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GNED 1101 > Exam review > Flashcards

Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

What types of radiation are there?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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2
Q

Explain Alpha radiation

A

causes the most ionisation in its path and is most damaging but least penetrating

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3
Q

Explain Beta radiation

A

Beta is intermediate in effect

Stopped by a layer of clothing or a few mm of substance such as aluminium

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4
Q

Explain Gamma radiation

A

Stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead

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5
Q

What are the 6 steps in the Scientific Method?

A

1) Define purpose through observations and questioning
2) Construct hypothesis
3) Test hypothesis and collect data
4) Analyze data
5) Draw conclusions
6) Communicate results

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6
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

a practice, belief, or study that SEEMS to have a scientific basis but does not hold up under scientific scrutiny

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7
Q

What are three examples of pseudosciences

A

Colour therapy: different colours of light heal different things.

Faith healing: Healing based on prayers and laying on of hands

Homeopathy: the dilution of various things in a solute, the more dilute the solute the stronger it is.

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8
Q

What are Type I and Type II Errors?

A

Type I - false positive
Type II - false negative

In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (a “false positive”), while a type II error is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis (a “false negative”).

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9
Q

What does p-value mean?

A

The p-value (probability) is our chance of being wrong if we reject the null hypothesis and accept that our samples are significantly different.

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10
Q

What does a higher p-value mean? What about a lower p-value?

A

Higher p-values support the Null Hypothesis

Lower p-values support the Alternative Hypothesis

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11
Q

What is a Sampling Bias

A

When a studies design or conduct tends to favour certain results.

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12
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Researcher selects the participants

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13
Q

What is participation bias?

A

Participants volunteer to participate

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14
Q

What are 4 common sampling methods?

A

Simple Random

Systematic

Convenience

Stratified

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15
Q

What is the “Mean”?

A

The average

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16
Q

What is the “Median”?

A

The middle value

17
Q

What is the “Mode”?

A

The most common value

18
Q

What is experimental design?

A

One group control (Placebo)

Other group gets the drug

19
Q

What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?

A

A Null Hypothesis vs An Alternative Hypothesis. The Null Hypothesis means nothing will change the Alternative means there is a change.

20
Q

What are the two broad categories of disease? give examples of each

A

Autoimmune/mutation- based - eg. arthritis, most cancers

Infectious - eg. flu, cold, strep throat

21
Q

How can bacterial infections be treated?

A

Antibiotics

22
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change to protect themselves from an antibiotic.

23
Q

How do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

A

by mutating (changing) their genes after being in contact with an antibiotic.

24
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

25
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

general immunity to a pathogen in a population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high proportion of members over time.

26
Q

What is contagious value?

A

The Contagious Value is “p” in the equation Day 1: p

Day 2: p^2 …etc

27
Q

Contagious value compared to Herd immunity

A

p=1/x

28
Q

What is an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?

A

A disease increased in frequency in the human population over the past 2 decades

29
Q

What factors lead to an EID?

A

Changes in the Environment:

– Forest clearing
– Dam projects Dam projects
– Humans living closer to animal vectors
– Different human populations coming into contact with one another
– Microbial Adaptation

GNED 1101 (10 decks)

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