EXÅM REVIEW Flashcards
How does the Classical theory define organizations and their structure?
*Formal in design - Chain of command, use of authority, subdividing work among employees and specification of tasks to be done.
What is the Chain of command under Classical Theory?
Hierarchy or authority with leadership responsibility. Provides authority to a few who in turn can use power to direct action (Manager of a store uses power to control employees).
What does a Tall span of control mean under the Classical Theory?
A long hierarchical workforce typically with a CEO, managers, then Supervisors, Team leaders, and finally employees. (Think Walmart).
How does the Humanistic Theory view organizational structures?
Positive social aspects of employment and special attention to employees with increase employee productivity. Believes that a Formal authoritative approach cannot work unless participants are willing.
How does the Systems Theory view organizational structures?
Productivity is an interplay among structures, people, technology, and the environment. Typically involves a revolving door mentality (i.e. input into the system, throughput [manipulation of object within the system], output, return of product to environment).
In other words, A patient enters the hospital from the outside world. They receive treatment inside the organization (Throughput), then they are returned to their original environment.
Differentiate between open and closed systems within the systems theory approach to organizations.
Closed systems: Self-contained and usually have little interaction with outside world. (Physical sciences)
Open systems: Interacts with the environment outside the organization. Resources brought into organization -> these are formed into a product -> exported back into environment.
Explain the contingency theory and how it defines organizational structure.
Organizations are enhanced by matching their structure/function to the environment they are found in.
(Collingwood hospital specializes in orthopaedic surgeries…. because so many stupid people from the city come to Blue Mountain and break their legs trying to snowboard).
(Hello Kitty operates in Japan, because Japanese teens go crazy over that kind of weird shit).
Explain chaos theory and how it defines organizational structure.
Organizations and the nature of their relationships is not a straight and predictable line. Adaptation is important for organizations to stay afloat. Believes that once organizations get comfortable and complacent, they die.
Walmart has to offer XXXXL to their customers, because most of the customers who shop for clothes there wear XXXXL clothes.
Explain the complexity theory and how it defines organizational structure.
Originates with computation technology and believes that random events occur and cannot be predicted. These affect the function of an organization and therefore all random forces must be considered and planned for.
(Hospitals planning for a massive bacterial outbreak. Unlikely to occur in rural hospitals, but they still plan for it because it could happen.)
How do All the organizational theories differ from one another? Classical Humanistic Systems Contingency Chaos Complexity
Classical - Believes in authority and control with sound organizational structure
Humanistic - Focuses on Social interactions and improved employee workplace conditions
Systems - Productivity is an interplay with the environment around the organization (Imports and Exports)
Contingency - Organizational performance should replicate outside environmental needs. (Specialized hospitals or clinics)
Chaos - Adaptation is Key to organizational success. Constant re-assessment of function and structure is crucial.
Complexity - Organizations cannot foresee random events and must try to plan for all possibilities in order to survive.
Differentiate between Formal and Informal leadership.
Formal - Legitimate authority based upon job description. Nurse manager, Nurse practitioner.
Informal - Exercised by staff which are essentially equal in position but lead through actions/thoughts/ideas and influence efficiency of workplace.
What is Quantum Leadership?
Reality is constantly shifting, and a change that occurs in one part of a system affects all… therefore roles are fluid and based upon outcomes. Everyone typically shares equal roles, and managers or formal leaders typically facilitate roles.
What is transactional Leadership?
Social exchange -> a give and take kind of system whereas actions should be mutually beneficial. Aims to equilibrium/status quo and maximizing self-interests
Define transformational Leadership
Leadership style that seeks to inspire and motivate others by focusing on interpersonal relationships.
NO concern with the status quo, but initializing revolutionary changes that unite a common cause
What is Shared leadership?
Believes that everyone is responsible for the fate of the organization and the organizational structure is comprised of many leaders.
Differentiate between:
Self-directed teams
Shared governance
Co-Leadership
Self-directed teams: Manage their own activities such as planning, scheduling, duties.
Shared governance: Decision-making is conducted by representatives; those who have to make tough choices for the collect whole.
Co-leadership: When 2 people work together to execute a leadership role
Explain Lewin’s change theory model.
Change is brought out by driving forces that push people towards a desired direction. Climate is warming up (Driving forces), activists are petitioning and trying to bring about change (Change agent).
Forces that impede change are called “Restraining agents”, they push people from the problem.
Unfreezing/moving/refreezing
Briefly explain Lippit’s Change theory model.
Emphasizes participation of key members of the target systems to enact change.
Climate change -> needs the involvement of politicians who can control factors affecting climate change.
Explain Havelock’s change theory model.
Change agents use participatory approaches to others in order to recruit and create other change agents.
Explain Roger’s Change Theory Model.
Key People and policy makers MUST be interested in the innovation and committed to making it work.
Similar to Lippit
What are the 4 steps of the change process. BRIEFLY describe each step.
1) Assessment:
I.D. the problem, Collect data, I.D. driving and restraining forces. I.D. Solutions
2) Planning:
Who? How? When?
Plan resources that will be needed
3) Implementation:
Change
Ensure compliance to change
4) Evaluation:
Did it work?
Was it effective?
Stabilize the change by refreezing
