Exam Review Flashcards
what theme does C.S. Lewis highlight as being less represented in modern literature compared to romantic love?
Friendship
which epic features the friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu
the Epic of Gilgamesh
what is Achilles’ reaction to Patroclus’ death in the Iliad?
he expresses deep sorrow and states that revenge itself is meaningless with Patroclus
which biblical characters exemplify deep friendship in 2 Samuel 1:26?
David and Jonathan
what vow does Ruth make to Naomi the The Book of Ruth?
she pledges lifelong loyalty, saying, “where you go, I will go… your people shall be my people”
who are the two friends in Iphigenia in Taurus by Euripides?
Orestes and Pylades
what historical period is associated with the story of Damon and Pythias?
Around 500 B.C.E
who are the two main friends in The Song of Roland?
Roland and Oliver
According to Dorothy L. Sayers, how does Roland’s behaviour align with the standards of feudal epic?
emotional expressions like weeping and lamenting were considered appropriate reactions
what challenge does Sayers say modern perspectives face in describing Roland and Oliver’s relationship?
modern language often cheapens deep, heroic friendships, making them hard to categorize
C.S. Lewis Life Span
1898-1963
The four Loves came out in
1960
what style of writing is The Four Loves
non-fiction prose
Storge
affection - love for family/community
philia
friendship - love for friends
eros
sexual/romantic - love for lovers
why is friendship not valued today?
because few experience it
why do few experience friendship?
because it is not biological or necessary for survival
why then did ancient and medieval people value it? (Friendship)
they valued it because they valued the spiritual and intellectual above the natural and emotional
how did those values change between then and now?
they changed because of Romanticism, psychoanalysis, evolutionary psychology, and Socialist politics
slash
a type of shipping: the fannish eroticizing of friendships between heterosexual men in books, tv, movies
femslash
eroticizes friendships between heterosexual women
bromance
etymology: blend of ‘bro’ and ‘romance’: intimate and affectionate friendship between men; a relationship between two men which is characterized by this
charles williams life span
1886-1945
john Ronald Reuel Tolkien life span
1892-1973
Group of writes and their span
the inklings from 1933-1949
Bona Dea
the good goddess - title not a name, an Italian goddess worshipped in Rome and Latium
Homosocial
the non-sexual friendships and social ties between members of the same sex
Heterosexual
the erotic ties between members of the opposite sex
Dorothy L. Sayers life span
1893-1957
logos
“This (so to call it) ‘non-natural’ quality in Friendship goes far to explain why it was exalted in ancient and medieval times and has come to be made light of in our own”
ethos
What were the women doing meanwhile? How should I
know? I am a man . . . I can trace the pre-history of Friendship only in the male line
pathos
“Life—natural life—has no better gift to give. Who could
have deserved it?
leaf by niggle written in
1945
Tolkien writes a letter to who in 1965
letter to Dick Plotz on September 12 1965
Tolkien timeline
1892, Tolkien born
In 1917, Tolkien starts working on Middle-earth mythology
1930, Tolkien starts The Hobbit
1932, Tolkien finishes The Hobbit
1937, Tolkien publishes The Hobbit
1937, Tolkien starts a sequel to The Hobbit (will become Lord of the Rings)
1938-9, Tolkien writes “Leaf by Niggle”
1949, Tolkien finishes The Lord of the Ring
Who worked for the oxford english dictionary
Tolkien from 1919-1920, worked on the letter w
allegory
a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning
what is the principal technique of allegory
personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape - as in public statues of Liberty or Justice
this course studies historical and contemporary attitudes to friendships in four major forms
- poetry
- prose fiction
- prose non-fiction
- drama
fiction
the general term for invented stories, now usually applied to novels, short stories, novellas, romances, fables, and other narrative works in prose, even though most plays and narrative poems are also fictional
elements of fiction
plot
setting
characterization
narrative point of view
theme
narrative points of view
first person
third person
limited (knows what one character knows)
omniscient (knows everything)
allusion
An indirect or passing reference to some event,
person, place, or artistic work, the nature and
relevance of which is not explained by the writer but
relies on the reader’s familiarity with what is thus
mentioned. The technique of allusion is an economical
means of calling upon the history or the literary
tradition that author and reader are assumed to
share
purgatory
a state of purification or temporary punishment where souls prepare for heaven after death
symbol
anything that stands for or represents something else beyond it
chronology of works in this course
the song of roland: 1100
much ado about nothing: 1599
pride and prejudice: 1813
goblin market: 1862
the happy prince: 1888
sherlock holmes stories: 1893-1924
the two fusiliers and to his love: 1918
leaf by niggle: 1939
friendship: 1960
the lord of the rings: 2001-2003
paddleton: 2019
courtly love
a modern term for the literary cult of heterosexual love that emerged among the French aristocracy from the late 11th century onwards
chronology of courtly love
song of roland: 1100
courtly love: 1200
much ado about nothing: 1599
blank verse
unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter blank verse should not be confused with free verse, which has no regular metre
dramatic irony
when the audience knows something the characters in the work don’t know
chivalry
the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code
comedy
a play (or other literary composition) written chiefly to amuse its audience by appealing to a sense of superiority over the characters depicted.
what is a novel?
a fictional prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism
elements of prose fiction short story, and novel
plot
setting
characterization
narrative point of view
theme
Pride and Prejudice setting
Hertfordshire, England
Jane Austen life span
1775-1817
Pride and Prejudice characters compared to Much Ado About Nothing
Elizabeth as Beatrice
Darcy as Benedick
Darcy as Don Pedro
Darcy as Don John
Wickham as Don John
Bingley and Jane as Claudio and Hero
Lydia as Hero
the four loves
storge, philia, eros, agape
Elizabeth’s friendships
with Jane from storge to philia
with Charlotte from philia to storge
Eros and Philia in female friendships in Pride and Prejudice
Caroline and Jane: philia torn apart by eros but only because philia was never genuine on Caroline’s part
Elizabeth and Charlotte: philia is threatened by Eros; Philia become storge; not destroyed entirely because eros is not genuine
Elizabeth and Jane; genuine philia not threatened but strengthened by genuine eros
eros is not a threat to philia for women in the novel
Eros and Philia in male in Pride and Prejudice
philia harms eros when Darcy splits Jane and Bingley up
Philia harms eros when Elizabeth hates Darcy for what he did to Jane
Eros helps philia when Darcy believes Elizabeth about Jane
Philia helps eros when Darcy encourages Bingley with Jane
Eros helps philia when Bingley is so quick to forgive Darcy
therefore eros helps philia for men in the novel
philia harms eros for men in the novel
Christina Rossetti life span
1830-1894
Pun
an expression that achieves emphasis or humour by contriving an ambiguity, two distinct meanings being suggested either by the word or by two similar-sounding words
ambiguity
openness to different interpretations; or an instance in which some use of language may be understood in diverse ways
polysemy
a linguistic term for a word’s capacity to carry two or more distinct meanings
Homophone
a word that is pronounced in the same way as another word but differs in meaning and/or in spelling
simile
a comparison between two things using like or as
alliteration
the repetition of the same sounds - usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables - in any sequence of neigbouring words
liquid
a term in phonetics for a frictionless approximant, especially an r or l sound
phonetics
the science or study of the sounds of speech
personification
figure of speech by which animals, abstract ideas, or inanimate things are referred to as if they were human
metaphor
the most important and widespread figure of speech, in which one thing, idea, or action is referred to by a word or expression normally denoting another thing, idea, or action, so as to suggest some common quality shared by the two
tenor
the thing being talked about
vehicle
what the thing is compared to
ground
what they have in common
sibilants
a consonant characterized by a hissing sound, such as ‘s’ in hiss and the ‘z’ in his
wormwood
a plant with a bitter taste, and therefore a metaphor for bitterness and sorrow
oscar wilde life span
1854-1900
Lord Alfred Douglas aka “Bosie” life span
1870-1945
kenosis
greek for ‘self-emptying’ and used by Paul in Phil. 2:7 for Jesus’ renunciation of the state of glory with the Father in order to share human life and death
intentional fallacy
the name given to the widespread assumption that an author’s declared or supposed intention in writing a work is the proper basis for deciding on the meaning and the value of that work
two sets of group requirements
- literary traditions
- innovation and action
the holmes canon
a study in scarlet: 1887
the final problem: 1893
the hound of the Baskervilles: 1901
the adventure of the empty house: 1903
his last bow: 1917
Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce
1939-1946
Vasily Livanov and Vitaly Solomin
1979-1986
Jeremy Brett and David Burke
1984-1985
Jeremy Brett and Edward Hardwicke
1986-1994
Robert Downey JR and Jude Law
2009-2011
Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman
2010-2017
Johnny Lee Miller and Lucy Liu
2012-2019
juxtaposition
the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect
three main types of poetry
- narrative
2.dramatic
3.lyric poetry
lyric poetry
the largest general class of poetry, the term usually being applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings
Robert Graves’s lifespan
1895-1985
Siegfried Sassoon life span
1886-1967
assonance
the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of neighbouring words
caesura
a pause in a line of verse usually placed in the middle of the line
enjambment
the running over of the sense and grammatical structure from one verse line or couplet to the next without a punctuated pause
Ivor Gurney life span
1890-1937
F.W. Harvey life span
1888-1957
Bechdel Test
- it has to have at least two women in it
- who talk to each other
- about something other than a man
The Tea Club members
Christopher Wiseman, G.B. Smith, Rob Gilson, and J.R.R.
