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Grade 10 science > Exam review > Flashcards

Exam review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell membrane (Movement)

A

Structure: Flexible, double-layered membrane
Function: controls the movement of nutrients in and out of the cell.

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Structure: a rigid outer layer surrounding the cell membrane made out of cellulose.
Function: provides structural support

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3
Q

Chloroplast

A

Structure: double-membraned with stacks of thylakoids containing chlorophyll and surrounded by stroma
Function: the site of photosynthesis in plant cell

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4
Q

Vacuole

A

Structure: a fluid-filled sac. Function: storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, and expulsion of excess water

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5
Q

Golgi body (Apparatus)

A

Structure: a stack of membrane-bound sacs.
Functions: modify proteins and lipids; collect and process materials to be removed from the cell; package products into vesicles for transport.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm (Jelly House)

A

Structure: thick, jelly-like substance
Function: providing structural support, facilitating intracellular transport, and housing organelles

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7
Q

Nucleous (DNA)

A

The nucleolus is a small structure found inside the nucleus. It’s involved in making ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis. The nucleolus doesn’t have a membrane and is made up of proteins and RNA (ribonucleic acid). It’s often described as the “factory”

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8
Q

Mitochondria (Powerhouse)

A

Structure: double-membraned organelles with an inner membrane folded into structures called cristae,
Function: makes energy through cellular respiration

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Structure: a network of membranes with two main types: rough ER, studded with ribosomes, and smooth ER, lacking ribosomes.
Functions: rough ER; protein synthesis, folding, and transport
smooth ER; lipid synthesis, metabolism, and detoxification and intracellular calcium storage.

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structure: minute particles of RNA
Function: makes proteins

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11
Q

Lysosomes(digestive destory)

A

Structure: small organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. Function: destroying worn-out cell parts

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12
Q

Difference between animal and plant cells

A

Plant: chloroplasts, cell wall, large vacuole
Animal: lysosomes, centrioles

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13
Q

Acid

A

a chemical substance that donates protons or accepts pairs of electrons

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14
Q

Base

A

a chemical substance that accepts protons or donates pairs of electrons

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15
Q

Characteristics of Bases

A

Substances that are basic have a pH value from 7.1-14. Bases are aqueous solutions that: Conduct electricity, cause litmus paper to turn blue, feel slippery, and taste bitter.

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16
Q

Characteristics of Acids

A

Substances that are acidic have a pH value of 0-6.9. Acids are aqueous solutions that: Conduct electricity, react with metals and carbonates, neutralize bases, taste sour, and turn litmus paper red.

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17
Q

Differences between acids and bases

A

Acids: produce hydrogen ions; turn blue litmus paper red, taste sour
Bases: accept hydrogen ions; red litmus paper turns blue, taste soapy/bitter

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18
Q

Ion

A

Ions are electrically charged particles, either positively or negatively, formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

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19
Q

Cation

A

An atom losing a negative charge, becoming positive.

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20
Q

Anion

A

An atom losing a positive charge, becoming negative.

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21
Q

Neutralization Reaction

A

A type of double displacement reactions, but only for acids and bases.

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22
Q

Concave or converging mirrors

A

Concave or converging mirrors have a reflective surface on the inside of a sphere.

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23
Q

Respiratory System

A

It is responsible for providing oxygen to the body cells and removing carbon dioxide.

24
Q

Nasal cavity

A

a hollow space behind the nose that serves as the main entrance for air into the respiratory system. It warms, moistens, and filters the air before it reaches the lungs.

25
Q

pharynx

A

also known as the throat, is a muscular tube connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus and larynx. It plays a role in both the respiratory and digestive systems, serving as a passage for air, food, and liquids.

26
Q

trachea

A

or windpipe, is a rigid tube composed of cartilage rings located in the neck and chest. It carries air from the pharynx to the bronchi, providing a pathway for air to enter and exit the lungs.

27
Q

bronchi

A

two branches of the trachea that lead to the left and right lungs. They further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which carry air deeper into the lungs.

28
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs clustered at the ends of bronchioles within the lungs. They are the site of gas exchange, where oxygen from inhaled air enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream to be exhaled.

29
Q

Lungs

A

a cruical role in the respiratory system, the lungs are responsible for breathing and take in oxygen from the air and release CO2
right lung: 3 lobes(upper,middle,lower)
left lung: 2 lobes(upper,lower)

30
Q

Digestive system

A

Breakdown of nutrients from food into a form that is small enough to fit into our cells, and provide chemical energy for cellular function.

31
Q

Pancreas

A
32
Q
A
33
Q

Circulatory system

A

transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, facilitating gas exchange, nutrient delivery, waste removal, and regulation of body temperature and pH.

34
Q

Nervous system

A

responsible for coordinating and regulating bodily functions by transmitting signals between different parts of the body. It controls voluntary movements, involuntary actions, sensory perception, cognition, and emotions, allowing organisms to interact with their environment and respond to stimuli.

35
Q

How many stages of mitosis are there?

A

Interphase comes before mitosis to prepare the cell.
There are technically four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, that are followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

36
Q

Interphase

A

Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions, encompassing three subphases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2).
Activities: During interphase, the cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division.
Characteristics: Chromosomes are not condensed into distinct structures but exist as chromatin (uncoiled DNA). The nuclear membrane is intact, and the nucleolus is visible. Metabolic activities are high.

37
Q

Prophase

A

Defintion: Prophase is the first stage of mitosis. It follows interphase and precedes metaphase.
Activities: During prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. The nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate, and the nucleolus disappears. Microtubules called spindle fibers begin to form and extend from opposite poles of the cell.
Characteristics: The most prominent feature of prophase is the condensation and visible appearance of chromosomes. The centrioles (in animal cells) move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers start to capture and organize the chromosomes.
Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Nucleus membrane breaks down. Spindle fibers form. Chromosomes shorten and thicken.

38
Q

Metaphase (equator)

A

The double stranded chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and move to the equator of the cell. Spindle fibers are attached at the centromere of each chromosome.

39
Q

Anaphase (poles)

A

Chromosomes are separate because of spindles tugging action. One of each of the identical strands move to opposite poles of the cell.

40
Q

Telophase

A

Single-stranded chromosomes are at each pole of the cell. Spindle fibers begin to disappear. Nuclear membrane reappears. Cell membrane pinches inward. Chromosomes become thin threads of chromatin again.

41
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, occurring after mitosis, where the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of organelles and genetic material.

42
Q

Why do cells undergo cell division?

A

Reproduction, growth, repair.

43
Q

Diatomic elements

A

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

44
Q

Index of refraction equation

A

n=c/v
n = index of refraction
c = speed of light
v = any medium

45
Q

Biolumenesence

A

Light produced by a living organism
EX. jellyfish

46
Q

Chemiluminesence

A

Light produced by a chemical reaction
EX. glow stick

47
Q

Fluorescence

A

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance after it absorbs light of a different wavelength, typically resulting in the substance glowing or appearing brightly colored under certain conditions.
EX. fluorescent light bulbs

48
Q

Incansence

A

Incandescence is the emission of light by a heated object, often resulting in the object glowing visibly due to its high temperature.
EX. light bulb

49
Q

phosphoresence

A

Phosphorescence is the emission of light by a substance after it has absorbed energy, typically persisting after the excitation source is removed and often characterized by a delayed and gradual decay of luminescence.
EX. Glow-in-the-dark toys, stickers, or paints

50
Q

electric discharge

A

Electric discharge is the flow of electric current through a medium, typically accompanied by the release of light, heat, and sound, occurring when the voltage across two points exceeds the breakdown voltage of the medium, leading to ionization and conductivity.
EX. lightning

51
Q

triboluminesence

A

Triboluminescence is the phenomenon where light is produced when certain materials are mechanically stressed or fractured, such as when chewing wintergreen-flavored candies in the dark.

52
Q

LED

A

Light-emitting diode

53
Q

Reflected ray

A

A reflected ray is a ray of light that bounces off a surface at the same angle as the incident ray, obeying the law of reflection.

54
Q

Incident ray

A

The original incoming ray of light is called the incident ray.

55
Q

Angle of incidence

A

The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

56
Q

Angle of reflection

A

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

57
Q

Law of reflection

A

The law of reflection states that when light hits a smooth surface, it bounces off at the same angle it arrived, like when you see your reflection in a mirror.

Grade 10 science (2 decks)

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