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Health Science Exam Review > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are examples of plant based simple sugars

A

Fructose: sugar beets, maple sap, sugar cane

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2
Q

What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats have zero double bonds, and unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their chain

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3
Q

Which sugar is a disaccharide

A

Sucrose

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4
Q

Amino acids are to polypeptides as monosaccharides are to what?

A

Nucleic acids

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5
Q

Which type of molecule is used to convey genetic information

A

Nucleic acids

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6
Q

RNA and DNA differ from each other in which way?

A

DNA has thymine but RNA does not

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7
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

To create proteins via translation.

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8
Q

After enzymes participate in a reaction what happens to them?

A

They remain unchanged and can immediately be reused

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9
Q

When an enzyme is exposed to extreme changes in pH, its shape and ability to work are affected. What is this process called?

A

Denaturation

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10
Q

A gram of fat carries the same energy as a gram of simple sugar. True or false?

A

False

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11
Q

Do kinks in fat molecules help them stay fluid?

A

Yes the kinks in their tail push adjacent phospholipid molecules away which helps maintain fluidity in the membrane

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12
Q

What is the chemical formula for ribose

A

C5H10O5

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13
Q

If 28% of a segment of DNA is composed of guanine, how much of the segment is adenine?

A

22%

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14
Q

What cellular product does an individual gene code for?

A

Final protein

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15
Q

Which organelle is directly involved with translating DNA into a protein?

A

Ribosome

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16
Q

Does bacteria possess membrane-bound organelles to store their DNA

A

No bacteria does not contain membrane-bound organelles

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17
Q

What is AUG

A

The most common START codon and it codes for the amino acid methionine in eukaryotes and formyl fMET in prokaryotes

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18
Q

Which DNA sequence do the tRNA anticodon sequence CUA, UGU, and AAA correspond to

A

GAT, ACA, and UUU

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19
Q

How is the central dogma best described?

A

An explanation of the evolution of proteins

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20
Q

Which feature of viruses makes them useful in medicine

A

Their ability to enter another cell and use its machinery

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21
Q

Write the amino acid sequence that corresponds to the DNA template strand GTTGATTTTCGC

A

CAACTAAAAGCG

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Why are bacteria particularly useful for genetic engineering?

A

Because of their recombinant DNA

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24
Q

What is the goal of the movement to raise heirloom varieties?

A

To maintain genetic diversity in agriculturally significant species, to protect a species from population crashes, and to maintain reserve of genes that can be bred into other strains

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25
Q

The human body can regulate its internal environment and maintain stable conditions suitable for essential biological processes. What does this refer to?

A

It refers to homeostasis in the body

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26
Q

What is the correct order of the three components of homeostatic mechanisms?

A

Sensor, integrator, effector

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27
Q

If the human body temperature drops below the set point, the hypothalamus activates effectors what do these effectors induce?

A

Vasoconstriction

28
Q

Is an example of a homeostatic mechanism the regulation of body temperature?6

A

True

29
Q

Is homeostasis a constant condition that rarely changes?

A

Homeostasis is the tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment

30
Q

What nutrients contain the most calories per gram?

A

Fats

31
Q

What nutrient groups do Fibre belong to ?

A

Lipids, proteins, and vitamins

32
Q

The cells that line your stomach are protected from being digested because they are covered by a layer of ?

A

Mucus

33
Q

What nutrients provide the body with energy?

A

Protein, carbohydrates, and fats

34
Q

What is it called when nutrients pass from gastrointestinal tract into the blood?

A

Absorption

35
Q

What is the order in which our body deals with food?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion

36
Q

Which type of cholesterol is considered the “good” cholesterol in the body?

A

High density lipoproteins

37
Q

What food is high in carbohydrates?

A

Bread

38
Q

What nutrient helps build body structures?

A

Protein

39
Q

What is the term used to describe a protein that contains all of the amino acids needed in the body?

A

Complete protein

40
Q

What is chitin

A

The structural carbohydrate in animals used to make exoskeletons

41
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The polysaccharide that is used to store energy in muscles and the liver

42
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

When two sugars are linked together

43
Q

At what state is an unsaturated fat at room temperature

A

Liquid

44
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

The “food tube” that carries food from your mouth to your stomach

45
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The wavelike muscular action by the digestive tract to keep food moving through

46
Q

What is emulsification

A

The process in which bile aids the digestion of fat

47
Q

What is diet

A

It means the food and beverages a person eats and drinks

48
Q

Why are proteins important to the body

A

They are important because they are needed to produce hormones and enzymes

49
Q

How much fat should your diet have

A

One’s diet should not consist of more than 30% of fat

50
Q

What are the sites of protein digestion?

A

The stomach and the small intestine

51
Q

What is the site of bile production

A

Liver

52
Q

What site is the majority of water absorption

A

The small intestine

53
Q

What are the sites of carbohydrate digestion

A

Small intestine and the pancreas

54
Q

What is the site of ingestion

A

The mouth

55
Q

what is iron deficiency

A

Iron deficiency affects children ,teens, and the most as we don’t seem to consume as much iron as a man. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, etc. It can be treated by taking iron supplements or eating foods that are rich in iron

56
Q

Describe the discrepancy between portion (what you actually) and serving sizes (the amount of food health Canada bases the nutritional label information on)

A

Portion and serving sizes on food labels mean that, that is the amount of food someone typically eats in one sitting of that product. Therefore that is why it is different on all food labels. This can be misleading because most people read it as that is how much of that product they should eat when it is not. It Is really just showing for example how many calories is in 10 chips.

57
Q

Explain what type of foods you would expect to find food additives in. Include at least three food additives. Also explain at least one positive and one negative outcome that has resulted from the introduction of additives in our food

A

Some foods you would expect to find food additives in are like McDonald’s burgers and fries. Like the fact that the fries never look like they have gone bad. That’s a food additive. There is also additives in burgers that enhance the flavour making it taste better. Another is probably ice cream to create all the different flavours and textures. Negative people eat unhealthy foods a lot more frequently. Positive Is increased shelf life not throwing away food as quickly

58
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens enter and multiply in the human body. When multiplying it can cause infectious disease. They can transfer into the body is you come in contact with any from infected humans, animals, food, soil, water, etc. They can enter through either breaks in thee skin or in the moist linings of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or other openings

59
Q

How does a virus replicate? and how is it different from other pathogens give a specific example.

A

The virus has three main steps when reproducing: attachment where specific viral particles attach to protein receptors. Penetration where the host cell engulfs the virus. And uncoating where particle synthesis occurs and release so they can infect other cells. Viruses are different from bacteria for example because a virus needs a host to survive and grow where bacteria doesn’t

60
Q

What is a vector? Give an example of a vector and diseases that are spread by vectors.

A

A vector is basically any living organism that acts as a carrier of infectious diseases to another organism. An example of this is a mosquito which is a vector that carries west Nile virus. Among others. Other diseases that are spread by vectors are yellow fever, Zika, and tick borne encephalitis.

61
Q

Give an example of a protozoan that causes disease and explain how to disease is transmitted.

A

Protozoans are much bigger and more complicated than bacteria. An example of a protozoan is amoeba. Amoeba is a parasite that lives only in humans and is passed in infected feces. You can transmit this parasite if someone puts something in their mouth that has come in contact with infected species.

62
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that causes disease and explain how the disease is transmitted

A

Bacteria is a single-celled organism that lives on anything. An example of a bacteria is streptococcus which can cause strep throat among others. It is transmitted with direct person to person contact and mainly stays in contact with the nose and throat.

63
Q

Explain binary fission in bacteria and how quickly it occurs

A

Binary fission is the process in which an organism splits into two individual organisms without sex taking place. This is a type of asexual reproduction mainly found in prokaryote micro organisms and it is one of the quickest ways to reproduce as a bacteria can split itself within 20 mins.

64
Q

why is it important to understand how quickly bacteria reproduces.

A

it Is important so you know how easy it is to spread sickness to other people and you can take steps to prevent that

65
Q

Explain the first 2 lines of defence the body has in fighting pathogens and how they work to fight off disease (non-specific or innate immune system)

A

The first line of defence is where the skin acts as a physical barrier against pathogen, production of body secretions and bacterial growth. While the tears, mucus, and saliva produce enzymes used to break down bacteria. The second line of defence is where the white blood cells play a crucial role in the bodies defence mechanism which either inhibits or destroys pathogens regardless of their species. It is also where fever takes place as the body heats up trying to fight the bacteria. This is non-specific or innate immune system because it is not targeting specific bacteria/pathogens it is just trying to fight all

66
Q

Explain the specific immune responses- the humoral responses and the cell-mediated response to pathogens.(adaptive immune system)

A

The adaptive immune system which is specific (aquired) is the third line of defence where the immune system identifies a pathogen triggering responses to the B cells to create antibodies and the t-cells which then help the B cells and kill invaders. And antigens are found on the surface of pathogens where antibodies attach to the antigen and engulf the pathogen and destroy it.

67
Q

What are vaccines and how do they work

A

Vaccines stimulate antibodies and memory cells to help body fluid stay at balance and help the body fight infection. They work by taking advantage of antigen recognition and the antibody response

Health Science Exam Review (1 decks)

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