Exam Review Flashcards
How do atoms form charged ions?
Atoms form charged ions by gaining or losing electrons.
What is the difference between cations and anions?
Cations are atoms that have lost one or more electrons, giving them a positive charge. Anions are atoms that have gained one or more electrons, giving them a negative charge.
Why do atoms lose or gain a specific number of electrons?
Atoms tend to lose or gain electrons in order to have a full outermost energy level, also known as a stable octet.
Given a chemical reaction in words, how would you write the word equation and the balanced chemical equation?
To write the word equation for a chemical reaction, you would list the reactants and products by their common names, separated by the word “yields” or an arrow.
To write the balanced chemical equation, you would list the reactants and products by their chemical formulas, with coefficients to indicate the number of each type of atom or molecule, and ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
What are the different types of chemical reactions and how can you identify them?
There are several types of chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, and acid-base reactions. They can be identified by the type of reactants and products involved and by the changes in energy and matter that occur.
How can you predict the products of a chemical reaction, especially for double displacement, single displacement, and combustion reactions?
To predict the products of a chemical reaction, you can use the reactant’s chemical formulas and the chemical equation of the reaction. In a double displacement reaction, two reactants exchange ions to form two new compounds.
In a single displacement reaction, an element in a compound is replaced by another element. In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon (organic compound) reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
How can you determine the chemical formula given the names of compounds or vice versa for ionic and molecular compounds?
To determine the chemical formula given the names of compounds, you need to have knowledge of the elements present and their chemical symbol. You can also use the chemical formula and the name of the compound to identify the elements it contains and its ratio.
Explain the Law of Conservation of Mass and how it applies to chemical reactions?
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. This applies to chemical reactions because atoms are neither created nor destroyed, they are simply rearranged.
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons in order to fill their outer energy level, while ionic bonds are formed when atoms transfer electrons. Covalent bonds are typically formed between nonmetal atoms and ionic bonds are formed between metal and nonmetal atoms.
How do you form and name compounds from their elements, including sketching Bohr-Rutherford diagrams showing electron transfer or sharing?
To name chemical compounds and write chemical formulas for ionic and molecular compounds, you must know the chemical symbols and charges of the elements involved. Ionic compounds are named by naming the cation first, followed by the anion, and adding -ide to the anion. Molecular compounds are named by using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element present in the compound.
What are diatomic elements?
Diatomic elements are elements that occur in nature as a diatomic molecule, composed of two atoms of the same element. HOFBrINCl, (hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, and chlorine)
How do you name chemical compounds and write chemical formulas for ionic and molecular compounds?
To name chemical compounds and write chemical formulas for ionic and molecular compounds, you must know the chemical symbols and charges of the elements involved. Ionic compounds are named by naming the cation first, followed by the anion, and adding -ide to the anion. Molecular compounds are named by using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element present in the compound.
How do you balance chemical equations?
To balance a chemical equation, you must ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation. You can do this by adjusting the coefficients (numbers in front of the chemical formulas) of the reactants and products.
What are the properties, pH, and differences between acids and bases?
The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Acids are compounds that donate hydrogen ions (H+), while bases are compounds that accept hydrogen ions. Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7. Common properties of acids include sour taste, reaction with metals to produce hydrogen gas, and the ability to turn blue litmus paper red. Common properties of bases include bitter taste, slippery feel, and the ability to turn red litmus paper blue.
How do you perform neutralization reactions and what are the products formed?
In a neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to form a neutral solution (pH of 7) and a salt. The products formed are typically water and a salt. The type of salt formed depends on the acid and base used in the reaction.
How do you count atoms in a compound using subscripts and coefficients?
To count atoms in a compound, you need to use subscripts and coefficients. Subscripts indicate the number of atoms of a particular element present in the compound. Coefficients indicate the number of molecules of a particular compound present in a reaction. You can use this information to balance chemical equations and to determine the chemical formula of a compound.
What are diffusion and osmosis and how do they function to move chemicals into, throughout, and out of cells?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Both diffusion and osmosis play important roles in the movement of chemicals into, throughout, and out of cells.
Describe cell division and mitosis, including diagrams of mitosis.
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Diagrams of mitosis typically show the different stages of the process, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Compare and contrast animal and plant cells, noting similarities and differences.
Animal and plant cells have many similarities, such as a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and cell organelles. However, plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these structures.
What are the risks and treatments for cancer, and what are the pros and cons of diagnostic imaging?
Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Risks for cancer include exposure to environmental toxins, certain genetic mutations, and certain lifestyle factors. Treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. Diagnostic imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI, can be used to detect and monitor cancer, but they also have potential risks and limitations.
Explain the interactions between the circulatory and respiratory systems with respect to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
The circulatory system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to the body’s cells and carrying away carbon dioxide. The respiratory system, which includes the lungs and airways, is responsible for exchanging gases between the body’s cells and the environment. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to ensure that oxygen is delivered to the body’s cells and that carbon dioxide is removed.
What are the different types of muscle and their functions?
There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for movement, such as walking, running, and jumping. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and is responsible for involuntary movements, such as digestion and blood flow. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
