Exam review Flashcards
Cyclosporin does not suppress the BM and works on IL___ and the main SE is ….
Cyclosporin does not suppress the BM and usually has GI side effects, works on IL-2 and the main SE is GI upset but can also cause gingival hyperplasia
What are some causes for increased bilirubin?
prehepatic- Intravascular (like hemolysis), hepatic (liver failure so unable to break it down), and post hepatic like cholestasis
What enzyme/value of serum chemistry tells you about liver function and NOT damage?
ALP (half life is very long, like weeks to months and can be elevated due to many, many things!!!!)
What enzyme/value on serum chemistry tells you about liver damage but not function?
ALT (half life is 60 hours in dog and 4-6 hours in a cat)
HCM notes to know–
Left atrium dilated because left ventricle gets larger and atria does not handle well with high pressure so it will hypertrophy and when left atrium gets big enough it creates “smoke” signs on echo with turbulent blood flow
What is involved in the breakdown of a blood clot?
FDP’s, uses up antithrombin so that gets decreased, and D-dimers are used
What is directly involved with rat bait toxicity? (I am looking for an enzyme here)
Vitamin K epoxide reductase which is the enzyme that is involved with anti-coagulating with rat bait toxicity
What elevates first with anti coag toxicity?
PT because involves factor 7 which has the shortest half life
Hyperadrenocorticism is usually pituitary dependent or adrenal dependent?
Pituitary dependent
___% of pit tumors are microadenomas (tumor of the pituitary gland in the brain and are less than 1cm) that turn into MACRadenomas
20%
When can you see proteinuria without any other urinalysis abn?
Amyloidosis (think sher peis) and glomerulonephritis (can have normal BUN in these p but WILL HAVE loss of proteins in the urine)
Know all about LLDST and HDDST
..
Normal calcium in animals is __-__ on serum chem and is VERY VERY VERY VERY VERY VERYYY TIGHTLY REGULATED
like 9.4- 11
even 0.1 off is something to dive deeper into….
GSD with weight loss despite normal appetite 6 y/o MN is likely NOT what disease???
hyperadrenocorticism
Primary hyperparathyroidism calcium and phosphorus levels…
high calcium and low phosphorus
What will iron def look like in terms of MCV and MCHC?
Microcytic micro chromic
____ is always artifact on MCHC
Hyperchromic (cannot get more hgb into cells than they already have….)
What will MCV and MCHC look like in terms of NON- regenerative anemia???
Normocytic and normochromic
What will MCV and MCHC look like in terms of regenerative anemia???
Hypercytic normochromic
What is an open pneumothorax?
Open wound in the chest wall
IMHA will have ____
bilirubinuria
bloodwork findings most consistent with ethylene glycol toxicity
metabolic acidosis, elevated anion gap, high osmolal gap, and calcium oxalate crystals
Dogs with addison’s disease labwork
Monocytosis (stress leukogram),…
The least likely CS of dogs with diabetes mellitus is _____
neuropathy
They will usually be pu/pd/polyphagic with weight loss
Dogs with dehydration may have what findings on labwork?
Elevated PCV, pre renal azotemia so increased BUN and creatinine
Stomach worm
Called Physaloptera and migrates throughout stomach and duodenum and can even go in a little further than that, usually free swimming but can attach and CAUSES CHRONIC VOMITING!!!!
T/F canine scabies responds very well to medications
True!!!
what worm can migrate to the eye?
Hookworms
Live function tests
Tbilirubin, glucose, Cholesterol, BUN, albumin
Cushings disease CS and labwork findings–
Pu/pd, stress leukogram, elevated ALP, LOW USG, bladder and/or kidney stones, panting, bot belly, hair thinning, alopecia
ALP
ALP is how much the cells are turned on, does not mean liver damage/injury, can be increased with steroid use, older dogs, etc. So we usually do not get too concerned about high ALP even if moderate to marked because it can be influenced by many things
Clues to liver failure
Hypercoagulable, high ALT Low BUN Increased Tbili
Elevated globulins Elevated or decreased cholesterol
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoglycemia
What regulates calcium in the body?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
If PTH goes up then calcium goes up because it is mobilized from the bone (increased osteoclast activity) and increases absorption from the GI tract via vitamin D from the kidneys, if calcitonin goes up then calcium in the blood stream decreases
HOGS IN YARD or HARD IONS
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Neoplasia - lymphoma, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, AGASACA, mammary carcinomas Granulomatous disease- Fungal disease- blastomycosis and coccidiomycosis aka Valley fever are the most common
Also schizomycosis and heterobilarzia
Viral disease in cat causing granulomatous lesion- FIP
Renal disease causing secondary hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D toxicosis
Over supplementation/diet, eczema creams, through the sun, rat bait toxicity with vit D active ingredient
Vitamin A toxicity
Addison’s disease –> HYPERKALEMIA, HYPONATREMIA, HYPOCHOLREMIA
Growing animal (will also look like it has slight anemia, increased BUN because growing)
Tx high calcium
Diuresis USE SODIUM CHLORIDE AKA SALINE FLUIDS FOR THIS, furosemide, bisphosphates, steroids
Management- calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, dextrose/glucose and insulin, fluids of diuresis, terbutaline 0.01
Bloodwork with Addison’s Disease–
Low sodium, high potassium, cortisol levels below <2, high PCV (dehydration)/pre-renal azotemia, may have low glucose (may be refractory to treatment- has to do with how cortisol impacts gluconeogenesis), acidotic, hyperphosphatemia from decreased GFR/dehydration, hypercalcemia (could also be low)- mostly we see normal calcium so it basically does whatever it wants and follows trends of other electrolytes in that patient
Baseline cortisol less than 2, may have reversed stress leukogram
T/F Because dogs with atypical Addison’s disease have signs of glucocorticoid deficiency only, they require glucocorticoid supplementation only
True!!!
Dogs with just e’lyte abn need just mineralocorticoid supplementation
Adjust ____ in addisons dogs based on stressful events
Glucocorticoid
LDDST
4 hour post- if cortisol is <1.4 then NO cushings dz,
8 hour post- if cortisol is > 1.4, consistent with cushing’s disease but unsure if it is PD or AD
ACTH stim test
post samples
> 22 =cushings positive
17-22 = borderline
< 22= WNL, no cushings disease
LDDST
Draw baseline cortisol
check at 9 hours first, if > 50% of the baseline AND if it is more than 1.5 then it is cushings
then check 4 hour if it is under 1.5 and then goes back up for 8 hour OR < 50% baseline then it is suppressed and is cushings and is likely PITUITARY DEPENDENT
Most animals have ____ dependent cushings disease, esp. if they are ____ (size) dogs
Pituitary dependent; small breed dogs
cushings disease can cause what other findings on work up?
Hepatomegaly, bladder stones/kidney stones, UTI, abn sized adrenals in some cases, hypercoaguloapthy with high BP
adrenal and pituitary dependent cushings disease TX
Trilostane (Vetoryl)
- Both adrenal glands large =
- One adrenal gland small and the other large=
- Both adrenal glands small=
- both large= pituitary
- one small, one large = adrenal most likely
- both adrenals small = Addison’s disease or iatrogenic with steroid use
