exam review 3 Flashcards
What blood vessels directly supply oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the kidneys?
The renal arteries carry blood from the heart to your kidney.
What larger blood vessels do these kidney vessels branch from?
renal artery
What are the 6 main regions of the colon?
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum
What are the 2 flexures called? What abdominal regions are they located in?
There are two colic flexures, or curvatures in the transverse colon. The right colic flexure is also known as the hepatic flexure, and the left colic flexure is also known as the splenic flexure.
Identify the gross anatomy of the outside stomach: body, greater curvature, lesser curvature,
pylorus, fundus
What epithelium is found in the small intestine?
simple columnar epithelium
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What abdominal region is the liver in? What about the pancreas, stomach, and colon sections?
The liver is located in the right hypochondria region and the epigastric, as well as the right kidney, the gallbladder, and the large/small intestine. The pancreas, the colon, and the stomach are located in the left hypochondria region. The colon is also located in the left lumbar region.
Name the valve that separates the small intestine from the large intestine. Be able to identify it
The ileocecal valve.
Where does the greater omentum attach to?
The stomach and the transverse colon
What enzymes digests the following molecules: starch and fats.
Amylase digests starch and lipase digests fats
Identify the digestive system anatomy: mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, anus.
What epithelium is found in each of these areas?
Stratified squamous epithelium, gets to stomach is simple columnar, then to stratified squamous epithelium in anus
Biliary tree: when looking at the gallbladder, be able to identify the cystic duct and common bile
Duct
What is the wave-like contraction of muscle that propels food down the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
Know that enzymes break food down via hydrolysis
Pepsin and trypsin
Know the 2 types of digestion
Mechanical digestion:
* mechanically breaks down food for eventual chemical digestion by enzymes.
* Includes chewing, mixing food with saliva by tongue, churning food in the stomach and segmentation in the small intestine.
* involves physical movement to make foods smaller
Chemical digestion:
* chemically breaks down food via enzymes
* saliva is produced by the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands; it is 97-99.5% water, but also contains electrolytes, lysozyme, and the digestive enzymes salivary amylase and lingual lipase.
* uses enzymes to break down food
* hydrolysis (enzymatic) reactions
Know that absorption means
food molecules are shunted from the lumen of the intestines to the blood and lymph
Be able to identify: R/L kidneys, R/L ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra (both male and female
versions)
Kidney gross anatomy: cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, minor/major calyces, renal pelvis,
ureter, adrenal glands
What is the functional unit of the kidney? Hint: it is what makes urine
The nephron
What epithelium lines the inside of the urethra? What about the bladder? The ureters?
Transitional epithelium
What urinary system organs lie in the peritoneum? Which are retroperitoneal?
Kidneys are retroperitoneal
What structures comprise the renal corpuscle? Be able to identify them.
Glomerulus and Glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule
What epithelium is found in bowman’s corpuscle?
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: modified epithelium cells; podocytes
Urinalysis: what is the diagnosis for blood in the urine? What about pus?
Blood in the urine is hematuria
Pus in urine is pyuria
Path of urine flow: Begins in the nephrons near the cortex…fill in the rest from there.
Nephrons near the cortex, then the renal pyramid, then the minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
What are some symptoms of bladder cancer?
Blood in urine
Define what micturition means.
The process of urinating
What happens to the prostate gland as a man ages?
It gets bigger making it harder for them to urinate
Is the urethra used in the reproductive and urinary systems of both males and females?
No only in males not females.
Female gross anatomy: uterus (and its 3 layers),
Perimetrium (outer), Myometrium (middle), Endometrium (inner)
Path of ejaculation in males:
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct
(in the prostate), prostatic urethra, intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra),
the spongy urethra, external urethral orifice
Male anatomy: penis (corpus cavernosa and spongiosum), glans penis, testes, scrotum
What vessels supply the uterus with oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
Uterine artery gives blood and the uterine vein takes blood away
What larger blood vessels do these uterine vessels branch from?
Internal Iliac artery and vein
What is the best preventative measure for cervical cancer?
PAP Smear
Identify the anatomy of the breast: nipple, areola, body of the breast, tail of spence
What large muscle is deep to the breast tissue
pectoralis major
What forms the mass of breast tissue?
Adipose tissue
Is it easy to detect breast cancer? What are some risk factors
Not easy to detect
Risk factors:
-early onset of menstruation and late menopause
-no pregnancy or first one late in life
-none or short periods of breastfeeding
-family history of breast cancer
Female anatomy:
o External: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice
o Internal: Vaginal canal, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
Why are the testes kept outside the body?
Need to be at lower temperature
What is the main function of the testes?
Produce sperm
