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A&P II blood vessels & circulation > Exam review > Flashcards

Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

collaterals

A

multiple arteries that contribute to 1 capillary bed

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2
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

fusion of 2 collateral arteries

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3
Q

arterial anastomosis function

A

allows capillary circulation to continue if an artery is blocked

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4
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A

direct connections between arteries and venules to bypass the capillary bed and flow directly into venous circulaion

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5
Q

3 factors the affect circulation

A

pressure, resistance, and venous return

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6
Q

amount of blood in veins & venules at rest

A

60-65%

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7
Q

amount of blood in arteries and arterioles at rest

A

13%

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8
Q

capillary blood flow in peripheral tissues and organs maintained by

A

ΔP (pressure gradient) = the difference between pressure of left side (at heart), and pressure returning to right side (at peripheral capillary beds)

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9
Q

capillary blood flow equals

A

cardiac output

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10
Q

capillary blood flow determined by

A

pressure and resistance (ΔP/R = force/flow)

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11
Q

how are pressure and resistance related to flow

A

pressure= directly related

resistance= inversely related (R increase, flow decrease)

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12
Q

laminar flow

A
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13
Q

turbulent flow

A
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14
Q

abnormal turbulence caused by

A
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15
Q

4 factors associated with blood pressure

A

systolic pressure

diastolic pressure

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16
Q

systolic pressure

A
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17
Q

diastolic pressure

A
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18
Q

pulse pressure

A
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19
Q

pulse pressure formula

A
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20
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A
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21
Q

MAP formula

A

CO x TPR

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22
Q

factors that affect MAP

A
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23
Q

3 regulatory mechanisms

A

autoregulation, neural mechanisms, and endocrine mechanisms

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24
Q

regulatory mechanism purpose

A

control CO & BP to restore adequate blood flow

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25
Q

autoregulation is

A

the ability to make changes as needed by demand for O2 and waste removal

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26
Q

autoregulation is adjusted by

A

peripheral resistance while CO stays the same

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27
Q

local vasodilators dilate precapillary sphincters

A

to accelerate blood flow at tissue level in response to physical changes

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28
Q

local vasodilator examples

A

low O2 or high CO2 levels

low pH

histamines

warmer temp

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29
Q

local vasoconstrictors released by

A

damaged tissues

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30
Q

local vasoconstrictor examples

A

prostaglandins and thromboxanes

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31
Q

neural mechanisms

A

autoregulation, neural mechanisms, and endocrine mechanisms

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32
Q

cv centers adjust

A

CO & peripheral resistance

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33
Q

each cardiac center has

A

cardioacceleratory center (increase CO thru SNS)

cardioinhibitory center (decrease CO thru PNS)

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34
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increase HR & contractility

fight or flight

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35
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

decreases HR

rest or digest

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36
Q

vasomotor center controls

A

the activity of sympathetic motor neurons (vasodilation & vasoconstriction)

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37
Q

vasoconstriction

A

controlled by adrenergic nerves (NE)

stimulates smooth muscle contraction

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38
Q

vasodilation

A

controlled by cholinergic nerves (NO)

relaxes smooth muscle

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39
Q

vasomotor tone

A

produced by constant action of sympathetic vasoconstriction nerves

keeps arterioles partially constricted

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40
Q

hormonal regulation

A

has short and long term effects on CV regulation

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41
Q

types of hormones

A

anti diuretic (ADH)

angiotensin II

erythropoietin (EPO)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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42
Q

anti diuretic (ADH)

A

released by posterior lobe of pituitary to elevate BP & reduce water loss at kidneys

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43
Q

anti diuretic (ADH) responds to

A

low blood volume

high plasma osmotic concentration

circulating

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44
Q

angiotensin II

A

appears in blood when decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to kidneys

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45
Q

release of renin results in

A

formation of angiotensin II and aldosterone

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46
Q

angiotensin II important functions

A

aldosterone production

secretion of ADH

stimulates thirst

stimulates CO & triggers constriction of arterioles

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47
Q

aldosterone

A

H2O & Na+ reabsorption

increase total blood volume

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48
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

is released at kidneys to stimulate RBC production

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49
Q

erythropoietin (EPO) responds to

A

low BP

low O2 content

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50
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

is produces by cells in right atrium to lower blood volume and pressure

reduces stress on heart

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51
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) responds to

A

excessive diastolic stretching

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52
Q

shock

A

failure of CV system to deliver enough O2 & nutrients

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53
Q

what happens in shock

A

inadequate perfusion

cells forced to switch to anaerobic respiration

lactic acid builds up

cells & tissues become damaged and die

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54
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

due to loss of blood or body fluids (hemorrhage, sweating, diarrhea)

venous return to heart declines, output decreases

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55
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

caused by damage to pumping action of the heart (ischemia, valve problems, arrhythmias)

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56
Q

vascular shock

A

causing drop inappropriate vasodilation

head trauma

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57
Q

obstructive shock

A

caused by blockage of circulation

pulmonary embolism

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58
Q

homeostatic responses to shock

A

activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

secretion of ADH

activation of SNS

release of local vasodilators

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59
Q

CV response to light exercise

A

extensive vasodilation

venous return increases

CO rises

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60
Q

CV response to heavy exercise

A

CV centers activate the SNS

CO increases

blood flow to most tissues is diminished

skin perfusion increases because temp increases

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61
Q

diffusion

A

substances move down concentration gradient to pass freely thru lipid bilayer, fenestrations, or channels

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62
Q

blood brain barrier

A

does not allow diffusion of water soluble materials

63
Q

water, ions, small molecules diffusion route

A

between adjacent endothelial cells

fenestrated capillaries

64
Q

Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cl- diffusion route

A

channels in cell membrane

65
Q

large water soluble compound diffusion route

A

fenestrated capillaries

66
Q

lipids, O2, CO2 diffusion route

A

thru endothelial cell membranes

67
Q

plasma protein diffusion route

A

endothelial lining in sinusoids

68
Q

filtration

A

is the removal of large solutes thru porous membrane

69
Q

filtration driven by

A

hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

filtration leaves

A

larger solutes in the blood stream by forcing water and small solutes thru capillary wall

71
Q

reabsorption

A

is the result of osmosis

72
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to prevent osmosis

73
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

created by suspended blood proteins that are too large to cross capillary walls

74
Q

hydrostatic pressure forces

A

water out of a solutions

75
Q

osmotic pressure forces

A

water into a solution

76
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

the difference between

net hydrostatic pressure

net osmotic pressure

77
Q

NFP formula

A

(CHP + ICOP) - (IFHS + BCOP)

(filtration factors - reabsorption factors)

78
Q

net outward pressure on arterial end

79
Q

net inward pressure at venous end

80
Q

net hydrostatic pressure

A

the difference between

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IHP)

pushes water & solutes out of capillaries, into IF

81
Q

net colloid osmotic pressure

A

the difference between

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP)

pulls water & solutes into capillary from IF

82
Q

edema

A

an abnormal increase in IF if filtration exceeds reabsorption

83
Q

edema result of excess filtration

A

increase in BP

increase permeability of capillaries allows plasma proteins to escape

84
Q

edema result of inadequate reabsorption

A

decrease concentration of plasma proteins lowers BCOP

85
Q

affects of aging general changes

A

decreased compliance of aorta

cardiac muscle fiber size reduce

reduced CO & max HR

increase systolic pressure

86
Q

blood pressure measures

A

arterial pressure

87
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) measures

A

pressure w/in capillary beds

88
Q

venous pressure measures

A

pressure in venous system

90
Q

circulatory pressure must overcome

A

total peripheral resistance (the resistance of entire CV system)

91
Q

vascular resistance

A

R of blood vessels due to friction between blood & vessel walls

92
Q

R depends on

A

avg blood vessel radius

blood viscosity

total blood vessel length

93
Q

smaller vessels offer

A

more R to blood flow

cause fluctuations in P

94
Q

blood viscosity (thickness) is

A

the ratio of RBCs to plasma volume

95
Q

increase in viscosity =

A

increase in R = decrease in flow

dehydration or polycythemia (elevated RBC count)

96
Q

the longer vessels =

A

greater R to flow

97
Q

every pound of fat =

A

200 miles of vessels

98
Q

R formula

A

R= (8ln)/(pi r^4)

99
Q

greatest influence on R

A

vessel radius

r increase, R decrease

vary r the most by vasoconstriction & vasodilation

100
Q

velocity

A

speed of blood flow is inversely related to cross sectional area

101
Q

arterial wall elastic rebound feature

A

helps absorb pressure waves that come with each heartbeat

102
Q

hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure

103
Q

hypotension

A

abnormally low blood pressure

104
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins

105
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

contractions of skeletal muscles near vein compress it helping to push blood towards the heart and valves ensure it only flows in one direction

106
Q

respiratory pump

A

as you exhale the thoracic cavity decreases in size, pressure rises and air is forced out of lungs and pushes venous blood into right atrium

107
Q

syncope

A

fainting or a sudden temporary loss of consciousness not due to trauma because BP isnt sufficient enough to move blood

108
Q

vasodepressor syncope

A

sudden emotional stress

109
Q

situational syncope

A

pressure stress of coughing, defecation, or urination

110
Q

drug induced syncope

A

antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators, tranquilizers

111
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

decrease in BP upon standing

112
Q

tissue perfusion affected by

A

CO

peripheral R

BP

113
Q

proprioceptors

A

input during physical activity

114
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitors concentration of chemicals in the blood

H CO2 O2

115
Q

baroreceptors

A

changes in pressure w/in blood vessels

stretch receptors

116
Q

lymph capillaries

A

start as pockets rather than tubes

larger diameters

thinner walls

flat/irreg in section

117
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries in small intestine that transports lipids from digestive tract

118
Q

lymph capillary structure

A

endothelial cells loosely bound together with overlap to act as one way valve

119
Q

lymph vessels

A

travel with veins

superficial & deep lymphatics join to form large lymphatic trunks

120
Q

lymphatic trunks empty into

A

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

121
Q

thoracic duct

A

expands into cisterna chyli to recieve lymph from right & left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunks

122
Q

inferior thoracic duct

A

collects lymph from left bronchiomediastinal trunk, left subclavian trunk, left jugular trunk

123
Q

thoracic duct empties into

A

left subclavian vein

124
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, right bronchiomediastinal trunk

125
Q

right lymphatic duct empties into

A

right subclavian vein

126
Q

cytotoxic t cells

A

attack cells infected by viruses

produce cell mediated immunity

127
Q

helper t cells

A

stimulate functions of t & b cells

128
Q

suppressor t cells

A

inhibit function of t & b cells

keep balance in immune system

129
Q

memory t cells

A

remembers foreign antigen

130
Q

b cells

A

differentiate into plasma cells with exposure to interleukin 7

131
Q

nk cells

A

immunological surveillance

attack foreign cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells

132
Q

flow of lymph thru lymph node

A

subcapsular sinus- macrophages

outer cortex- b cells

deep cortex- t cells

medulla- b & plasma cells

hilus & efferent lymphatics

133
Q

thymus gland function

A

to mature t cells

lymphocytes divide in cortex, t cells migrate to medulla, mature t cells leave by medullary blood vessels

134
Q

spleen function

A

remove abnormal blood cells & blood components

store recycled iron from RBC

initiate immune response by b & t cells

135
Q

white pulp

A

specific immune response

t cells directly attack & destroy antigens

b cells develop into antibodies

macrophages destroy antigens

136
Q

red pulp

137
Q

lymph composition

A

similar to plasma

doesnt have plasma proteins

138
Q

artery wall layers

A

tunica interna usually rippled, elastic membrane

tunica media thick, smooth muscle & elastic fibers

tunica externa collagen & elastic fibers

139
Q

vein wall layers

A

tunica interna smooth

tunica media thin, smooth muscle cells & collagen fibers

tunica externa collagen & elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells

140
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest diameter

help propel blood onward despite ventricular relaxation (stretch & recoil)

141
Q

muscular arteries

A

more muscle than elastic

capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust rate of flow

142
Q

arterioles

A

deliver blood to capillaries

tunic media contain few layers of muscle

143
Q

metarterioles

A

form branches into capillary bed

144
Q

capillary

A

connect arterioles to venules for exchange of nutrients & wastes between blood and tissue fluid

145
Q

continuous capillary

A

intercellular clefts are gaps between neighboring cells

CT

lungs

skeletal & smooth muscle

146
Q

sinusoids

A

very large fenestrations

liver

bone marrow

spleen

147
Q

capillary bed

A

connect one arteriole and one venule

148
Q

capillary sphincter

A

guards entrance to each capillary

opens and closes causing capillary blood to flow in pulses (vasomotion)

149
Q

thoroughfare channels

A

direct capillary connections between arterioles and venules

151
Q

varicose veins

A

twisted dilated superficial veins caused by leaky venous valves that allow backflow & pooling of blood

152
Q

vasa vasorum

A

vessels of vessels

walls of large vessels contain small arteries and veins that supply the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts of the tunica media and tunica externa

A&P II blood vessels & circulation (1 decks)

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