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SBI 4U Biology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell membrane is mostly composed of what?

A

Proteins and Lipids

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2
Q

The structure within a cell that resembles a stack of plates is known as what?

A

The golgi body

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3
Q

Mitochondria will not be found in which organisms?

A

Archaebacteria

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4
Q

A cell is placed in an unknown solution. After some time, it begins to shrink. What is true about the solution?

A

It had a lower water concentration than the cell

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5
Q

In active transport, molecules move _______ the concentration gradient.

A

Against

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6
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

Endocytosis

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7
Q

A saturated salt solution compared to a normal cell would be a ________.

A

Hypertonic solution

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8
Q

Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis are accomplished by the ________.

A

Cell membrance

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9
Q

A process that involves the secretion of large amounts of material at once from a cell is called ________.

A

Exocytosis

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10
Q

Chefs often place salad greens in water to make the vegetables crispy. What organelle is principally responsible for this increase in plant cell rigidity?

A

The central vacuole

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11
Q

What are some organelles within an animal cell?

A

Lysosome, Vesicle, Microfilaments, Golgi Body, Centriole, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Mitochondria, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Ribosomes, Vacuole, Cytosol, Cell Membrane

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12
Q

What similar features do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have? What are their major differences?

A

They both can contain a cell wall and membrane, and cytoplasm. The difference is that prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles.

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13
Q

Explain the fluid mosaic model (know how to draw a diagram).

A

Means that a cell membrane is not rigid, but contains phospholipids that can move (“fluid”) around, and a variety of proteins (“mosaic”) that are randomly embedded within the membrane and are able to change shape.
Diagram should include: glycoproteins, hydrophobic tails, hydrophylic heads, transport protein, and phospholipids.

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14
Q

Explain the endomembrane system and the organelles that are involved.

A

The group of interacting organelles that are between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The organelles involved are: Nucleus (& Nucleolus), which make ribosomes, the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, which produced proteins from the ribosomes, Vesicles, which transport proteins to the golgi body, Golgi Body, which sorts and packages proteins and lipids, then ships them to the cell membrane, and the Plasma Membrane, which is the site of exocytosis.

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15
Q

What happens when an animal cell is placed into a hypertonic solution?

A

The cell will shrink because there will be more solute than solvent, so the net movement of water will be out of the cell. This is the process of Osmosis.

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16
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed into a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell will remain the same size, despite the movement of water being into the cell. This is because the vacuole is able to hold the excess of water within the cell and keep it from bursting. The movement of water is called Osmosis.

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17
Q

What is the name of the molecule that is made up of two glucose molecules?

A

Maltose

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18
Q

What process forms two monosaccharides together?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Why is the storage of triglycerides important?

A

Triglycerides are responsible for long term energy storage.

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20
Q

Which functional group contains a double bonded O, and a hydroxyl group?

A

A carboxyl group

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21
Q

What are the bonds called between amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

A

Peptide bonds

22
Q

What does a 1,4-glycosidic linkage refer to?

A

The 1st carbon of a glucose bonding to the 4th carbon of another glucose.

23
Q

What is a sub-unit of a polysaccharide?

A

Simple sugar

24
Q

Which type of carbohydrate stores glucose for later use?

A

Glycogen

25
Q

Dehydration synthesis between a glycerol and three fatty acids results in what?

A

A triglyceride

26
Q

What type of lipid is found solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fats

27
Q

What molecule contains a phosphate functional group?

A

Nucleic acids

28
Q

Which level of protein involves coiling and folding due to hydrogen bonds?

A

Secondary structure

29
Q

What molecule is not a polymer?

A

Nucleotide

30
Q

What are the functional groups in an amino acid?

A

Amine group and Carboxyl group

31
Q

How do amino acids bond together?

A

Through a carbon - nitrogen bond. Water is removed through an OH from one molecule, and a H from the other.

32
Q

How do glucose molecules bond together?

A

Between the two hydroxyl groups (connected by an O)

33
Q

What are the bonds called that hold polysaccharides together?

A

Glycosyl bonds

34
Q

How does the structure of carbon support the diversity of hydrocarbons?

A

Four electrons in outer orbit, so can either gain or lose, and can bond to four other atoms (high bonding capacity). It is a relatively small atom, and it can bond to other carbon atoms.

35
Q

How do polar covalent and non-polar bonds differ?

A

Polar covalent are formed when the diff. in En is between 0.5 and 1.7, and the electrons are shared unequally. Non-polar is formed when the diff. in En is less than 0.5, and electrons are shared equally.

36
Q

Define electronegativity and describe how it is used to classify bonds.

A

It is the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons towards itself. Is used to classify bonds by determining which atom has a stronger pull on the electrons, and by how much in comparison to the other atom (diff. in En)

37
Q

Explain what a functional group is and give two examples.

A

It is a group of atoms that work as a group and determine certain properties of a molecule.
Ex: hydroxyl group (make polar) and a sulfhydryl group on cysteine (forms disulfide bridges and forms the structure, which gives a function)

38
Q

The label on a bottle of vegetable oil claims that the oil does not contain any saturated fat. Do you believe this, why or why not?

A

Yes, because saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature and come from red meat or dairy products. However, vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature and is comes from plants, which normally are unsaturated.

39
Q

List two functions of lipids in the body.

A

Insulation, store vitamins

40
Q

List two functions of carbs in the body.

A

Provide energy, store sugars for later use

41
Q

List two functions of proteins in the body.

A

Support/shape cells, increase the speed of chemical messaging

42
Q

List two functions of nucleic acids in the body.

A

Provide energy (ATP), protein synthesis (RNA)

43
Q

A hydrolysis reaction involving water and a polypeptide results in what?

A

Amino acids

44
Q

What cell structure is connected to the nuclear envelope?

A

The ER

45
Q

Can enzymes be used more than once?

A

Yes, they can be used many times

46
Q

What would have the largest effect on enzyme activity?

A

Introducing a strong acid

47
Q

Which type of molecule forms a bilayer within the membrane?

A

Lipids

48
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate molecule

49
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Produce ribosomes

50
Q

Which organelle stores and packages proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

51
Q

Isomers are molecules that:

A

have the same molecular formula, but different structures

52
Q

The large diversity of protein structure is due to:

A

the different numbers, kinds, and sequences of amino acids

SBI 4U Biology (2 decks)

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