Exam review Flashcards
What does FNMI stand for?
FNMI stands for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.
What is traditional territory?
Traditional territory refers to land that Indigenous peoples have historically lived on.
What is a treaty?
A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more parties.
Who are the First Nations?
First Nations refers to the first peoples in Canada.
What does Indigenous mean?
Indigenous is the term that replaced Aboriginal people.
Who are the Inuit?
Inuit are a group of Indigenous people who primarily live in the Arctic regions of Canada.
Who are the Métis?
Métis are people with mixed Indigenous and European ancestors in Canada, often of French descent.
What is a reserve?
A reserve is land designated for First Nations by the government.
What is assimilation?
Assimilation is the process of forcing Indigenous peoples into colonial culture (e.g., Christianity).
What is colonization?
Colonization is the act of settling and taking control of land over Indigenous peoples.
What is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?
Established in 2008, it was created to help residential school survivors. Its primary goal was to uncover the truth about the abuses and cultural genocide faced by Indigenous children in these schools
What does ‘First Contact’ refer to?
‘First Contact’ refers to the first interaction between Indigenous people and European explorers and settlers.
What is the Indian Act?
The Indian Act is a Canadian law enacted in 1876 that allows the government to control the lives of registered Indigenous people and their communities.
What is the 2 Row Wampum?
a visual representation of a treaty showing peace and mutual respect between parties.
What was the Williams Treaty?
Signed in 1923, it involved the Canadian government and several First Nations communities in Ontario, It aimed to address land disputes stemming from earlier, incomplete treaties. The First Nations surrendered large tracts of their traditional territories in exchange for financial compensation and other promises.
What were residential schools?
Residential schools were government-funded and church-run boarding schools aimed at assimilating Indigenous people into colonizers’ culture.
Who was Chanie Wenjack?
Chanie Wenjack was a 12-year-old Indigenous boy who died while trying to escape a residential school.
Who is Wab Kinew?
Wab Kinew is the Premier of Manitoba and the first provincial premier of First Nation descent.
What was the 60’s Scoop?
The 60’s Scoop refers to the mass removal of Indigenous children from their families to non-Indigenous homes.
What was the High Arctic Relocation Program?
In the 1950s, it involved the forced relocation of Inuit families to the High Arctic by the Canadian government.
What is the Attawapiskat crisis?
The Attawapiskat crisis refers to the severe lack of housing and living conditions faced by the First Nation community.
What were the M.A.I.N causes of World War One?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.
What was the spark that ignited World War One?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914.
What were the main alliances in World War One?
The Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s strategy to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium.
Who was Robert Borden?
Robert Borden was the Conservative Prime Minister of Canada during World War One.
What is conscription?
conscription in Canada referred to the mandatory enlistment of men for military service, introduced through the Military Service Act of 1917
What was the War Measures Act?
The War Measures Act was a Canadian law passed in 1914 to give the federal government emergency powers during times of war, invasion, or national crisis. It allowed the government to suspend civil liberties, impose censorship, and detain individuals without trial.
Who were ‘enemy aliens’?
Enemy aliens were people from countries at war with Canada, whose rights were restricted.
What are internment camps?
Internment camps were facilities where people were forcibly detained during times of war.
What are Victory Bonds?
Victory Bonds were government bonds sold to citizens to raise money for the war.
What was Vimy Ridge?
Vimy Ridge was a significant battle in 1917 where Canadian forces successfully captured a German stronghold.
What happened at Ypres?
In April 1915, Canadians faced chlorine gas attacks, resulting in significant casualties.
What was the Battle of the Somme?
The Battle of the Somme resulted in 24,000 Canadian casualties while gaining minimal territory.
What was trench warfare?
Trench warfare involved soldiers fighting from deep trenches, leading to harsh living conditions.
What was the Ross Rifle?
The Ross Rifle was a Canadian-made rifle known for accuracy but unreliable in trench conditions.
What is shell shock?
Shell shock was a psychological condition affecting soldiers due to combat stress.
What was the Halifax Explosion?
The Halifax Explosion on December 6, 1917, killed almost 2000 citizens due to a munitions ship collision.
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War One and imposed penalties on Germany.
What was the No. 2 Construction Battalion?
It was the first and only all-Black battalion in Canadian military history.
Who was Francis Pegahmagabow?
Francis Pegahmagabow was an Indigenous Canadian soldier and one of the most decorated snipers in World War I.
What was the Wartime Elections Act?
The Wartime Elections Act of 1917 granted voting rights to some female relatives of soldiers.
What were the 1920s known for?
The 1920s, known as the Roaring 20s, were marked by economic growth and cultural shifts.
What was the Spanish Flu?
The Spanish Flu was a deadly global pandemic that killed millions, including many in Canada.
What was the Winnipeg General Strike?
The Winnipeg General Strike was a massive labor movement demanding better wages and conditions.
What was Bloody Saturday?
Bloody Saturday was a violent confrontation during the Winnipeg General Strike resulting in deaths.
What was the Immigration Act of 1919?
The Immigration Act of 1919 restricted immigration based on nationality and political beliefs.
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law banning most Chinese immigration to Canada from 1923-1947.
Who were the Famous Five?
The Famous Five were women who fought for women’s rights, notably in the Persons Case.
What were flappers?
Flappers were women who defied traditional norms in the 1920s.
Who was Agnes Macphail?
Agnes Macphail was the first woman elected to the House of Commons in Canada.
What was the Ford Model T?
The Ford Model T was the first widely affordable car, changing transportation.
What is an assembly line?
An assembly line is a manufacturing process that allows mass production of goods.
What was the impact of radio in the 1920s?
Radios brought entertainment into homes and spread jazz music.
What were 20’s slang terms?
20’s slang included various expressions popular during the decade.
What are branch plants?
Branch plants are businesses owned by American companies located in Canada.
Who was PM King?
William Lyon Mackenzie King was Canada’s longest-serving prime minister, holding office for over 21 years, he led Canada through significant events, including the Great Depression and World War II.
What is prohibition?
Prohibition was the legal ban on alcohol sales and production.
What is a speakeasy?
A speakeasy was an illegal bar where alcohol was produced and sold during prohibition.
What are rum runners?
Rum runners were individuals who smuggled alcohol during prohibition.
What was the invention of insulin?
Insulin was invented in Toronto to help diabetics live longer.
What was the Imperial Conference?
The Imperial Conference was a meeting suggesting Canada should have greater independence from Britain.
What is the Statute of Westminster?
The Statute of Westminster (1931) granted legislative independence to dominions like Canada, Australia, and South Africa, allowing them to create laws without British interference.
What were stocks during the Great Depression?
Stocks represented ownership in a company and were affected by the economic collapse.
What is credit?
Credit is borrowing money from banks or brokers with the promise to repay later.
What is ‘buying on margin’?
‘Buying on margin’ is purchasing stocks with borrowed money.
What caused the Stock Market Crash?
Overproduction, buying on margin, and an unstable economy led to the crash.
What is ‘Black Tuesday’?
‘Black Tuesday’ refers to October 29, 1929, when the stock market crashed.
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
Causes included easy credit, lack of regulations, and dependence on the U.S. economy.
What were the causes of the Stock Market Crash?
Overproduction, buying on margin, and an unstable economy led to the collapse.
What is ‘Black Tuesday’?
‘Black Tuesday’ refers to October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed, marking the start of the Great Depression.
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
1) Easy Credit 2) Lack of financial regulations 3) Canadian dependence on the U.S. economy 4) Export emphasis 5) Shrinking demand for Canadian exports 6) Trade protectionism and tariffs.
Who was R.B. Bennett?
R.B. Bennett was the Prime Minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935 during the Great Depression.
What was the Dust Bowl?
The Dust Bowl was a series of severe dust storms in the prairies during the Great Depression, caused by drought and poor farming practices.
What is a Bennett Buggy?
A Bennett Buggy is a car pulled by horses because people couldn’t afford gas, named after PM R.B. Bennett.
What does ‘Riding the Rails’ refer to?
‘Riding the Rails’ refers to the practice of young people hopping on freight trains to travel in search of work or a better life during the Great Depression.
What is relief in the context of the Great Depression?
Relief refers to financial aid for struggling families, though often inadequate.
What was the On to Ottawa Trek?
A protest by relief camp workers demanding better conditions, leading to the Regina Riot.
What was the Regina Riot?
A violent clash between protestors and police during the On to Ottawa Trek.
What was Social Credit Party?
An alternative political party that offered $25 in credit for workers a month compared to their 20 cents a day.
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty punished Germany harshly, creating anger and economic struggles that fueled the rise of dictators like Hitler.
What was the policy of appeasement?
The policy of giving in to the demands of an unfriendly power to prevent hostilities.
What is ‘Blitzkrieg’?
It focused on rapid, overwhelming attacks using a combination of airstrikes, artillery, and fast-moving infantry to break through enemy defenses and quickly advance.
What happened on September 1, 1939?
Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war, leading Britain and France to give Germany an ultimatum.
What was Dunkirk?
The evacuation of Allied troops from France in 1940 after being surrounded by German forces.
What was the Battle of Britain?
A major air battle where Britain’s RAF fought off German attacks to prevent an invasion.
What role did the RCAF play during WWII?
The RCAF played a key role in Allied air campaigns, including bombing missions and fighter support.
What happened on December 7, 1941?
The Japanese launched a surprise attack on the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, leading to the U.S. declaring war on Japan.
What was Japanese Internment during WWII?
Japanese Canadians were forcibly removed from their homes and placed in camps, facing discrimination and harsh living conditions.
What was the 17 Day War/Hong Kong?
Canadian troops defended Hong Kong against Japan in 1941 but were defeated in 17 days.
What was Dieppe?
A failed Allied raid on the French coast in 1942 involving Canadian troops, resulting in heavy casualties.
What was the MS. St.Louis?
A ship carrying Jewish refugees that was turned away by Canada and other countries in 1939.
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic genocide of six million Jews by the Nazis during WWII.
What was the Final Solution?
The ‘Final Solution’ called for the complete annihilation and extermination of the Jews and other groups.
What was the Town of Ajax known for during WWII?
Ajax became a key site for Canada’s wartime production, including making munitions for the Allies.
Who were the Bomb girls?
‘Bomb girls’ were women who worked in factories, producing bombs and other war materials while men fought overseas.
What happened on June 6, 1944?
Allied forces launched a major invasion of Normandy, France, with Canadian forces landing at Juno Beach.
What was the liberation of the Netherlands?
Canadian forces played a key role in liberating the Netherlands from German occupation in 1944-1945.
What is VE Day?
Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, marked the official end of WWII in Europe after Nazi Germany’s surrender.
What was the Manhattan Project?
A secret project led by American scientists to create an atomic bomb during WWII.
What was the Cold War?
A period of political and military tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after WWII, lasting from roughly 1947 to 1991.
Q: Why are residential schools historically significant?
A: Residential schools were part of a federal policy aimed at assimilating Indigenous children by erasing their languages and cultures. They caused intergenerational trauma and are a critical example of systemic oppression in Canada.
Q: What was the purpose and significance of the Indian Act?
to assimilate Indigenous peoples into Canadian society by controlling nearly every aspect of their lives, including governance, education, and land ownership. Its significance lies in its oppressive policies, such as the residential school system and restrictions on cultural practices,
Q: Why is the Williams Treaty historically significant?
it involved the surrender of vast tracts of Indigenous land in southern Ontario to the Canadian government in exchange for compensation. The treaty had a lasting impact on Indigenous communities, disrupting traditional ways of life and sparking ongoing disputes over land rights and fair compensation,
Q: What does the 2 Row Wampum represent, and why is it significant?
A: The 2 Row Wampum represents a treaty of peace and mutual respect between Indigenous peoples and European settlers. It is a lasting symbol of Indigenous sovereignty and the intent of coexistence.
Q: How did the High Arctic Relocation Program impact Inuit communities?
A: The relocation forced Inuit families to move to remote Arctic areas under false pretenses, leading to extreme hardships. It highlights the Canadian government’s colonial policies and their effects on Inuit populations.
Q: What is the significance of Chanie Wenjack’s story?
A: Chanie Wenjack, a young boy who died trying to escape a residential school, symbolizes the harm caused by these institutions. His story brought national attention to the legacy of residential schools.
Q: Why is the Attawapiskat housing and water crisis historically significant?
A: The crisis highlights the ongoing neglect and systemic inequalities faced by Indigenous communities in Canada. It emphasizes the need for government action to address infrastructure and living conditions.
Q: What was the historical impact of the 60’s Scoop?
A: The 60’s Scoop removed thousands of Indigenous children from their families and placed them in non-Indigenous homes. It disrupted cultural connections and caused intergenerational trauma.
Q: Why is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission significant?
A: The TRC documented the abuses of residential schools and provided 94 Calls to Action for reconciliation. It represents a national effort to acknowledge and address historical injustices.
Q: What does M.A.I.N stand for, and how did these causes lead to WW1?
A: M.A.I.N stands for Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism. These factors created tensions and rivalries that escalated after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Q: Why was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand historically significant?
A: The assassination by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 triggered a chain reaction of alliances entering the war. It marked the immediate spark that started WW1.
Q: What was the Schlieffen Plan, and why is it significant?
A: The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s strategy to quickly invade France through Belgium to avoid a two-front war. Its failure led to prolonged trench warfare and escalated the conflict.
Q: Why is the Battle of Vimy Ridge historically significant for Canada?
A: Vimy Ridge was a major Canadian victory that marked the nation’s emergence as a distinct force in the war. It is often considered a defining moment in Canadian history.
Q: How did trench warfare impact soldiers during WW1?
A: Trench warfare caused immense physical and psychological suffering due to poor conditions, constant danger, and the prolonged nature of fighting. It defined the brutal experience of WW1.
Q: What was the significance of the Halifax Explosion?
A: The Halifax Explosion of 1917 was the largest non-nuclear explosion in history, caused by a munitions ship collision. It devastated Halifax and highlighted the war’s impact on the home front.
Q: Why was the Conscription Crisis of 1917 significant?
A: It exposed deep divisions between English and French Canadians, as many French Canadians opposed mandatory military service. The crisis strained national unity.
Q: What was the importance of Francis Pegahmagabow during WW1?
A: Francis Pegahmagabow, an Indigenous sniper and scout, became one of Canada’s most decorated soldiers. His contributions highlight the significant but often overlooked role of Indigenous soldiers in WW1.
Q: Why is the Treaty of Versailles significant for Canada?
A: The treaty allowed Canada to sign independently, marking its growing autonomy from Britain. It also imposed harsh penalties on Germany, shaping the post-war world.
Q: What was the significance of the Winnipeg General Strike (1919)?
A: The strike was one of Canada’s largest labor actions, highlighting worker dissatisfaction and inequality. It led to increased awareness of workers’ rights and influenced labor reforms.
Q: Why is the Spanish Flu significant in Canadian history?
A: The Spanish Flu pandemic killed thousands of Canadians and exposed vulnerabilities in public health systems. Its impact prompted improvements in healthcare infrastructure.
Q: How did the Famous Five and the Person’s Case influence Canadian society?
A: The Famous Five fought for women to be recognized as “persons” under Canadian law, leading to greater gender equality. Their victory was a milestone in women’s rights.
Q: Why is the Statute of Westminster (1931) significant for Canada?
A: The statute granted Canada legal autonomy from Britain, allowing it to control its foreign policies. It marked a key step toward full independence.
Q: What was the significance of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1923)?
A: The act banned nearly all Chinese immigration to Canada, reflecting systemic racism. It symbolizes the discriminatory policies faced by minority groups in Canadian history.
Q: Why is the Battle of Britain significant in Canadian history?
A: Canadian pilots played a key role in defending Britain during the German air campaign. Their contributions showcased Canada’s importance in the Allied war effort.
Q: What was the impact of Japanese internment during WW2?
A: Japanese Canadians were forcibly relocated and stripped of their property, reflecting wartime racism. This injustice led to a formal apology and redress decades later.
Q: Why is the Dieppe Raid historically significant?
A: The raid was a costly failure, with heavy Canadian losses, but provided valuable lessons for future Allied operations like D-Day.
Q: What was the importance of D-Day for Canada?
A: Canadian forces played a crucial role in the invasion of Juno Beach, helping to secure a foothold in Europe. It was a pivotal moment in the liberation of Europe.
Q: How did the Holocaust impact global awareness of human rights?
A: The Holocaust exposed the horrors of genocide and led to the establishment of human rights laws and conventions. It emphasized the need to combat racism and anti-Semitism worldwide.
Q: Why is the Manhattan Project significant?
A: The project developed the atomic bomb, which ended WW2 but ushered in the nuclear age. Canada contributed uranium to the project, linking it to this transformative event.
Q: What is the historical significance of the liberation of the Netherlands?
A: Canadian forces were instrumental in freeing the Dutch from Nazi occupation, forging a lasting bond between the two nations.
Q: Why is the Battle of Ypres (1915) significant for Canada?
A: The Battle of Ypres marked the first major engagement of Canadian troops in WW1. It was also the first large-scale use of poison gas by the Germans. Despite heavy casualties, Canadians gained a reputation for bravery and resilience under horrific conditions.
Q: What was the significance of the Battle of the Somme (1916) for Canada?
A: The Battle of the Somme was one of the bloodiest battles in WW1, with over 24,000 Canadian casualties. It showcased the sacrifices of Canadian soldiers and their determination despite the devastating loss of life.
Q: Why is the Battle of Vimy Ridge (1917) considered a defining moment for Canada?
A: The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a significant victory, as Canadian forces captured a heavily fortified German position that others had failed to take. It is often seen as the moment Canada emerged as a distinct and united nation on the world stage.
Q: What is the historical importance of the Battle of Passchendaele (1917) for Canada?
A: At Passchendaele, Canadian soldiers fought through mud and overwhelming odds to capture the ridge. Although they succeeded, the battle cost 16,000 Canadian lives, highlighting the immense sacrifices of the war.
How did the Indian Act and the 2 Row Wampum treaty reflect different approaches to Indigenous governance and sovereignty?
A: The Indian Act imposed federal control over Indigenous peoples, suppressing their autonomy, while the 2 Row Wampum treaty symbolized mutual respect and coexistence between Indigenous peoples and European settlers.
Q: Why is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission considered a turning point in Canadian history?
A: It documented the abuses and impacts of residential schools, provided 94 Calls to Action, and encouraged reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians.
Q: How did the Conscription Crisis of 1917 create divisions between English and French Canadians?
A: Many French Canadians opposed conscription, feeling no loyalty to Britain, while English Canadians generally supported it. This division exposed deep cultural and political rifts in the country
Q: Compare Canada’s contributions at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele. How did these battles shape Canada’s identity during and after the war?
A: At Vimy Ridge, Canadians achieved a strategic victory, showcasing their military effectiveness and unity. At Passchendaele, they endured immense hardships to capture the ridge, symbolizing resilience and sacrifice. Both battles strengthened Canada’s international reputation and national pride.
Q: How did the Winnipeg General Strike influence labor rights in Canada?
A: It highlighted the need for better wages and working conditions, eventually leading to greater union recognition and labor reforms in Canada.
Q: What was Canada’s primary role on D-Day?
A: Securing Juno Beach during the Allied invasion of Normandy, contributing significantly to the liberation of Europe.
How did canada contribute during ww1
Canada made significant contributions to World War I through military, economic, and political efforts. Over 620,000 Canadians served in the war, playing crucial roles in battles like Ypres, Vimy Ridge, and the Hundred Days Offensive, which earned Canada a strong international reputation. On the home front, Canadian industries and agriculture supplied munitions and food, while Victory Bonds financed the war effort.
describe two atrocities that occured during ww2
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during World War II. Victims were sent to concentration camps like Auschwitz, where they faced forced labor, inhumane experiments, and mass executions. It remains a symbol of the horrors of racism and totalitarianism.
The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
In 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over 200,000 people and causing long-term radiation effects. These bombings destroyed entire cities and remain controversial for their devastating human impact, marking a turning point in modern warfare.
Compare the 20s and 30s
The 1920s were a period of economic growth, cultural innovation, and social progress, marked by advancements like the automobile, jazz music, and increased women’s rights. In contrast, the 1930s were defined by the Great Depression, with widespread unemployment, poverty, and social struggles. While the 1920s symbolized prosperity, the 1930s highlighted economic hardship and the need for reform.
How were womens roles chnaged from ww1 to ww2
During World War I, women entered the workforce to replace men, taking roles in factories, agriculture, and nursing, but were expected to return to traditional domestic roles after the war. In World War II, women’s contributions expanded significantly as they worked in factories, joined military organizations like the Canadian Women’s Army Corps, and took on non-combat roles such as mechanics and clerks.
Result of PM KIng
William Lyon Mackenzie King strengthened Canada’s autonomy and managed its World War II efforts effectively, balancing conscription to reduce divisions. However, his slow response to the Great Depression delayed relief for struggling Canadians, leaving a mixed legacy.
