exam review Flashcards
Synthesis
ex./ aluminium oxide ← aluminium + oxygen - put together
Decomposition
ex./ aluminium oxide → aluminium + oxygen - take apart
Counting Atoms
in a chemical formula, figure out how many elements there are and use the numbers to figure out how many atoms for each element - ex./ CO2 - Carbon = 1, Oxygen = 2
Isotopes
an element that has the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Valence Electrons
amount of electrons on the outermost shell of an atom - 1-8 depending on where in the periodic table
Ionic Compound
two or more elements that are positive or negative mixed together in a compound - typically metal and non-metal
Molecular Compounds
compound mixed of two or more elements - typically non-metal
Molecular Bonds
formed when atoms bond by sharing pairs of electrons
Noble Gases
the 8th column on the periodic table (very right side) - full outer shell
Chemical Properties
characteristics that can only be observed by performing a chemical reaction
Physical Properties
characteristics that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance
Boiling Point
the temperature at which a liquid turns into vapour
Patterns of Periodic Table
metals are on the left side of the periodic table, non-metals are on the right side (except H), metalloids are on either side of the staircase (except Al)
Families and Groups
columns (up and down) - indicates number of valence electrons on outer shell - alkali, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases
Periods
row of element (left to right) - indicates the number of shells that orbit the atom’s nucleus
Bonding Capacities
the number of electrons lost, gained, or shared by an atom when it bonds chemically - 1, 2, skip a few, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
Protons
particle within the nucleus that is positive
Neutrons
particle within the nucleus that is neutral
Electrons
particle that revolves around the nucleus that is negative
Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams
1st shell can hold 2 electrons, second and third can hold 8 electrons
atomic number
of protons = # of electrons (in a neutral atom)
of protons
atomic mass
atomic number + # of neutrons
Subatomic Particles
a particle smaller than an atom (ex./ neutron) or a cluster of such particles (ex./ alpha particle)
Cellular Respiration
the process by which cells derive energy from glucose
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants transform light into chemical energy
(water + carbon dioxide (with sunlight) → glucose + oxygen)
Food Webs
a representation of the relationships within a community
Food Chains
a sequence of organisms, each feeding on the next, showing how energy is transferred from one organism to another
Trophic Levels
the level of an organism in an ecosystem depending on its feeding position along a food chain
Omnivores
animal that eats both plants and animals
Bioaccumulation
the build-up of chemicals inside of living organisms
Carnivores
animal that eats other animals
Herbivores
animal that eats plants or other producers
Biome
a large naturally occurring community of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) occupying a major habitat
Wetland
land consisting of marshes or swamps
Ecology
the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings
Abiotic Factors (aquatic and terrestrial)
factor in an ecosystem created by non-living agents
terrestrial ex./ - light availability, water availability, nutrient availability, temperature
aquatic ex./ - light availability, nutrient availability, acidity, temperature, salinity
Biosphere
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms
(lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere)
Static Electricity
an imbalance of electric charge at rest on the surface of an object
Law of Electric Charges
opposites attract, like charges repel, strength of the force relates to distance between objects (closer = stronger, further = weaker) and amount of charge on each object (smaller charge = weaker force, larger charge = stronger force)
How a Fuse Works
a small safety device put in an electrical circuit that causes it to stop working if the current is too strong - helps prevent fires or other dangers - diagram below
Series Circuits
electric circuit in which the components are arranged one after the other - only has one path where electrons can flow (if one part is broken anywhere on the circuit, the whole circuit will not work)
Parallel Circuits
electric circuit in which the components are arranged to have multiple paths where electrons can flow - the points where a circuit divides is called the junction point (if one pathway is broken, it will not affect the other paths)
Calculate Current (A - amperes)
variable for current is I - I = V(voltage) / R(resistance)
Calculate Voltage (V - volts)
variable for voltage is V - V = I(current) x R(resistance)
Calculate Resistance (Ω - ohms)
variable for resistance is R - R = V(voltage) / I(current)
Ohm’s Law
refers to the amount of resistance in a circuit
established the relationship between potential difference (V) and current (I)
V = IR (voltage = current x resistance)
know how to calculate missing information on a circuit diagram
use appropriate symbols
White Dwarf
a very small dense star, typically the size of a planet. A white dwarf is formed when a low-mass star has exhausted all its central nuclear fuel and lost its outer layers as a planetary nebula
Black Hole
an area of such immense gravity that nothing - not even light - can escape from it
Planet
a celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star
Black Dwarf
a very small cooled remnant of white dwarf that emits no detectable light or heat
Life Cycle of a Massive Star
Combustion
a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer
Fusion
occurs when two nuclei combine to form a new nucleus
Fission
the splitting of an unstable atomic nucleus into two or more nuclei
Nebula
a distinct luminescent part of interstellar medium, which can consist of iodized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen and also cosmic dust
Lunar Eclipse
occurs at the full moon phase - when earth is positioned precisely between the moon and sun, earth’s shadow falls upon the surface of the moon, dimming it and sometimes turning the lunar surface a striking red over the course of a few hours
Solar Eclipse
occurs when the moon passes between the sun and earth, casting a shadow on earth that either fully or partially blocks the Sun’s light in some areas
Big Bang Theory
how astronomers explain how the universe began - it is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as as it is right now - and is still expanding
Constellation
a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern that is traditionally named after its apparent form or identified with a mythological figure. Modern astronomers divide the sky into 88 constellations with defined boundaries
Light Year
the distance light travels in one year. (300,000 km per second through interstellar space and 9.46 trillion kilometres per year)
MilkyWay Galaxy
a barred spiral galaxy around 13.6 billion years old. Earth is located in the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way’s elegant spiral structure is dominated by just two arms wrapping off the ends of a central bar of stars
Calculating Density
density = mass/volume
Calculating Power Output in Watts
watts = amps x volts
Calculating Energy Consumption
power x number of hour of use / 1000
Calculating Energy Efficiency
efficiency = (output power/input power) x 100%
Calculate Using G.R.A.S.S(P)
G = given
R = required (what are they asking you to find)
A = analysis (what equation?)
S = solution (answer)
P = paraphrase (answer in sentence form)
S = sentence (answer in sentence form)
