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intro to health research hlth 205 > EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When conducting research, there are some general guidelines, but the researcher can really do whatever they want to do to assess the topic under study.

A

False! There are strict guidelines researchers must follow.

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2
Q

True or False: Health research is primarily concerned with the study of the effects of new drugs and medical treatments.

A

False! Note the distinction between “health” and “medical”. Health research varies greatly, and can include qualitative and quantitative research on a variety of topics.

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3
Q

What is research?

A

Research is the systematic investigation of a topic that produces new knowledge or uses existing knowledge in innovative ways.
Follow the scientific method, a body of procedures and techniques applied to carry out an investigation or experimentation.

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4
Q

What is the value of health research?

A

Health research can:
- Examine disease trends, including risk factors and behaviours
- Analyze outcomes of treatment or of public health interventions
- Investigate patterns of health care including health care costs and use
- Dissect social-environmental causes and patterns of health

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5
Q

What is behavioural health research?

A

Behavioural health research examines how people and groups act in different ways. Ex. the impact of social support on adherence to exercise.

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6
Q

What is clinical health research?

A

Clinical health research focuses on testing new medicines and devices (e.g. clinical trials and medical treatments).

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7
Q

Define genetic health research.

A

Examines the role of genes and different health diseases and health conditions.

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8
Q

Define public health research.

A

Concentrates on prevention and treatment of illness in communities/populations (think of the social determinants of health, prevention policies) as well as disease trends of populations (epidemiology).

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9
Q

What is system and policy research?

A

Explores patient feedback and experiences.

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10
Q

What does it mean to “put research into practice”?

A

“Practice” reefers to the implementation of research results into tangible action. Ex.
- Policy making
- Practice guidelines (ex. food guide)
- Health promotion
- Education programmes

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11
Q

What are the stages of the research cycle?

A
  • Reviewing literature
  • Figuring out research purpose and questions
  • Hypothesis and propositions
  • Methodology and methods
  • Sampling and recruitment
  • Data collection
  • Analysis and interpretation
  • Dissemination
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12
Q

What are some advantages of quantitative research?

A
  • You can test a hypothesis
  • Replication
  • Generalizable
  • Can be quicker *
  • Contributes to answering WHAT and HOW
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13
Q

Disadvantages of quantitative research?

A
  • Lack of context
  • Unnatural environment and findings
  • Less rich/detailed insights
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14
Q

Advantages of qualitative?

A
  • Flexibility and innovation
  • Naturalistic setting
  • Meaningful, deep insights
  • Contributes to answering WHY and HOW
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15
Q

Disadvantages of qualitative research?

A
  • Subjectivity
  • Limited generalizability
  • Resource intensive
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16
Q

I. What does the “review literature” point of the research cycle mean?

A
  • Identifies gaps in the literature
  • Identifies what has been researched already
    Consider: has the q been asked before? how was it researched? are there any methods/instruments you can use? what were the findings? are there any lessons to be learned?
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17
Q

II. What does the “research purpose and question” point of the research cycle mean?

A

Determines the “point” of the research, or the intent/objective of the research study. The question narrows the purpose in order to specify the intent.

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18
Q

III. What does the “hypothesis and propositions” point of the research cycle mean?

A

Hypotheses are generally utilized in quantitative research, and propositions more so in qualitative research. Both suggest a hypothetical link between two or more variables, based on a solid foundation of research.

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19
Q

V. What does the “methodology and methods” point of the research cycle mean?

A

Methodology: the study of methods and refers to the strategy or design of the research. Related to epistemological position. Think qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods.
Methods: the actual method a researcher uses. ex. surveys, interviews, experiments.

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20
Q

VI. What does the “sampling and recruitment” point of the research cycle mean?

A

This stage refers to the selection of a subset of a population for research. Recruitment refers to the incentives to do the research, or the compensation.
Quantitative: representative
Qualitative: purposive

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21
Q

What does “pilot and refine” refer to?

A

Refers to a preliminary investigation in which the researcher tests the methods on a sample of people, and observes what needs to change depending on the results of the investigation. Occurs with IV and V.

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22
Q

VII. What does the “data collection” point of the research cycle mean?

A

Refers to the explicit details about how the researcher collects their data. Ex. paper or online surveys, interviews/focus groups, observations, social media, etc.

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23
Q

VIII. What does the “analysis and interpretation” point of the research cycle mean?

A

Refers to how one analyzes the data. For example, using software for qualitative analysis (R, SAS, SPSS) and occasionally qualitative analysis (NVIVO). Interpretations are guided by the chosen theoretical approach.

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24
Q

VIIII. What does the “disseminate findings” point of the research cycle mean?

A

Refers to the process of communicating the acquired knowledge with the target audience. Vital to ensure the research has a health, social, political, or economic impact.
Knowledge mobilization/translation strategies: know your audience and setting and use the right tools (written, oral, visual).

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25
Q

What does the term “reflexivity” mean? How can you employ it?

A

Reflexivity refers to the recognition of your role in the research e.g. how you shape the research. It determines why you pick a research topic, how you analyze and interpret the data, and how you write up/present the results.

Affects every stage of the research cycle. Exploring personal beliefs and biases and how it affects your research
Personally — positionality and social identity/location, lived experiences, professional history.
Methodologically — how your knowledge and preconceptions affect your decisions about research design and processes. Includes epistemology.

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26
Q

Key steps to a literature review?

A

STEPS:
- Preliminary search - scan of research field
- Develop research question
- Search for evidence
- Summarize findings
- Conclusion

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27
Q

What makes up a research approach?

A

Epistemology, methods, and research design/methods.

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28
Q

What is post-positivism?

A

“Post-positivism” represents the thinking after positivism, challenging the traditional notion of an absolute truth/knowledge. Involves: DROV
- A deterministic (cause-and-effect) worldview
- Reductionist - intention is to reduce ideas (variables in hypotheses and research questions) into small, discrete, and testable elements.
- Observation and measurement of an objective reality - empiricism.
- Verification of theory - laws/theories govern the world, and they need to be tested and refined to understand the world.

Mostly focuses on quantitative data.

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29
Q

What is constructivism?

A

Constructivism is an epistemology that states that individuals seek understanding of the world, and develop subjective meanings of their experiences. Meanings are directed towards certain objects or things, and participants can have multiple meanings.
Researchers who are constructivists focus on the complexity of of views.
“Construct-ivist” — participants construct meaning by answering broad open ended questions.
While post-positivism starts with a theory, constructivism develops one (inductive).

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30
Q

What does it mean to have a transformative epistemology?

A

A transformative epistemology centers marginalized individuals in society who face discrimination and oppression. Examples:
- Marxists
- Feminists
- Activists
It is political and justice oriented, focused on collaboration and change.

31
Q

What does it mean to have a pragmatic worldview?

A

Pragmatism is more “free-will” ish; this worldview arises out of actions, situations, and consequences. It varies greatly (pluralism). Truth is what works at the time; it is not based on a duality between reality independent of the mind or within the mind. Pragmatics utilize a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods for their research.

32
Q

What are the key differences in purpose statements between qual. and quant. data?

A

Qualitative studies a single phenomenon, while quant. compares variables.
Qual. uses neutral and non leading prompts, while quant. identifies theory using,

33
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning is primarily used in quantitative research. It narrows down a general principle to a specific conclusion.
Theory —> Hypothesis/Proposition —> Data Collection —> Observations/findings

34
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning is primarily used in qualitative research. It uses specific findings to create an overarching theory.
Observations/Findings —> Themes & Patters —> Generalizations —> Theory

35
Q

What are the main characteristics of qualitative research? What are the limitations?

A
  • Is based on interpretivism
  • Inductive
  • Provides context and understanding to a research problem
    Limitations: subjectivity is inherent, labour and time intensive
36
Q

Define phenomenology.

A

A qualitative approach that focuses on understanding and exploring human experiences from the pov of those who are living through them. Seeks to describe, analyze, and interpret the structures of subjective experiences as they are directly lived or felt by individuals.
“Describe the essence of the experience of a group of people”

37
Q

Describe the narrative methodology.

A

Seeks to understand qualitative research by analyzing and exploring the stories of individuals.

38
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

A qualitative method that focuses on generating theories based on the data collected during the research process, rather than starting with a preconceived hypothesis.

39
Q

Define ethnography.

A

Originates from anthropology and sociology. Researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors, language, and actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time. Collection involves observations and interviews.

40
Q

What are case studies?

A

A form of research in which the researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case.

41
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Most widely accepted by quantitative researchers and post-positivists. Begins with a research topic & question, developing hypothesis based on theories, collecting data through experiments and surveys etc., analyzing data, and reporting the findings.

42
Q

Experimental vs. Non-experimental design

A

Experimental: Determines whether a treatment influences an outcome, including true experiments, pre-experiments, and quasi-experiments.
Non-Experimental: Examines associations between variables in a population. Ex. cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, case-control.

43
Q

What are the three core principles for research ethics?

A
  • Respect for Persons
  • Concern for Welfare
  • Justice
44
Q

Pros of mixed methods research?

A

Draws on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative research and minimized the limitations of both approaches.

45
Q

What is convergent design?

A

Mixed method design. Collect both quant. and qual., analyze separately and compare results.

46
Q

What is explanatory design?

A

Mixed method design. Quantitative results inform qualitative design, which then helps to explain/provide depth to quantitative results.

47
Q

What is exploratory design?

A

Mixed method design. Explore research problem with qualitative methods first, so quantitative can be tailored to the specific needs of the sample and research question.

48
Q

A researcher has chosen a mixed-method design. They conduct focus groups with older adults to help inform the development of a survey to measure loneliness among the same population. This design would be considered…
A) convergent
B) exploratory
c) explanatory
d) experimental

A

exploratory

49
Q

What is a descriptive approach to qual. data analysis?

A

It is when a researcher uses data to identify key dimensions (categories and themes) and/or map the range and diversity of a phenomenon (e.g. content analysis).

50
Q

What is a explanatory approach to qual. data analysis?

A

It is when a researcher builds themes to explain the why and how of the social world. It seeks to examine the meaning of individual/group’s attitudes, actions or behaviours (ex. thematic analysis).

51
Q

What is a critical approach to qual. data analysis?

A

It is when a researcher builds themes to expose social structures and institutions that often uphold power, privilege, and oppression (e.g. narrative analysis).

52
Q

Define content analysis.

A

Content analysis is a qualitative analysis method in which one codes and categorizes content for large amounts of text or visual data. Ex. identifying the frequency of utilizing a specific phrase in an interview. Quantifies.

53
Q

Define thematic analysis.

A

A form of qualitative analysis. Involves identifying themes in data, aiming to understand the underlying ideas and concepts present in the data. Ex. if a phrases such as “i’m not sure…”, “it might…”, or “no confirmation” show up in the data, one might create a theme called “uncertainty”, that encapsulates the main idea.

54
Q

Define narrative analysis.

A

A qualitative analysis method that involves interpreting and understanding the meaning of stories shared by individuals or groups. It involves the systematic evaluation of narratives to explore how people make meaning of their lives through stories.

55
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Statistics that summarize and describe data through data visualization, measures of central tendency, and variability. Researcher can make conclusions about the data collected (cannot generalize conclusions beyond data collected).

56
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

The process of making predictions and assumptions about a larger population, based on a smaller sample of data from that population through statistical tests and hypothesis testing.

57
Q

What does it mean to disseminate research findings?

A

Dissemination is the process of communicating research findings and knowledge to target audiences. It’s vital to ensure the conducted research has a health, social, political, or economic impact. Can occur through:
- Peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations or posters, stakeholder meetings, news outlets, or policy briefs.

58
Q

Define knowledge translation.

A

Knowledge translation is the process of taking academic research and putting it in the hands of individuals or organizations who can put it to use in practice.
Knowledge mobilization strategies:
- Know your audience and setting.
- Focus on target messages.
- Use the right tools.

59
Q

Define Chi-Square Statistic (biostatistics)

A

Comparing counts

60
Q

T-Test?

A

Comparing two means

61
Q

ANOVA

A

Comparing three of more means

62
Q

Correlation

A

Strength of relationship between two variables

63
Q

Regression

A

Influence of predictor variable(s) on an outcome

64
Q

What are the common elements of health research questions?

A

THINK: PIEOS
P - Population and their characteristics
I - Intervention or therapy used for a health condition
E - Exposure to adverse or negative conditions
O - outcomes related to health, mental health
S - settings such as health facilities, geographies

65
Q

What Russell-Burch framework?

A

3 R’s: replacement, reduction, refinement.
Replacement: Animal experiments only approved if no suitable alternative method exists, ex. computer simulations or cell culture experiments
Reduce: only the smallest number of animals necessary for an experiment may be used.
Refine: Housing and experimental conditions must be optimal in order to subject lab animals to the least stress possible. Includes always choosing animal-friendly experimental methods, promoting non-invasive procedures, and treating any pain the animal may be in.

66
Q

What governs the use of animals in research?

A

Institutional Rules: Animal Care Committee
Provincial law: Animals for Research Act
National Guidelines: Canadian Council on Animal Care

67
Q

What is the First Nations Principles of OCAP?

A

Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession.
- A set of standards that establish important ground rules for how FN data data can be collected, protected, used, or shared;
- Reflect FN commitments to use and share info in a way that brings benefit to the community while minimizing any possible harm.
- The right of FN communities to own, control, access and possess info about their people is fundamentally ties to self-determination and to the preservation and development of their culture

68
Q

What is AIR?

A

Arts informed research. Uses one or more than one non-traditional, creative expression methods to collect data.
Ex. literacy arts (fiction, poetry), performing arts (dance, drama), visual arts (photographs, drawing), and media (video).
Provides participants a free space to share their experiences/thoughts.
Specific example: drawing can be used in research with vulnerable groups such as children, youth, those with learning disabilities, immigrants and refugees, and indigenous communities.

69
Q

Types of sampling?

A

simple random - everyone has an equal chance
systematic - person selected at interval
stratified random -
cluster sampling

70
Q

What is self report?

A

Measure of quantitative data reported by the participant. Often subject to personal bias.

71
Q

What is the COMPASS study used for? And how? How is it analyzed?

A
  • Used to understand how changes in school policies and programs are associated with changes in youth health behaviour over time.
  • Examines how tough health behaviours change over time
  • How current events impact youth health behaviours.

Collects study and school-level data, collected from a convenience sample of students in grades 7-12 and the Canadian secondary schools they attend. Collects cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets.
Descriptive and summary statistics, regression models, machine learning methods, and cluster analysis. (students within schools may be more similar to each other compares to those in other schools).

72
Q

What is photo-elicitation?

A
  • Utilizes photos as ‘stimuli’
  • Elicits rich, deeper insight and great memory recall
  • Visual information is “evolutionarily older than the part of the brain that processes verbal information”
  • Participant driven or researcher driven
73
Q

Misinformation Vs. Disinformation

A

Misinformation: False and misleading information based on a lack of existing scientific knowledge. Not deliberate.
Disinformation: False information deliberately shared to cause harm.

intro to health research hlth 205 (1 decks)

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