Exam Review

Question 1

What was the incident at the Lake of the Woods?

Answer 1

• A large Sioux war party surprised the French fur traders at their first encounter which led to a number of dead bodies being found, including, Jean Baptiste.
• The Sioux had attacked to avenge an earlier raid which the Assiniboine had used French guns supplied by French explorer, Pierre La Verendrye.
• The Lake of the Woods massacre marked the turning point in Verendryes career as an explorer and fur trader.
• Verendrye lost his monopoly following this massacre.

Question 2

Who was Pierre La Verendrye?

Answer 2

• Canadian born, explorer
  who was granted a large portion of land along the St. Lawrence River and became governor of the Trois-Rivieres.
• Granted a monopoly to trade furs in unexplored territory west of Lake Superior.
• His explorations pressed the search for furs and religious converts westward.
• The pursuit of the three French goals - furs, exploration and spreading the faith - lead to the formation of alliances with Aboriginal groups, which lead to making enemies of other Aboriginal groups.
• La Verendrye sided with the Assiniboine and Cree peoples,. Unfortunately, these trade alliances resulted in French bloodshed such as the incident at the lake of the woods.

Question 3

What are the three views of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and the Americas?

Answer 3

1. We Have Always Been Here - Based on creation stories where the elders speak of their ancient ancestors who were put here by powerful spirits and supplied them with all the resources needed to live off the land.
2. The Land Bridge Theory - Researchers believe that during the last ice age 80-120,000 years ago, the northern tips of Asia and North America were joined by the land bridge and hunters and their families moved towards this area chasing game. Critics argue that this route would have been too cold and no evidence.
3. The Coastal Route Theory - Considers the possibility that Asian hunters and fishers crossed the narrow Bering Strait during a warmer period, using islands as stepping stones following the west coast.

Question 4

What is the Archaic Period?

Answer 4

• Between 6000 and 1000 years BCE
• Ancient period in the history of Aboriginal peoples which came as the last ice age melted away and the environment began supplying ancient peoples with more varied resources.
• The Archaic Period marked the development of great variety among the indigenous cultures of Canada.

Question 5

What are the three stages in initial meetings between indigenous peoples and Europeans in the past?

Answer 5

1. Contracts - short encounters, usually peaceful, sometimes with displays of flags or crosses
2. Collisions - Subsequent meetings often marked by misunderstandings, leading to violence and death
3. Relationships - Over time, trade, alliances, religious conversion and colonization took place.

Question 6

Who was John Cabot? What was his significance?

Answer 6

• Italian navigator contracted by England’s Henry VII in 1497 to explore new lands across the Atlantic.
• Reached the “new found isles” (Newfoundland) where codfish was plentiful.

Question 7

Who was Jacques Cartier?

Answer 7

European explorer who in 1534 was authorized by the kind of France to search for a passage to Asia and any riches he could find.

He took three expeditions to Canada in which he made contact with the Aboriginals.

His voyages along the St. law

Question 8

What were the effects of early contact between the Aboriginals and the Europeans?

Answer 8

• The extinction of the Beothuk tribe is one of the most significant effects of contact
• In 1507, Corte-Real captured 57 Beothuk adults and shipped them back to Portugal for slavery where many of the captives died of smallpox, measles and the flu.
• By the early 19th century, the Beothuk were rarely seen as diseases, displacement and guns had all taken their toll and the Beothuk had become extinct.

Question 9

What were the goals of exploration during the “Age of Exploration”?

Answer 9

• To claim new territories to increase personal and national wealth.
• To spread Christianity. Priests often accompanied the explorers and territories were claimed in the name of God.
• New knowledge - to learn about the extend of the world beyond Europe.

Question 10

Age of Exploration

Answer 10

• These voyages of exploration helped spread European language and power worldwide

Question 11

Who was Samuel de Champlain? What was his significance?

Answer 11

• French explorer who arrived in Canada in 1603.
• He was a skilled negotiator who recognized the importance of establishing and keeping friendly alliances with the Aboriginals.
• Gathered info about his Aboriginal allies by travelling widely himself to learn their language and culture
• Skilled designer and cartographer
• Mapped the St. Lawrence Valley and found the remains of the French settlements of Hocheleaga and Stadacona.

Question 12

Acadia and Port Royal

Answer 12

In the 1600s, Champlain and soldiers, priests etc. were brought to build a colony along present day New Brunswick. In return for a monopoly, he had to convert them to Christianity.

• A small Acadian settlement was built. However, the island was not protected from Atlantic winds.
• Monts and Champlain moved the settlers to present day Nova Scotia and called it Port Royal.
• There was a strong sense of hospitality in Mi’kmaq culture that Europeans were allowed to take land for their own use, however, these values conflicted with the Acadians’ own sense of private property.
• Quebec settlement grew slowly

Question 13

Describe the Fur Trade After 1604

Answer 13

• As the demand or beaver hats increases, so did the efforts to get more raw material.
  1. French investors - Investors would be granted a monopoly which gave them exclusive rights to trade with Aboriginals within New France.
  2. Fur Traders - Worked for the investors and were expected to establish trading posts and to take care of all the details.
  3. Aboriginal Peoples - At the centre of the fur trade bc they were the middlemen who controlled the resource. The Huron used to bring their furs to Quebec, taking nearly a month.. They used alliances and travelled in groups for safety. However, the Dutch traders formed alliances with the rival Iroquois and supplied them with guns. By the 1640s, it became difficult for the Huron to bring their furs to Quebec and the company of One Hundred Associates ceased to exist.
  4. French Hatters - Hat-making was a skilled trade so only a well-established master hatter could deal with the luxury item.
  5. Customers -

Question 14

Effects of the early missionaries in New France?

Answer 14

Following the reforms of Martin Luther, the power of the Catholic Church was challenged and as a result, the Catholic Reformation came about which led to the formation of two religious groups - the nuns of the Ursaline order and the Jesuit Order

• The Jesuits worked to gain the trust and confidence of the Aboriginals in order to convert them to Christianity. However, many of the Huron died due to diseases such as smallpox. The Jesuits also divided the culture and weakened its traditional structure.
• The aim of the Ursaline sisters was to establish residential schools in Quebec where they would educate the children of Catholic Aboriginals. This was the beginning of the dreadful Residential schools.

Question 15

What was the long lot system?

Answer 15

A seigniorial system in which habitants were required to turn over a certain portion of their crops or provide days of free labour to pay the seigneur for the right to hunt and fish on the seigneury, access to the mill, etc.

It was a system of payment similar to the society of France but more lenient/

Question 16

What was mercantilism?

Answer 16

System used in which countries sought colonies, either to supply valuable resources to to produce income to help the mother country pay for reserves.

• System by which nations acquired and used colonies to increase their national wealth.
• The French new colony of New France was vital for boosting their wealth.

Britian used this sustem in its North American colonies which was a factor that sparked the american revolution.

Question 17

What were the Congés and the coureurs de bois?

Answer 17

Congés were legal fur traders with licenses and coureurs de bois were “runners of the woods” - men who would enter the western country illegally to live among the Aboriginals and trade with them.

Question 18

How did Jean Talon increase New France’s population?

Answer 18

• Was the first intendent of New France, born in 1626.
• He rewarded early marriage with a monetary wedding gift for young men and women.
• He forced bachelors to marry: a law required young bachelors to marry potential brides sent to New France or they would lose their rights to hunt, fish, or trade furs
• Encouraged large families, offering an annual pension to families with 10 children, and even more for a dozen.
• This succeeded and Quebec continued to have the highest birth rate in Canada until the mid-20th century
• Effective administrator who a brought about peace and security. Because New France’s population increased, they secured France’s claim to the territory. The settlers grew more crops and began to export food to France.

Question 19

What was the society of New France made up of?

Answer 19

1. Aboriginal peoples - There were to groups in the eyes of the French - those with whom they made trade alliances with and the others. Policies were much friendlier toward Aboriginal trade allies. The French hoped to convince the Aboriginals of the St. Lawrence Valley to give up hunting and take up farming. They did this by converting them to Catholicism. The next was to enrol their children in residential schools.
2. Women - Most women in New France either married or entered religious life in a Catholic convent. Women could not hold public office and mainly had a domestic role.
3. Farmers - Farmers of the seigneurial system were about 80 percent of the population of New France. The centre of family life was the farm home.
4. Towns and Townsfolk - Quebec was the largest and most important town in which commercial and administrative functions took place. Businesspeople, government officials, military, servants lived here. Townsfolk and habitants were connected by commerce. on market days, local farmers would bring crops, livestock into town to sell.

Question 20

What was Acadia and who were the Acadians?

Answer 20

• Those in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
• When Royal Government came to New France in 1663, Colbert, the finance minister, had little interest in Acadia as a source for wealth. As a result, no military was organized, making them an easy target for attacks by trade rivals which disrupted Acadian life through the destruction of property. France and England went to war over their colonial empires, and England gained control of Acadia.
• Small colony with 2-3k Aboriginals and 10k French Acadiens who shared good relations.
• Many Aboriginals settled near the Acadiens, and conversions to Catholic faith and intermarriage became common. The Church was the centre of community social life.
• Following the Treaty of Utrecht in which France gave up Acadia, tensions between Britain, France and Aboriginals grew. In 1755, the Acadians refused to sign a new oath of allegiance, which no longer excluded them from fighting against France. They seized all Acadian property and ships and deported it to American colonies.
• Most of Acadians were shipped away and their farmlands were taken over by British settlers.

Question 21

European Conflict - France

Answer 21

Louis XIV (1643-1715) came to France’s throne at age 23 and was the best example of absolutism in which all the power belongs to the ruler. Reigned from 1643 to 1715.

• Remembered for saying “I am the state”.
• In order to establish his strong and stable reign he made some changes. He moved the central policy-making into the Palace of Versailles. By doing so, Louis was able to run his court, rule over his country and receive important visitors all under one roof.
• He removed the high-ranking nobles and royal princes from the royal council. He replaced these nobles and princes with minsters from upper middle class who had no blood relations at the court.
• Established three councils - the court of state, the court of finances and the court of dispatches - presiding over all three. This way he maintained a firm grim on all gov’t affairs.
• created a standing army - meaning it maintained even in peace time. This army allowed France to dominate European politics for years to come.
• became known as the Sun King, famous for a brilliant court and a sound successful reign. Because of him, France has become the dominant European power and the influence of French culture was evident all around.
• Appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as financial minister. Colbert believed in mercantilism in which the government regulates economic activity based on the idea that national wealth will lead to international power. Because of him, France went from owning only 18 vessels, to 276 in 20 years. Colbert wanted to increase the funds in the royal treasury and reduced income taxes and increased indirect taxes such as road tolls and shipping taxes. He believed that if the rich has more money at their disposal, they would spend it on local goods, therefore, improving the French economy.

Question 22

European Conflict - Britain

Answer 22

During the early years of Louis XIV’s reign, England fell into political turmoil and went through a bitter civil war. Eventually, monarchy was restored, and was ruled under a constitution.

• Through mercantilism, britain gained control over several colonies, particularly, the Thirteen Colonies in North America who were rich in cotton, rice and tobacco.
• by 1740, over 900,000 people in these colonies contributed to britain’s wealth by buying british manufactures and paying taxes on every import, from stamps to tea which angered the colonists and led to the Boston Tea Party.

The commercial interests of France and Britain were colliding

Question 23

The Seven Years War

Answer 23

• 1756-1763
• The Seven Years War (1756-1763) was the largest imperial war of the 18th century and pitted England and France against each other. The surrender of New France to the British was one of the most significant results of this war. It changed the landscape and increased trade and fighting around the world.
• Principle benefits were given to the colonizers.
• Aboriginal peoples look at this period as one of loss and destruction.

– Britain fought France for colonial supremacy. Britain took New France and made it into the British colony of Canada.

• Great Britain and Prussia vs. France and Austria
• British colonists wanted to expand into western American colonies (meant more trade, more wealth)
• Britain gained the final victory and emerged as the most important colonial power in the world. French were disorganized as their local militia had never trained together.
• Because the war was so expensive, to pay for the cost of the war, the British heavily taxed the colonists in the Americas on items like sugar, tea, paper etc.

Question 24

What was the Treaty of Utrecht?

Answer 24

Religious differences split the union as the southern provinces formed a Catholic union called the Union of Arras in 1579, and accepted Spanish control, while the northern provinces formed a Protestant union called the Union of Utrecht and rejected Spanish control.

Question 25

What were the causes of the Seven Years War?

Answer 25

• Britain’s attempts to strengthen its empire and weaken their rivals’ led to a series of wars in the mid 18th century.
• Britain fought France for colonial supremacy. Britain took New France and made it into the British colony of Canada.
• Events along the Ohio River frontier sparked the war as France claimed the valley, but the English disputed this because the French left no markers that they had been there
• The English built a fort in this area and made a treaty with their Iroquois allies and began to survey the land for settlement. In counter, France an army to build their own fort in the area and drive out the English. In 1754 George Washington marched into the area and attacked the French. The war was not officially declared by either side for another 2 years, but it was underway unofficially.

Question 26

Consequences of the Seven Years War

Answer 26

Aboriginal and Indigenous people were not invited to the Paris negotiations so their land was traded about without regard of first occupancy.

• British commander refused to observe the historic agreements of the Aboriginals.
• Chief Pontiac believed the British wanted to destroy the Aboriginal culture so he led a coalition in 1763 that attacked Traders and settlers.
• In October 1763, the Royal Proclamation was issued by the British to calm the Aboriginal fears about the loss of land.
• The Acadiens and Quebec Merchants also experienced loss as many wealthy French chose to leave for France, reducing the local market for luxury goods. The merchants could no longer trade directly with their suppliers in France because the mercantile system forced the colony to trade with the mother country.
• After the Treaty of Paris, Acadiens returned to their homeland only to have it taken over by New England settlers.

Question 27

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Answer 27

• Issued by Britain to calm Aboriginal fears about the loss of land.
• Forbade anyone except the official agents of the king from buying Aboriginal land.
• Placed limits on the territory that the settlers of Quebec could occupy.
• Made English law the law of Quebec, making for the destruction of the seigneuries .
• Threatened the Aboriginal peoples because of the possibility that the British would encourage settlers from the 13 Colonies to move to their land.
• Supreme Court of Canada acknowledged the importance of the treaty in 1873 and it is the legal basis for Aboriginal land claims in Canada.

Question 28

The Quebec Act of 1774

Answer 28

Second attempt following the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

• Reversed almost everything in the Royal Proclamation.
• Established wide boundaries for Quebec. Quebeckers could now hunt and trade furs over a much larger area.
• Restored French law. The seigneuries were legal again.
• Established a council appointed by the governor to pass laws. Catholics could sit on the council, which they could not do in Britain or any other colony.
• Respected Aboriginal claims to much of the land that had not yet been developed for settlement.
• Very significant as it was this that stopped Quebec from joining the American side of the American Revolution as it allowed them to practice their Catholic faith, extended the border,

Question 29

Who were the Loyalists?

Answer 29

The people that did not support the American Revolution and wanted to live under British rule.

• Following the Treaty of Paris, many of these people began to move from the US to what is now Canada.
• Some moved because they did not support the Revolution whilst others wanted the free grants of land being offered.
• Ethnic Loyalists did not receive the same treatment as others due to prejudice and bigotry.
• Constitutional Act of 1791 pleased the Loyalists because it established English criminal and civil law in Upper Canada.
• Had a great influence on development of Canada. There were no elections for public officials until the Loyalists demanded them. Their arrival also threatened the security of the Aboriginals.

Question 30

What was the Constitutional Act of 1791?

Answer 30

• Divided Quebec into two parts. Lower Canada and Upper Canada.
• Each colony would have an elected assembly to pass laws.
• English criminal law would apply to both colonies. This pleased everyone because the Loyalists were used to English law and the French approved because it was less harsh than French law.

Question 31

Disputes between the Thirteen Colonies and British

Answer 31

Taxation matters - British parliament increased taxes in order to pay for the expensive wars. American leaders said that they had no approved the tax increases “no taxation without representation”

• They were uncertain over the future of the western lands as they were worried that the British might would extend Quebec’s border.
• As tensions rose, the British passed the Quebec Act, extending the Quebec border.
• Americans were furious and in 1776 finally declared their independence from Britain when the American Revolutionary War broke out.

Question 32

What was the American Revolutionary War?

Answer 32

1776-1783

• Britain and American colonies went to war
• Although the British were expected to win because of their experienced army and navy, this counted for little because the British underestimated the Americans and used foolish tactics. Furthermore, the revels were fighting on home territory where they could get supplies locally.

Britain were defeated in 1783

• The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 between Britain and American colonists recognized the independence of what soon came the United States
• American constitution was established based on Enlightenment principles. The United States was to become the most influential member of the west. It was a symbol of freedom for the oppressed peoples.
• Established a constitution and a system of government that remains largely unchanged to this day.

Question 33

Effects of the American Revolution on the Aboriginals

Answer 33

• Aboriginals lost their bargaining power because previously, they were able to play the British and French against each other. Now, only the British were in power.
• Joseph and Mary Bryant were the leaders of the Six Nations - a highly influential Mohawk society that was responsible for the rejection of the Americans and supporting of the British.
• Six Nations people had supplied fighters for the British army, but their claim to the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region was not mentioned in the Treaty of Pairs.
• Instead they were granted a tract of land along the Grand River - a small reward.
• Six Nations story summarizes the Aboriginal experience. Settlers and governments constantly made elaborate promises to respect Aboriginal territory.

Question 34

What were the cases of World War 1?

Answer 34

Nationalism - Loyalty words ones own country or cultural group, this nationalism also included the belief that a cultural group should fight to have its own independent country. Austria-Hungary had strong nationalistic sentiments of people who wanted their own country.

Imperialism - Creation of an overseas empire by taking over territories. Disputes would occur over borders, for example between nations.

Militarism - Principle nations of Europe built up their military forces and used shows of strength to impose wills. Germany had a strong army, whilst Britain had the strongest navy. However, Germany began to build up its own navy and to counter this, Britain constructed the biggest battleships ever made.

Alliance system - European nationalism led to the development of political alliances between nations. Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria Hungary and Italy, while Britain aligned with France and Russia creating the Triple Entente. If any one of these were to have war declared on them, their alliances would automatically be at war.

Question 35

What was the immediate cause of World War I?

Answer 35

Austria-Hungary was allowed to occupy and control Bosnia.

The political assassination: Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian while visiting.

Austria immediately accused the Serbian government of behind behind the assassination.

Although the assassin was tried and imprisoned, other demands made of Serbia by Austria-Hungary were not met to their satisfaction.

Question 36

Canada and World War I?

Answer 36

Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, and that same day Canada and the rest of the empire were automatically at war too.

• Army grew to 33,000.
• By October 1914, a convoy of 32 ships filled with Canadians sailed for England training for trench warfare.
• At first, there was no shortage of volunteers because more than half of Canadians were of British origin. However, when Sam Hughes, the minister of militia, publicly criticized Quebec for its disloyalty due to their low enlistment rates, any remaining French-Canadian enthusiasm was quashed.
• Later Aboriginals were allowed to join

Question 37

Battle of Vimy Ridge

Answer 37

• Important because it marked a turning point in the growth of Canada’s identity.
• On April 9, 1917, Canadian troops began a sudden assault on Vimy Ridge and in just four days, Vimy Ridge was taken.
• Although there were many casualties, nationalist feeling ran high in Canada

Question 38

The War Measures Act

Answer 38

• Borden presented the War Measures Act
• It gave broad powers to the prime minister and his cabinet advisers, allowing the mto act on certain measures without parliamentary debate
• Limited some of the basic rights and freedoms of Canadian citizens
• Allowed the arrest, imprisonment and even deportation of people from Canada without charges or trial.

Some examples of wartime activities include the censorship of newspapers, magazines and even letters from the front lines, and the government made extensive use of propaganda messages to promote enlistment.

• Immigrants from central Europe were most affected. Anyone born in Germany, Austria-Hungary etc. was under suspicion of siding with the enemy.

Question 39

Womens Involvement in WW1

Answer 39

• Contributed by filling in many of the jobs left open by military recruits.
• Undertook fundraising activities
• Operated the Patriotic Fund to collect money to help support the families of soldiers oberseas
• Campaigned for the right to vote. By the end of the war, women were voting in 5 provinces.

Question 40

Conscription

Answer 40

• By 1917, Canada had sent 500k troops to the front lines. Casualties began to outnumber enlistments.
• Borden decided upon conscription. The country was split along English pro conscription and French anti-conscription.

Question 41

How did World War I change Canada?

Answer 41

World War I had many important effect on Canada.

• It left the country with a large national debt to pay for borrowing costs for military spending.
• The war was directly connected to women getting the right to vote in federal elections and most provincial elections.
• Many soldiers returned physically or mentally broken
• Halifax experienced an explosion that killed 1600 and injured 900.

In the longer term, World War I had important effects on Canadian independence and identity. Never again would the country automatically go to war as a loyal member of the British Empire. No longer did the people of Canada view themselves as loyal subjects of Britain.

• Canadians felt a strong sense of national pride in the achievements of their military, especially after Vimy Ridge.
• Later in 1917, General Arthur Currie became the first Canadian to take command of the entire Canadian military. Prior to this, top command was always British.
• Borden insisted Canada have a say in the direction of the war. Britain organized the Imperial War Cabinet and Borden presented Resolution IX which recognized Canada as independent within the British Commonwealth.
• After the war, the Paris Peace conference drafted the Treaty of Versailles. Borden successfully insisted that Canada have a seat at the conference
• One provision of the Treaty of Versailles was the formation of the League of Nations. Canada quickly joined as an independent member nation.
• In 1922, when Britain demanded that the dominions send troops to protect soldiers against Turkish nationalists, the prime minister responded that Canada would not send any military assistance without having a vote of parliament to approve the matter
• In 1923, Canada and the US signed the Halibut treaty - they agreed upon sharing fishing resources off the Atlantic coast. It was Canada’s first independent international treaty and Prime Minister Mackenzie King refused ot have British officials sign on it.
• Developments during World War I set Canadian independence in motion. Although WW1 was a painful milestone, it contributed to a growing sense of nationalism and lead to its autonomy.

Question 42

What was the Treaty of Versailles of 1919?

Answer 42

• Severely impacted Germany. They were to not have an air force, the navy was restricted, and Germany had to pay reparation payments of approx. 30 billion for the damage caused.

Question 43

Impact of the Great Depression on Germany?

Answer 43

Germany was left in political chaos, and popular support for Hitler and Nazis increased which turned Germany into a one-party state under Hitler as dictator.

• The Nazi Party succeeded in reducing employment by rebuilding armed forced, despite being forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.
• However, diplomats were willing to appease the Germans in order to cause further turmoil.

Question 44

Affects of Appeasement

Answer 44

• Made it easier for Hitler and the Nazis to reclaim territory lost in 1919. By early 1930, it was clear the the appeasement policy had failed.
• After Nazi forces invaded Poland, Britain declared war on Germany.

Question 45

When did World War II begin?

Answer 45

September 3, 1939 and ended May 1945.

Question 46

When did World War I begin and end?

Answer 46

July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918.

Question 47

Canada’s Part in World War II

Answer 47

• Canada made an independent declaration of war on Germany on September 13, 1939.
• Many French Canadian members of the public opposed another European war, but accepted the vote of Parliament because the PM had pledged in March 1939 to avoid conscription if war came. However, by 1942, it loo
• In World War II, women became part of the fght, as 45,000 joined new divisions created for the mi nthe army, navy and air force.

At home, women filled the employment gaps left by enlisted men like wW1.

• The BCTAP (British Commonwealth Air Training Plan) was arguable one of Canada’s greatest contribution to the second world wa.r. It brought economic prosperity to the country as a whole as well as t othe small communities. It established 151 schools across Canada and turned out 131k graduates.

Question 48

Statute of Westminister

Answer 48

1931

Declared Canada and the Commonwealth members equal in national status to Britain.

Question 49

What were the effects of WW2 ON cANADA?

Answer 49

• Canada boasted the world’s third-largest navy and fourth largest air force.
• By the end of the war, Canada ranked behind only the US and Soviet Union.
• During the summer of 1945, a number of nations, including Canada established a more powerful body to maintain peace. Canada was an independent founding member of this new organization and served on the security council.
• Canadian lawyer set up the Human Rights Division in the uNITED naTIONS.

Question 50

Lord Durham’s Report

Answer 50

• Recommended the union of Upper and Lower Canada into one legislature. He hoped that this union would cause French Canadians to become assimilated into English Canadian society.
• Also recommended that a form of responsible government be instituted.
• In 1838, the British government accepted his first recommendation but not the second.

Question 51

The Union of Canada East and Canada West and Confederation

Answer 51

In 1841, the British government, acting on Lord Durham’s proposal, united Upper and Lower Canada with the Act of Union

• What had been two colonies became Canada, now Canada East and Canada West.
• Nova Scotia opposed confederation as it was the most populous and prosperous colony among the four Atlantic colonies. However, the pressure from the British colonial office and the threat of American aggression persuaded them that it might be a good idea.
• For New Brunswick, the threat of the Fenian (a secret society of Irish Americans who believed that by attacking the British in Canada they could end British rule in Canada) raiders caused many to consider Confederation.

At the Charlottetown Conference, the PEI politicians hoped to gain support for their tenant-farmers cause and get a promise of financial support to help them buy out the absentee landlords. However, they never received that support and this was the major reason as to why they didnt join confederation until 1873?

• Newfoundland did not take much interest in confederation until 1864 as it was such a new colony and did not have a responsible governent

Question 52

What was the major reason PEI did not join confederation until 1873?

Answer 52

At the Charlottetown Conference, the PEI politicians hoped to gain support for their tenant-farmers cause and get a promise of financial support to help them buy out the absentee landlords. However, they never received that support and this was the major reason as to why they didnt join confederation until 1873?

Question 53

Charlottetown Conference

Answer 53

1864

• Came about because of Arthur Gordon, the governor of Nova Scotia who wanted the governors of the Atlantic colonies to discuss the possibility of a union of the Atlantic colonies. By the end of this summer conference, there was a general agreement that the principle of a federal union could benefit all.

Question 54

The Quebec Conference

Answer 54

In 1864, the delegates arrived in Quebec City to sort out the details regarding confederation.

Many arrived in hope that a political union would mean an opportunity to extend or build railways.

The result was a compromise - a federal system, in which each province would have its own legislature, and powers were divided between the federal and provincial governments

Question 55

What colonies rejected Confederation?

Answer 55

Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland rejected confederation and Nova Scotia wanted to leave.

• They felt that they were being dragged into confederation to address the needs of central Canada.
• Since they were distant and only had a population of a little more than 600k, they felt they would constantly be outvouted in the House of Commons.

Question 56

Ruperts Land Act

Answer 56

• Ruperts Land consisted of all of the land that drained into Hudson Bay
• Ruperts Land Act was the largest real estate deal in history

Question 57

The Red River Rebellion

Answer 57

Was the sequence of events related to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by the Métis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Colony, in what is now Manitoba.

• In 1870, an agreement was reached and Canada’s 5th province, Manitoba was born.
• By accepting most of Riel’s List of Rights, the Manitoba Act created the new land as an officially bicultural and bilingual province.
• However, the Metis victory was short lived as Macdonald ordered troops to Red River to control any further uprising from the Metis. This military expedition terrorized the Metis.
• Led to a huge decrease in Buffalo which resulted in a a decline in fur trade - the main source of income for many mETIS.

Question 58

North-West Rebellion -

Answer 58

In 1876, Ottawa passed the Indian Act which had many discriminatory terns such as loss of status if an Aboriginal voted

• While Aboriginals initially resisted signing these treaties, the loss of land, starvation etc. forced them to to agree to them.

The Metis and Cree called for more militant action and turned to Louis Riel who was in hiding but sent a “Bill of Rights” to Ottawa demanding settlement. He was charged with high treason.

• To French-speaking Roman Catholics, Riel was a defender of Catholic rights.

Question 59

Railroad CPR

Answer 59

• Symbol of Confederation as it was the reason many provinces agreed to join

Today, the Canadian Pacific Railway symbolizes unity and progress as it was originally formed in an attempt to unify Canada and Canadians from coast to coast, and that it did (Cpr.ca, n.d.). The Canadian Pacific Railway is largely accredited for the Canadian Confederation as it was the promise of John A. Macdonald to build a railway to British Columbia within ten years that led many of the provinces to join Confederation. Although many problems were encountered along the way, including the development of the most efficient route, William Cornelius Van Horne, the new general manager managed to keep the building project on course and on July 4, 1886, the first transcontinental train arrived at the Pacific Ocean. Today, along with being a national symbol, many argue that the Canadian Pacific Railway “made the country” as the tracks of the railway brought hundreds of thousands together and was the “bands of steel that gave definition to a scattered and distant people” (Brune, 2003). Finally, the completion of the CPR led to numerous engineering achievements and tremendous growth in the economy; the longest railway bridge in Canada was engineered in Lethbridge, Alberta and railway companies and banks held some of the most influential power at the time. Although the Railway was primarily noted for carrying people and goods from province to province, economic exchanges with the United States, the Orient and Europe were also paramount as it played a distinguished role in industrialization by linking existing markets, opening new markets and creating employment (Prefontaine, 2006). Had it not been for the Canadian Pacific Railway– the

Question 60

Effects of the War of 1812

Answer 60

• Between Canada/Britain and US

Following the War of 1812 the relationship between the inhabitants of British North America, United States and Britain was forever changed. Although the Second Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the United States, conflict continued between the two states over issues regarding fair compensation for the Loyalists, concerns relating to Britain’s most recent war with France and the British people’s hesitancy to giving up all their forts in the Ohio Valley. Although, the war ended with no concessions to both sides, it did have a significant impact on Canada. The War of 1812 united the French-speaking and English-speaking colonies against a common enemy - the United States of America - the colonists began to view themselves differently than the British in a number of ways (Warof1812-history.org n.d.). Laura Secord, for example, despite being born in the United States, did not hesitate to take action against her former nation as she felt strong ties and loyalty to the British Crown. “Canadian” loyalty was no longer questioned as they were unified under one common goal. The result was Upper and Lower Canada merging to form the Province of Canada, with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia soon joining (Yuhao Wu, n.d.). For Great Britain, this war did not weigh greatly in terms of significance as it was miniscule in comparison to the defeat of Bonaparte at Waterloo. On contrary, the Americans weighed this war heavily for the result was international respect for managing to hold off Great Britain - one of the strongest military powers at the time. Still, this respect did not spread to all as an “anti-American” sentiment was growing amongst many. John Goldie, a Scottish author and Botanist, for example, wrote “many of the Inhabitants here hate the Yankees as the Devil, and wish to have another opportunity of shooting a few of them” (Yuhao Wu, n.d.). The British government also altered the immigration policy by limiting the number of Americans that could cross the border and in 1815, a new law made its way to the forefront, one that prevented Americans from “taking an oath of allegiance required to obtain Crown land”, further obstructing the flow of immigration (Yuhao Wu, n.d.). Although at first glance, these consequences

Question 61

National Policy:

Answer 61

The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A. Macdonald’s Conservative Party in 1876 and put into action in 1879. It called for high tariffs on imported manufactured items to protect the manufacturing industry.

• Helped

Question 62

How did the Industrial Revolution change Canada?

Answer 62

• Formerly production has been a small-scale activity normally centred in a home within a rural environment. Now it was more centralized, and produced new products at lower prices.

Changed the way of life from one of primarily agriculture and countryside to one of industrialization. It represented a gradual system of change in agriculture, society, trade, and industry

The impact of the Industrial Revolution was profound

• Changes to cotton production and eventually textile production furthered urbanization, increased consumerism, and automation (spinning wheel, weaving etc.) and led to the factory system which replaced the cottage industry.
• Due to the introduction of machines, many artisans were put out of jobs leaving them to find other sources of low-paying work.
• However, factories required a lot of employees - many of these were women and children as they were cheaper than men. However, they worked in unsafe and appalling conditions due to the danger of losing ones hand or arm in these machines.
• Population growth which led to urban migration due to the factory system being concentrated near coal and water.
• Poor working conditions, low wages, and overcrowding in cities
• By 1871, 1 in 6 Canadians lived in a town or city, and by 1900 that number was 1 in 3.

Question 63

Pacifists:

Answer 63

those who opposed war on moral or religous grounds.

Question 64

Canada’s One Hundred Days

Answer 64

In March 1918, the Germans led a full-scale attack on the Allies on the Western Front.

Arthur Currie led the Canadians who captured more than 5,000 Germans on the first day. August 8 went down in history as the “black day” for the German army.

Question 65

What was the Winnipeg General Strike?

Answer 65

Winnipeg building trades wanted increased wages and the metal workers demanded recognition as a union.

• Violent skirmishes between ppolice and strikers.
• Police began to fire shots into the crown, numerous were injured and many were arrested. Became known as “bloody saturday”

Question 66

The Persons Case

Answer 66

• Landmark decision in women’s rights
• In 1919, the Womens Institutes of Canada passed a resolution urging the prime minister to appoint a female senator.
• They were refused on the grounds that the terms of the BNA act do not consider women as persons an therefore could not be appointed.
• Emily murphy led the group of 5 activists who petitioned the government to direct the Supreme Court to rule on the concept of “qualified persons” which they did not. They appealed and the decision was reversed.

Question 67

World War 1 Essay

Answer 67

Although World War I, or “The Great War” – as it was known prior to world War II – had devastating effects on a global scale, including approximately 37 million casualties, one cannot deny the tremendous growth that it had on Canada as a nation. It was at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the pinnacle of World War I, that Canada defeated Germany and made a name for themselves on the world stage; this helped Canada gain a seat at the Peace Conference which would later have a monumental impact on their independence. Finally, it was because of World War I that woman finally began to play a bigger role in society and were given the right to vote and run for office in some provinces.

Canada’s role at the Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first key step in Canada’s road to independence. It is a battle regarded for its symbolism as it helped develop a unique identity amongst Canadians and put Canada on the map as a true and capable fighting force. Canada encountered a turning point in Canadian military history when Arthur Currie was appointed as military general on April 9, 1917 - It was through his rigorous and extensive preparation that led to greater confidence amongst soldiers. Germany, one of the leading military forces at the time had an upper hand as the gradual slopes of the Ridge favoured them, however, it proved to be only a miniscule obstacle for the Canadian soldiers as only three days later, they managed to capture the”Pimple”, marking the end of this bloodshed filled battle. It was here that Canada gained international recognition for their brave, successful efforts against a country, that not even the French or the British could defeat, despite holding militaries with greater experience. The Canadian soldiers had come out with their heads held high, demonstrating to the world that it was a menacing, but reliable army.

Following Canada’s historic win against the Germans at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, was a significant step to independence - the Treaty of Versailles.At the Imperial War Cabinet of 1917, organized by Britain’s Prime Minister, Lloyd George, Borden helped Canada gain further awareness when he presented “Resolution IX” which argued that Canada and other Dominions “deserved recognition as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth” (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2001) To many, including Sir Robert Borden, Canada was viewed as more than a country under the British Crown, they were a nation, because of this, Borden argued that he have an independent seat at the Paris Conference, of which they received due to their formidible war efforts, despite much opposition. This was an unprecedented step towards independence as Canada was now able to exert control over foreign policy decisions separate from Britain, which increased Canada’s worldwide prestige (Umanitoba.ca, n.d.). It is because of this symbolic seat that Canada was able to win yet another seat at the League of Nations in 1927.

Finally, at the end of World War I, Canada was recognized worldwide as a “power nation”, capable of fending for themselves;  it is because of this that they became a founding member of the League of Nations - the final significant influence in Canada’s future autonomy. Although the organization ultimately failed in achieving its primary goal - collective security and preservation of peace - Canada served on the council from 1927 until 1930, just one year before the Statute of Westminster was signed. Canada’s admission into the League was valued for they were viewed as a neutral state who could play an important role in increasing the meager number of states “whose impartiality in European affairs was obviously more possible than for those Continental members with embarrassing commitments”(Soward, 1929). Canada could act as an “intermediary” in controversial issues between countries without a degree of biasness.  For the most part, Canada was welcomed into the League of Nations with open arms -  the Manchester Guardian, for example, in an article stated that Canada’s election expressed the desire of the Assembly to “choose a North American Anglo-Saxon country which could be a direct mouthpiece of the great Republic” (Soward, 1929).  As Canada’s Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King said, Canada’s entrance into the League of Nations showed a definite recognition of Canada’s individuality as a nation. 

Canada’s road to independence was spurred by their historic victory against the Germans at Vimy Ridge, it was then that Canadian nationalism was born. Canada’s autonomy could be compared to that of a“domino effect” in which a chain reaction occurred following the win at the Ridge. Soon after, Canada signed the Treaty of Versailles separate from Britain and was admitted into the League of Nations, both of which were crucial in gaining Great Britain’s respect which would prove to be of great significance in 1931 when the Treaty of Westminster was signed.

Question 68

The Quiet Revolution

Answer 68

A series of fundamental reforms that changed Quebec under the rule of Maurice Duplesis

• Created a provincial department of education and removing control from Catholic Church
• Created provincially owned electricity company
• Creation of a Quebec Pension Plan
• Special agencies to help small businesses and boost employment
• Rapid expansion of post-secondary education facilities

Question 69

Official Languages Act 1969

Answer 69

• Passed by pierre trudeau
• English and French became equal working languages of the government of Canada. Canadians could choose either language when dealing with gov’r
• Set in place measures to secure the promotion of more francophones to management positions
• Designated certain civil service positions as bilingual. Anyone wishing to hold those positions must be able to pass a test in both languages
• All federal civil servants had to have a working knowledge of both languages
• Was a success as the federal civil service not includes more francophones but it did

Question 70

Constitutional Act of 1791

Answer 70

• Divided Quebec into two parts, Lower Canada and Upper Canada
• Each colony had its own elected assembly to pass laws. English criminal law would apply to both colonies, although French civil law would apply in Quebec. The French were content with this as English criminal law was less severe than French. The act pleased both the English and France and it seemed that the British has succeeded in taking over their new colony.

Question 71

The Rebellions of 1837

Answer 71

Rebellions broke out in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 as a reaction to social and political problems as both the English and the French were suffering from economic hard times.

The French were annoyed at the actions of the English army while both the French and English were dissatisfied with the lack of popular representation in gov’t.

After the rebellions had been defeated, the rebels had decided to send Lord Durham to investigate on any plausible changes. This was the first step in unifying Canada

Question 72

War Measures Act of 1970

Answer 72

When members of the separatist FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British diplomat, and Pierre Laporte the Quebec Labour minister, the government of Canada responded by invoking the War Measures Act which gave the federal cabinet special powers if it believed there was a rebellion in progress. Under the authority of the act, membership to the FLQ was made illegal and all known members were arrested. Many were shocked at this act with some saying that Trudeau had overreacted. Most, however ,were pleased with the handling of the situation. The murder of Laporte weakened support for the FLQ.

Question 73

Why were the Huron and Iroquois peoples in conflict after European contact?

Answer 73

The French supplied muskets to the Huron and were victorious against the Iroquois until the Iroquois obtained muskets from the Dutch.

• Champlain had allied with the Huron against the Iroquois. These alliances involved the French in conflict with other Aboriginal groups for control of the fur trade. French guns, supplied by the French, for example, secured victory against the Iroquois at least until the Iroquois aquired their own from Dutch.

Question 74

Two changes the Royal Proclamation of 1763 made.

Answer 74

• The Proclamation divided Quebec. The Proclamaton recognized Aboriginal land claims and established strict rules for the transfer of land.
• Rules for the transfer of land are the basis for land-claims decisions in Canada today.

Question 75

Why did most of the colonies of British North America unite to form Canada

Answer 75

• Realized they were economically and militarily weak compared to the US.
• United States ended the free-trade reciprocity agreement and the Fenian Raids has been a strong military threat and it was likely that the US would seize the lands west of Ontario.
• Colonies each had their own social problems that they hoped would be solved by unifying into one larger ocuntry.

Question 76

Why was the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 such a setback for the union movement

Answer 76

• strike was broken up by mounted police and membership of a union was made illegal by several penalties

Question 77

How did the experiences of women during WW2 help to change the attitudes regarding gender roles?

Answer 77

• one of the most significant developments of the 1950s and 60s was the beginning of the women’s movement which challenged typical Canadian attitudes towards Women’s roles at work and in society . This change was caused by women’s experiences during WW2 when they found that they could play key roles in society and life outside the home.

Question 78

British Conquest of Quebec in 1759

Answer 78

• Allowed Quebec to maintain some French traditions including language and religion and French civil law
• The Treaty of Paris established that Newfoundland, the Maritimes and the Great Lakes region were all British territory.
• Treaty of Paris angered Aboriginals because it did not recognize the extent of their territories resulting in 2 years of war.
• After the conquest, the French were not ruled as conquered people by the Britissh administrators.
• Conquest established that Canada would be governed on British principles
• Royal Proclamation of 1763 recognized Aboriginal land claims to land and established strict rules for land transger that are the basis for land claims today.
• The treaty of paris clearly distinguished boundaries between the 13 colonies and British claims to what is now canada

Question 79

Effects of the completion of Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885

Answer 79

• United Canada from sea to sea
• Joined British Colombia to the rest of Canada
• Contributed to the fame of John A. Macdonald
• Brought Chinese immigration into British Colombia

Question 80

Effects of the arrival of Immigrants from 1970s onwards

Answer 80

• Multiculturalism Act 1791
• Multiculturalism in the Canadian Constitution
• Affirmative Action
• Various immigrant nationalities established their own communities in major cities

Because of changes in immigration patterns, there was a growing feeling that the old idea of Canada as a bilingual partnership between people of English and French descent was too restrictive. As the percentage of the population of neither French or English rose, people of other origins began to push for recognition in society.

In 1971, the Multiculturalism Act passed into law. The act established the Multiculturalism Directorate, which aimed to promote acceptance and recognition of multiculturalism as a vital fact of Canadian society. It would provide funds to ethnic organizations, hold festivals to celebrate their origins and to provide funds for teaching heritage languages.

However, some people argued that it weakened the position of French in Quebec. Furthermore, they said that it keeps ethnic minorities inside their own communities, outside the mainstream of Canadian life.

These criticisms were unfounded as French continues to enjoy its place in government and business because Quebec recruits as many French-speaking immigrants as possible so as not to weaken the importance of the language.

Although visible minorities remain underrepresented in government, their representation has grown in recent years.

• Affirmative Actions - When the NDP govt introduced an act in 1993 that required employers to survey their employee groups by ethnic origin. Employers than had to compare their employees with the general population in their area of Toronto. if employers found that there was under-representation, they would have to develop a plan to hire and promote visible minotiries.

Critics said it was going to far as it could lead to the hiring or promotion of less-qualified candidates just to improve an employer’s numbers.