction does RNA polymerase synthesise RNA?

A

5’ to 3’

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6
Q

What are promoters?

A

Promoters are regions of a DNA molecule where RNA polymerase binds.

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7
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

tRNA molecules decode the mRNA base sequence into an amino acid sequence.

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8
Q

What happens for the initiation of eukaryotic protein synthesis?

A

The ribosomal subunit binds the mRNA molecule and the met-tRNA to initiate translation.

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9
Q

What are centrioles mainly composed of?

A

Tubulin

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10
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

The structure on chromatids where spindle fibres attach

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11
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of cytoplasm to form two genetically identical elements daughter cells.

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12
Q

What is the spindle composed of?

A

Microtubules and their associated proteins.

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13
Q

Why are X-linked recessive single gene diseases more common in men?

A

Men are hemizygous for the X chromosome having only one X chromosome.

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14
Q

What happens during the prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down.

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15
Q

What is one benefit to asexual reproduction?

A

Genetic stability.

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16
Q

Where does synapsis during meiosis occur?

A

Between two homologous chromosomes

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17
Q

The dominance relationship of A and B alleles of the ABO blood type is and example of?

A

Co-dominance

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18
Q

Can stem cells divide indefinitely?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are the two types of filaments in muscle cells?

A

Thick and thin

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20
Q

Why is aerobic respiration the most efficient way for your muscles to generate energy? (6)

A

It generates 36 ATP per glucose compared to substrate level phosphorylation which generates 2 ATP per glucose. Reoxidation of NADH via glycerol phosphate shuttle = 2x2ATP = 4ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation in TCA cycle = 2GTP = 2ATP. ETC/oxidative phosphorylation of NADH 8x3 = 24ATP. ETC/oxidative phosphorylation of FADH2 = 2x2 = 4ATP.

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21
Q

If aerobic respiration is no longer available what can your muscle cells do? (4)

A

Switch to lactate fermentation. Conversion of glucose to lactate via glycolysis. Generates 2 ATP. Allows reoxidation of cytoplasmic NADH generates via glycolysis.

22
Q

What can you muscle cells do if they run out of glucose? (4)

A

Gluconeogenesis. Conversion of glucose to pyruvate releases energy. Not all energy is ATP. To reverse the reaction we need to put the total energy back into the system.

23
Q

What are the events of a eukaryotic cell? (4)

A

G1: growth phase, cell contents duplicates (except DNA)
S: DNA replicated
G2: DNA checked for mutations, repaired
M: mitosis and cytokinesis (cell division)

24
Q

What are the control points of a eukaryotic cell?

A

G1-S transition (restriction point)
G2-M transition
Metaphase-anaphase transition

25
Q

Describe the process of mitotic cell division.

A

Mitosis: divides duplicated chromosomes, one compete copy enters daughter cell. Cytokinesis: divides cytoplasm between two daughter cells, occurs during M-phase (telophase)

26
Q

What’s the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

In meiosis there are two rounds of cell division. In meiosis I: homogeneous pairs of chromosomes separate and division goes from diploid (4n) to haploid (2n). In meiosis II: no DNA replication and sister chromatids separate.

27
Q

Where is ATP synthase attached?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane.

28
Q

Do mitochondria contain DNA?

A

No

29
Q

Do bacteria contain mitochondria?

A

No

30
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that forms peptide bonds between amino acids in the synthesis of a protein?

A

Peptidyl transferase

31
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Organisms that produce CH4 as an end product of anaerobic respiration.

32
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

33
Q

What is the monomeric unit of RNA

A

A pentode sugar bound to a purine or pyrimidines base and a phosphate group.

34
Q

What happens to RNA in transcription?

A

It is synthesised in a 5’ to 3’ direction to form the template DNA strand.

35
Q

What happens in the initiation of translation?

A

A complex is formed between the small ribosomal subunit, the mRNA and the first aminoacyl-tRNA and then the large ribosome subunit binds to this complex.

36
Q

How do tRNAs bind?

A

They bind to the target codon via the anticodon loop.

37
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that results in the insertion of a stop codon into the protein sequence acid is what type of mutation?

A

A nonsense mutation.

38
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective.

39
Q

How many litres of blood do adult humans have?

A

5-7L

40
Q

What percentage of body weight does blood contribute to humans?

A

~7-8%

41
Q

Where does blood develop?

A

In the mesenchyme.

42
Q

Where is most DNA located?

A

In the nucleus but some occurs in the mitochondria.

43
Q

What is DNA usually present as?

A

Chromatin

44
Q

What is DNA called when it wraps around histone proteins?

A

Neucleosomes.

45
Q

In the lac operon, lac genes are transcribed in the presence of lactose because:

A

Lactose binds to the repressor protein.

46
Q

In the lac operon lac genes are not transcribed in the presence of glucose and lactose because:

A

The is no cAMP to bind to CRP

47
Q

What is one morphological change that happens during apoptosis?

A

The formation of membrane bound apoptotic bodies.

48
Q

What happens during necrosis?

A

There is a loss of membrane integrity followed by and uncontrolled release of cellular products into the extra cellular space.

49
Q

What can necrosis be a result of?

A

External factors such as infection, toxins and trauma.

50
Q

Why do muscles switch to lactate fermentation after oxygen is depleted?

A

Allows reoxidation of cytoplasmic NADH via glycolysis. This is essential to continue glycolysis without any net loss of resources.

51
Q

Why does gluconeogenesis require 3x as much ATP as glycolysis?

A

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate releases energy but not all that energy is captured as ATP. We need to put all that energy back into the system to reverse the reaction.

52
Q

What is the difference between a gamete and a genotype?

A

A genotype consists of two gametes. For example: gamete is FF and TT and the genotype of the offspring of these two parents would be FFTT

BIO152 (16 decks)

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