Exam review Flashcards
What types of radiation are there?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Explain Alpha radiation
causes the most ionisation in its path and is most damaging but least penetrating
Explain Beta radiation
Beta is intermediate in effect
Stopped by a layer of clothing or a few mm of substance such as aluminium
Explain Gamma radiation
Stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead
What are the 6 steps in the Scientific Method?
1) Define purpose through observations and questioning
2) Construct hypothesis
3) Test hypothesis and collect data
4) Analyze data
5) Draw conclusions
6) Communicate results
What is pseudoscience?
a practice, belief, or study that SEEMS to have a scientific basis but does not hold up under scientific scrutiny
What are three examples of pseudosciences
Colour therapy: different colours of light heal different things.
Faith healing: Healing based on prayers and laying on of hands
Homeopathy: the dilution of various things in a solute, the more dilute the solute the stronger it is.
What are Type I and Type II Errors?
Type I - false positive
Type II - false negative
In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (a “false positive”), while a type II error is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis (a “false negative”).
What does p-value mean?
The p-value (probability) is our chance of being wrong if we reject the null hypothesis and accept that our samples are significantly different.
What does a higher p-value mean? What about a lower p-value?
Higher p-values support the Null Hypothesis
Lower p-values support the Alternative Hypothesis
What is a Sampling Bias
When a studies design or conduct tends to favour certain results.
What is selection bias?
Researcher selects the participants
What is participation bias?
Participants volunteer to participate
What are 4 common sampling methods?
Simple Random
Systematic
Convenience
Stratified
What is the “Mean”?
The average
What is the “Median”?
The middle value
What is the “Mode”?
The most common value
What is experimental design?
One group control (Placebo)
Other group gets the drug
What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?
A Null Hypothesis vs An Alternative Hypothesis. The Null Hypothesis means nothing will change the Alternative means there is a change.
What are the two broad categories of disease? give examples of each
Autoimmune/mutation- based - eg. arthritis, most cancers
Infectious - eg. flu, cold, strep throat
How can bacterial infections be treated?
Antibiotics
What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change to protect themselves from an antibiotic.
How do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?
by mutating (changing) their genes after being in contact with an antibiotic.
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
What is herd immunity?
general immunity to a pathogen in a population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high proportion of members over time.
What is contagious value?
The Contagious Value is “p” in the equation Day 1: p
Day 2: p^2 …etc
Contagious value compared to Herd immunity
p=1/x
What is an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?
A disease increased in frequency in the human population over the past 2 decades
What factors lead to an EID?
Changes in the Environment:
– Forest clearing – Dam projects Dam projects – Humans living closer to animal vectors – Different human populations coming into contact with one another – Microbial Adaptation
