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kin 2110 exam review > exam review > Flashcards

exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Control

A

Motor control is the ability of biological (and artificial) systems to organize, initiate, monitor, and correct movements to obtain physically-realizable goals

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2
Q

Synergy theories

A

we choose the movement that best takes advantage of known links in our anatomy and in the CNS.

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3
Q

Available forces theory

A

Select movement that takes advantage of forces available in the environment (like gravity) or in the body (like interaction forces).

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4
Q

Efficiency theories

A

Choose the movement based off minimizing costs of:
Error
Mental Effort
Energy Expenditure
Awkwardness and Jerkiness
Stiffness

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5
Q

Posture Based planning model

A

We select and plan a movement based on our final posture. Supports the best comfort, and movement accuracy.

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6
Q

Motor Planning

A

Selecting the best possible action for the specific time.* Take advantage of synergies
* Take advantage of available forces
* Plan actions that minimize costs (error, discomfort, effort, energy, jerkiness…)

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7
Q

Sensorimotor control theory

A

how sensory information is used to learn, generate, predict, and adjust voluntary movement both before and during performance.

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8
Q

Motor command

A

The descending neural signal to contract agonist and antagonist muscles in a way that fulfills the goal

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9
Q

controller

A

best guess of the motor command

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10
Q

Sensory predictor

A

The process that predicts the sensory outcome of the motor command (Produces Corollary discharge)

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11
Q

Corollary discharge

A

The prediction of the sensory feedback that should be generated if command is performed (Product of the sensory predictor)

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12
Q

Sensory Feedback

A

Sensory information that arises as movement is performed

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13
Q

Sensory comparator

A

A hypothetical process that compares the prediction to the actual feedback

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14
Q

Error signal

A

The difference between the prediction and the feedback.

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15
Q

Two hemispheres

A

Left and Right

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16
Q

Three major fissures

A

Interhemispheric, central, lateral

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17
Q

Four Lobes

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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18
Q

Three poles

A

Temporal, frontal, occipital

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19
Q

One major commissure

A

Corpus collosum

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20
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

A shallow groove in the cortex.
Central sulcus, precentral sulcus, post central sulcus.

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21
Q

Gyrus/ Gyri

A

A ridge in the cortex. Precentral gyrus and post central gyrus

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22
Q

Primary motor cortex (M1)

A

Sends Efferent motor signals to the spinal motor neuron pool via cortical spinal tract

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23
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Incontrol of the bodies proximal limb muscles

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24
Q

Primary Somatosensory cortex

A
  • postcentral gyrus
  • receives tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic information from the periphery (via thalamus).
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25
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A
  • Occipital pole
  • Receives visual information from eyes
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26
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A
  • superior temporal gyrus
  • Receives sound information from ears
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27
Q

Parietal Cortex

A

recieving and processing sensory feedback

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28
Q

Descending neural pathways

A

Originate in the cortex or brain stem, decscend straight to the target alpha neuron pool through the spinal cord.
Pathways are topographically organized.

29
Q

Pyramidal Tract: Cortical spinal tract (CST; pyramidal)

A
  • Cortex (upper motor neurons) → spinal cord
  • 60% from pyramidal cells in frontal cortex (M1 and PMC)
  • 40% from parietal cortex
  • 75% axons cross at decussations – forms lateral CST
  • 25% descend ipsilaterally – forms anterior CST
  • Lat CST - Controls distal musculature of the contralateral hands and feet.
  • Ant CST – cortical control over ipsilateral trunk, neck, and shoulders.
30
Q

Pyramidal Tract: Cortical bulbar tract

A
  • cortex → cranial nerve nuclei in medulla and pons
  • descends ipsilaterally
  • controls muscles of upper head and face bilaterally
  • controls lower face, mouth, tongue and neck contralaterally
31
Q

Extrapyramidal Tracts: Tectospinal tract

A
  • Superior and inferior colliculus → contralateral cervical spinal cord (neck muscles only)
  • Innervates neck muscles so that they can respond to alerting visual and auditory stimuli in the environment.
32
Q

Extrapyramidal Tracts: Rubrospinal tract

A
  • Red nucleus (midbrain) → contralateral to cervical spinal cord (upper limbs only)
  • acts on motor neurons supplying the flexor muscles of the arms.
  • stimulating the red nucleus induces flexion and inhibits extension.
33
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Lateral vestibular nuclei → all levels of the spinal cord.
  • Biased toward extension – controls muscle tone in neck, trunk, shoulder and leg muscles involved in keeping body upright (relative to gravity).
34
Q

Medial vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Medial vestibular nuclei → the upper cervical levels.
  • Biased toward extension in neck and shoulders.
35
Q

Medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract

A
  • Reticular formation in pons -> interneurons of spinal cord
  • Supports extension of the legs for postural support
36
Q

Lateral (medullary) reticulospinal tract

A
  • Reticular form. in medulla -> interneurons of spinal cord
  • Supports flexor motor neurons and can inhibit the effect of the medial reticulospinal tract.
37
Q

Decorticate rigidity

A

Occurs when pyramidal tracts are interrupted but extrapyramidal tracts are left intact. Posture: Hands and arms flexed, feet plantar flexed internally rotated

38
Q

Decerabrate Rigidity

A

When both Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal tracts are disrupted. Posture: Head and neck extended, arms and legs extended, feet plantar flexed and wrists flexed wrists and feet internally rotated.

39
Q

Activation method

A

If brain area is involved in movement performance than when performing movement tasks this brain area will be more active

40
Q

Stimulation method

A

stimulate a particular region of the cortex by applying a low voltage electrical signal and observing the resulting movement

41
Q

Liesion method

A

If brain area is involved in motor performance than if that area is damaged then it will lead to movement impairment

42
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Use vision to guid movements

43
Q

Ventral Stream

A

Use vision to recognize shapes faces and scenes.

44
Q

Reaching

A

Moving the hand in a certain direction and distance

45
Q

Grasp

A

Using objects size/weight information to determine grip size, force and type.

46
Q

prehension

A

the action of grasping

47
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

group of nuclei in the base of the cerebral hemisphere. Responsible for the initiation and control of muscle activity. highly dependant on neurotransmitters present

48
Q

Basal Ganglia: Skeletomotor

A

Involved in control of voluntary movements, balance and gait

49
Q

Oculomotor

A

Eye movement and control

50
Q

Limbic

A

Emotional control and motivation

51
Q

Prefrontal

A

Planning persistence, memory and spatial ability

52
Q

substantia nigra

A

releases neurotransmitters for the basal ganglia

53
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

Progressive degenerative disorder in both movement and stillness. Degeneration of the substantial nigra. Leads to loss of movement and unwanted movement

54
Q

cerebellum

A

Contains half the brains neurones
1. Acts in advance of sensory feedback
2. Special role in motor timing.
3. Relies on a model of the body to coordinate your movements.
4. Special role in adaptation and learning

55
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

– Receive somatosensory information from neck and trunk (proximal muscles).
– Sends sensory info to cortex and motor info to spinal cord.
– Involved in the control of balance and gait.

56
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

– Receive sensory information from neck muscles (proprioception), vestibular system, and vision.
– Output to centres that control neck and eye muscles
– Involved in eye movements, balance control, vestibular reflexes (righting reflexes)

57
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

– Receives inputs from sensory and motor cerebral cortex
– Outputs return to cerebral cortex via dendate nuclei.
– Involved in movement planning and execution, especially muscle timing.

58
Q

Cerebellar ataxia

A

When the cerebellum isn’t working properly
Jerky, ungraceful, inaccurate movements
poor balance and gait
poor learning

59
Q

postural orientation

A

Maintaining awareness as to where your body is in space

60
Q

Postural stability

A

ability to keep centre of mass inside the base of support

61
Q

Base of support

A

Main contact areas with support surface

62
Q

Centre of mass

A

A spot in space which is in the middle of your entire bodies mass

63
Q

Centre of gravity

A

the vertical projection usually straight down from COM

64
Q

Centre of pressure

A

the average pressure between all bases of support

65
Q

Stability limits

A

The amount of sway allowable without changing the base of support

66
Q

Ankle strategy

A

body sways at ankles

67
Q

Hip strategy

A

Narrower BOS, large rapid motion at hip joints

68
Q

Stepping strategy

A

Natural response, older people step more often than younger people.

69
Q

Anticipatory postural adjustments

A

Body adjusts posture right before a voluntary movement to compensate

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