EXAM Review Flashcards

Question

Transformational Behaviours

Answer 1

When leader engages with others & creates connections that raise levels of motivation & morality in leader

Answer 2

“people dislike work, need to be controlled & directed, prefer security over responsibility”

Answer 3

“people like work, self-motivated, & accept & seek responsibility”

Answer 4

- Theory X - Followers need controlling & direction - Leader is in charge & sets the goals - Communication between followers is discouraged

Answer 5

- Theory Y - Followers capable of working on own - Leaders work with followers & goals mutually set - Communication encouraged between followers

Answer 6

- Neither X or Y perspective - Leaders do not try to control, but also don’t provide direction - Goals may not be set - Essentially “non-leadership” ◦ Example: Impoverished Management (bottom left corner of leadership grid

Answer 7

- Help group members accomplish goals by giving directions, establishing goals and methods of evaluation, setting timelines, defining roles, and showing how the goals are to be achieved

Answer 8

- Help group members feel better about themselves, their coworkers, and the situation

Answer 9

- Low competence & High commitment - High directive; low supportive - eg. Military

Answer 10

- Low competence & Low commitment - High directive & High supportive - eg. Math teacher

Answer 11

- High Competence & High Commitment - Low directive & Low supportive - eg. Robotics team

Answer 12

- High competence & Low commitment - Low directive; high supportive - eg. Tired volunteers

Answer 13

- highlights the differences that may exist between the leader and each of the followers

Answer 14

In-group members - those that are given expanded and negotiated role responsibilities and given more opportunities Out-group members - those that were limited to defined roles based on the employment contract, did the bare minimum

Answer 15

- Leader cares more about group success than own - Similar to democratic approach

Answer 16

- Focus is on leaders being genuine in thoughts & actions - 4 main components: ◦ Self-awareness - know what you stand for ◦ Relational transparency - honest and straightforward ◦ Balanced Processing - fair and objective ◦ Internalized Moral Perspective - does the right thing

Answer 17

1. Idealized influence 2. Inspirational motivation 3. Intellectual stimulation 4. Individualized Consideration 5. Contingent Reward 6. Management by Exception (active) 7. Management by Exception 8. Laissez-Faire

Answer 18

5.) Contingent reward: Contracts Exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good preformance, recognizes accomplishments 6.) Management by exception (active): watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action 7.) Management by Exception (passive): intervenes only if standard are not met 8.) Laissez-Faire: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions

Answer 19

1.) Idealized Influence: Provides vision and sense of mission, installs pride, gains respect and trust 2.) Inspirational motivation: communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways 3.) Intellectual Stimulation: promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving 4.) Individualized Consideration: gives personal attention, treats each member individually, coaches, advises

Answer 20

The interaction among your leadership traits, the characteristics of your followers (competence, commitment), and the nature of the situation (emergent vs assigned, type of power)

Answer 21

The leader’s vision, including their motives for influencing others

Answer 22

The importance of ethics, including the character of the leader (integrity)

Answer 23

The empowerment of people combined with the leader’s practice of servant leadership

Answer 24

The leaders mastery of leadership skills - human, technical, & conceptual skills

Answer 25

*Ability to persuade & understand people The leaders ability to understand people and persuade them to do things, including being sensitive to their needs, being skilled in listening and speaking

Answer 26

The leaders ability to delegate tasks and tap into the potential of followers

Answer 27

* Ability to develop & bring out the best in others The leaders ability to develop others and bring out their best in personal growth and task performance, including the ability to lead people through change and maintain adaptive capacity

Answer 28

* Ability to achieve results The leaders ability to achieve results, including the degree of discipline the leader has developed in followers, and the effective use of corrective actions.

Answer 29

An ethical dilemma forces leaders to choose between two “rights” or “goods” - eg.) honesty vs loyalty, individual vs group, short-term vs long-term, justice vs mercy

Answer 30

Perceiving a situation or problem from the point of view of another person

Answer 31

specific beliefs and behaviours we hold about what is good or bad

Answer 32

refer to the objects, concepts, ideas upon which you place great worth

Answer 33

a systematic approach for making “right” decisions, which are motivated by your values and constrained by your morals (hence: ethical decision making) - refers to the process

Answer 34

Behaviour based on clear rules of what is right

Answer 35

- Deontology variation - Rules apply to all & apply in all situations

Answer 36

- Deontology Variation - Rules can be broken in some situations by some people

Answer 37

- Deontology Variation - Rules vary depending on cultural beliefs

Answer 38

- Deontology Variation - Rules vary depending on own beliefs

Answer 39

- Behaviour is based on what is a good outcome

Answer 40

- Teleology Variation - Greatest good for greatest number - Outcome best for all

Answer 41

- Teleology variation - Greater good for others

Answer 42

- Teleology Variation - Greatest good for me

Answer 43

Behaviour is based on following good principles

Answer 44

- Principilism Variation - Judgement must respect freedom of others to make own informed decisions

Answer 45

- Principilism variation - Must act in best interest of others

Answer 46

- Principilism Variation - To cause no harm (more good than harm)

Answer 47

- Principilism variation - Decisions should be fair - Does not advantage or disadvantage some more than others

Answer 48

1.) What’s the dilemma? - identify 2 “rights” in conflict 2.) What’re the choices? - name possible decisions 3.) What’s most right? - don’t think of consequences 4.) What’s most ‘good’? - find all possible outcome 5.) What’s best choice? - choice with best outcome 6.) Am I willing? - can you follow through 7.) Is my choice aligned with guiding principles? 8.) Am I able? - is this actually a possible decision

Answer 49

1) State the ethical problem 2) List the possible choices 3) Deontological evaluation of the choices 4) Telological evaluation of the choices 5)Ethical judgement 6) Moral Intention 7) Principle evaluation 8) Action control 9) Decision

Answer 50

- A felt struggle between 2 or more interdependent individuals - Occurs over perceived incompatible differences in beliefs or values, goals or interests, information or data, or over differences in desires for connectedness or relationship, power or structure.

Answer 51

People - each with their own views, feelings, expectations, needs, etc… that will eventually clash Context - the experiences, personal history, group norms Events - those things which challenge both the context and the people

Answer 52

◦ 1) Values Conflict ◦ 2) Relationship Conflict ◦ 3) Data Conflict ◦ 4) Structural Conflict (authority and power) ◦ 5) Interest Conflict (gain or loss)

Answer 53

Perceived differences in beliefs, morals, or important items/ideas - Eg.) political beliefs, personal goals… - Identified through flight, fight, & freeze - Managed by adopting group norms, taking perspective, & labeling the disagreement

Answer 54

Perceived differences in compatibility or likability - Eg.) agreeableness & conscientiousness - Identified through avoidance, silence, & tension - Managed by identifying barriers & developing mutual understanding

Answer 55

Perceived differences in information, facts, or data - Eg.) data relevance & interpretations - Identified by people arguing about the data - Managed by bringing data challenges explicitly into conversation & encouraging use of best data

Answer 56

Perceived differences in power or ability to make decisions - Eg.) legitimate, referent, & expert - Identified by looking for permission, assumption of authority, & behaviour inferring subordinate groups - Managed by naming the influencing factors & developing strategies

Answer 57

Perceived differences in benefits & there is an interest at stake - Eg.) financial, personal, & other - Identified by zero-sum mentality, people holding a position, & not exploring others interests - Managed by declaring competing interests & look for a win-win solution

Answer 58

1) Self Check - requires emotional intelligence 2) 3 C’s Mindset - candid, compassionate, & collaborative 3) Choose a Style - assertive, aggressive, avoidance,competition, collaboration, & compromise 4) Start the Conversation - know facts & stories 5) Resolve the Conflict

Answer 59

Candid - be direct, honest, and clear (don’t try to avoid the subject by hinting at it) Compassionate - treat others with dignity and respect. Allow for a variety of stressful reactions Collaborative - work with others

Answer 60

Assertive - to maintain one’s rights without compromising rights of others Passive - to relinquish one’s rights in deference of others Aggressive - to demand one’s rights at the expense of others Passive-Aggresive - to relinquish one’s rights at the expense of others

Answer 61

- “customer is always right” - used when more important issues are pressing - often used by those with low extraversion & low agreeableness

Answer 62

- “it would be my pleasure” - used when you realize you’re wrong - used by those with low extraversion & high agreeableness

Answer 63

- “my way or the high way” - When quick & decisive decisions are vital (in emergencies) - often used by those with high extroversion & low agreeableness

Answer 64

- “2 heads are better than 1” - To achieve maximum benefits for all - Used by those with high extroversion & high agreeableness

Answer 65

- “lets make a deal” - To achieve temporary settlement of complex issues - Used as a backup when collaboration is unsuccessful

Answer 66

S - share your facts T - tell your story A - ask for perspectives T - talk tentatively E - encourage testing

Answer 67

Someone who, typically because of their high-level of expertise, earns a living doing something - a sport, hobby, pastime, etc Usually done by individuals who are not paid to do so In contrast to an amateur

Answer 68

Professionals are a member of a profession & are governed by codes of ethics, and profess commitments to competence, integrity and morality, altruism, and the promotion of the public good within their expert domain. Professionals are accountable to those served and to society.

Answer 69

A disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards. This group positions itself as possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognized body of learning derived from research, education, and training at a high level, and is recognized by the public as such.

Answer 70

- Legally Regulated - Autonomy of Practice - Specially Trained - Evidence Based Practice - Adhere to a Code of Ethics - Licensed - Serve the Public

Answer 71

Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991 - Legislation that governs Ontario’s regulated health professions

Answer 72

- Respect - members are respectful of differing needs - Excellence - members committed to excellence in practice & continue development of skills - Autonomy & Well Being - members guided by concern for patients well-being - Communication, Collaboration & Advocacy - Honesty & Integrity

Answer 73

1.) Adherence to Ethical Principles (e.g. REACH) 2.) Effective Interactions with Patients/Clients (e.g. courtesy, empathy, respect, etc.) 3.) Effective Interactions with Colleagues/Peers (collaboration, patience, boundaries, etc.) 4.) Reliability (accountable, punctual, organized) 5.) Commitment to Continuous Improvement (lifelong learning, reflection)

Answer 74

1) Professional responsibility, integrity, & accountability 2) Self-improvement & pursuit of excellence 3) Respectful professional relationships & communications

Answer 75

The study of human movement and its components in interaction with the environment - anatomical, physiological, neurological, biochemical, biomechanical, neuromotor, psychological

Answer 76

Believed in importance of student exposure to art, drama, physical education…

Answer 77

Believed in mandatory physical education in schools ◦ Created the Strathcona trust to train teachers in Physical Education

Answer 78

Founder of Physical Education programs in university

Answer 79

Ability to direct ones own life & is vital to an individual’s personal dignity & autonomy

Answer 80

Involve the unauthorized use of someone else’s private information - eg) Looking @ records without permission

Answer 81

Disclosure of someone else’s private information when: - information was voluntarily imparted in confidence and trust - there was an implicit or explicit promise not to divulge that information without their permission - eg) Giving records to someone without authorization

Answer 82

- Respect for Autonomy - Implicit Promise - Undermined Trust - Consequences to Society

Answer 83

◦ Probability of harm ◦ Magnitude of harm ◦ Foreseeability of harm ◦ Preventability of harm ◦ Identifiability of victim (s)

Answer 84

Rarely justified, especially regarding patients who show capacity to make decisions

Answer 85

- Strong likelihood of serious harm - Harm most likely be prevented by breaking confidence - All alternatives have been exhausted - Patient has been given opportunity to make the revelation themselves - Patient has been notified of your intention to break confidentiality

Answer 86

- Is consent given by a person that was based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and future consequences of an action

Answer 87

Consent given directly in explicit words, either verbally or written, by the patient or substitute decision maker, for a specific purpose

Answer 88

Consent inferred from signs, actions, facts, or by indication of silence - Not the best form of consent as it can be misinterpreted

Answer 89

• Nature of the treatment (what you’re doing) • Expected benefits of treatment • Risks of treatment • Side-effects of treatment • Alternative treatments • Consequences of not having treatment

Answer 90

An individuals ability of giving informed consent - only capable if they understand the information that is relevant to making a decision & can appreciate the reasonably foreseeable consequences of a decision

Answer 91

- A psychiatric or neurological diagnosis - Refusal of treatment contrary to advice - Requesting an alternate service - Age - Disability - Mere fact an SDM is in place

Answer 92

Substitute Decision Maker

Answer 93

1) Legal Guardian (appointed by court) 2) Personal Attorney (appointed by patient) 3) Spouse/Partner 4) Child 5) Parent 6) Sibling 7) Any Other Relative

Answer 94

Personal Health Information Protection Act 2004 - Ontario law regulating the management of Personal Health Information (PHI) and the rights of patients - Deals with collection & disclosure of patients info

Answer 95

- Info that identifies a person - Patients physical or mental health info - Family health history - Provision of care details - Identification of an SDM

Answer 96

- People/organizations involved in the ‘circle of care’ - People who provide tech support to an HIC - Persons who receive PHI from HIC

Answer 97

Individuals who directly provide or assist in the care/treatment of a patient at a particular time & need to know the information to provide or help to provide care to the patient

Answer 98

- Be informed of reasons for PHI use & collection - Be notified of loss, theft, or unauthorized PHI use - Refuse or give consent regarding PHI use - Withdraw consent by providing notice - Instruct that their PHI not be used without consent - Access copy of own PHI - Request corrections to own health records - Complain to the IPC (info & privacy commissioner)

Answer 99

1) stored under a unique identifier 2) sequential storage 3) date & signature 4) no destruction of PHI 5) timely 6) legible 7) finance & equipment

Answer 100

- 10 years from last contact if 18+ - 10 years after patient has turned 18 if under 18 at time of last contact

Answer 101

- Power - professional holds inherent position of power - Professional Intimacy - Respect & Trust - exist by default

Answer 102

1) Duty of Care 2) Patient Autonomy 3) Confidentiality 4) Professional Intimacy 5) Sexual Abuse 6) Gifts 7) Financial Transactions

Answer 103

Actions that are outside of standard professional actions but that do not cause direct harm - Examples; - accepting hug from patient - special fee payment options - accepting low valued, non-personal gift

Answer 104

Actions that may cause direct harm & damage trust - Examples - you hug a patient - treating close friend or family member - intimate or sexual relations with patient

Answer 105

Anything that has a negative effect on the welfare of participants - Nature of the harm may be social, behavioural, physical, or economic

Answer 106

The combination of the magnitude or seriousness of the harm, and the probability that it will occur

Answer 107

• The Benefit of sport and Physical activity is that it is… fun, healthy, & instrinsically & extrinsically rewarding • The Risk is that it can involve… temporal or permanent physical injury; physical, emotional, & sexual abuse, death (rare)

Answer 108

Ones legal responsibility to provide an appropriate balance between risk & benefit - Responsibility to… - discover & assess risk - eliminate risk where possible - manage risk that can be eliminated - warn participants about the risks

Answer 109

The legal responsibility to manage risk may be extended (shared) to participants, who may be required to… - demonstrate appropriate physical maturity & risk awareness - use appropriate safety equipment - ability to follow rules

Answer 110

• Legal Code for Canadians • Examples: ◦ Criminal Code ◦ Rowan’s Law ◦ Health Protection and Promotion Act • Standard of proof is very high for Statute Law

Answer 111

• A “body of principles” established through precedent, that govern legal issues not fully covered in statutes • Most commonly deals with negligence - harm (wrongs) done by others unintentionally, for which damages (compensation) can be sought in civil action

Answer 112

The party or person who seeks damages & files the lawsuit

Answer 113

The party required to defend themselves in a lawsuit & pay the damages if unsuccessful

Answer 114

- The defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care; - The defendant failed to carry out this duty to the appropriate standard (commission, omission); - The defendant’s failure to do the above caused the harm to the plaintiff; - The harm was foreseeable to the defendant

Answer 115

When plaintiff may be partially responsible for his own damages & court assigns percentages of responsibility to each party

Answer 116

Parties that partially contributed to the harm are each responsible for the full extent of damages - If one or more parties lacks the means to pay damages, the remaining parties are liable for the full amount. This does not depend on the proportion of fault.

Answer 117

Superiors usually held liable for their subordinate’s actions - Examples: ◦ Employers (over employees) ◦ Principles (over Agents) ◦ Parents (over Children) ◦ Supervisor (over Lifeguard)

Answer 118

1) Discover & Asses Risk - identify risks & evaluate the likelihood of occurrence 2) Eliminate Risk Where Possible - remove dangers, use safety devices, & restrict access 3) Manage Risk that can be Eliminated - require safety gear, impose rules, & supervise when able to 4) Warn Participants About Risk - nature of activity, foreseeable risks, & extent of controlling the risk

Answer 119

Prevention of unreasonable risk of harm such as making a space reasonably safe & reducing risk to reasonable limit

Answer 120

Responsibility to prevent all risks of harm such as making the space as safe as possible

Answer 121

Defendant is found negligent if any are found true or lacking; 1) duty of care 2) standard of care 3) Causation 4) Forseeability

Answer 122

Waivers are a contract & legal agreement & don’t always have to be written - An individual is giving up a right in exchange for a benefit

Answer 123

Contracts are legally enforceable agreements between 2+ parties & may be oral or written - Must have an offer, acceptance, & consideration

Answer 124

Unenforceable if signed by.. - A minor - Mentally incapable individual - Intoxicated

Answer 125

- Alternative to a waiver for minors - An agreement with the parent/guardian that may protect against liability that’s present with inherent risk - Not likely to protect against negligence

Answer 126

It results from interactions between participants & program staff & among participants themselves - Can be managed

Answer 127

Applies whenever there is a significant connection between the creation or enhancement of a risk, and the wrong that accrues therefrom, even if unrelated to the employer’s desires

Answer 128

- perform general duties for regular pay, benefits, tax deductions, etc - Subject to employers discretion, supervision & control - employers have vicarious liability over for their employees

Answer 129

- Provide services to an employer at an agreed fee - Not subject to employer’s supervision, direction, or control - Employers not usually vicariously liable for actions of an independent contractor

Answer 130

- Provide services without meaningful compensation - Somewhat subject to organization’s discretion, supervision, & control - Organizations are vicariously liable for their volunteer’s negligence

Answer 131

- Duties to screen - Police record checks - Non-discrimination - Duty to train - Duty to supervise - Prevent sexual abuse - Vulnerable persons - Prevent harm by participants

Answer 132

physical harm & injury, including death, that may occur while participating in the activity

Answer 133

harm to the reputation of the organizers, the affiliated institutions, or the individuals involved

Answer 134

economic harm, including loss or theft of money

Answer 135

harm to infrastructure, facilities, &/or equipment, including damage, fire, & flood

Answer 136

1.) Catastrophic - may result in death 2.) Severe Harm - major physical injury, serious interpersonal harm, major property damage, etc. 3.) Minor Harm - minor illness, localized property damage, broken bone, minor financial loss, etc. 4.) Minimal Threat - minimal threat to safety, health, & well-being of organization &/or participants

Answer 137

1.) Likely - likely to occur immediately or in a short period of time; expected to occur frequently 2.) Probably - probably will occur with enough time & activity, it is likely to occur over the life of the event at least once 3.) May - may occur in time & probability of occurrence is low & there is approx. an equal chance of it happening vs not 4.) Unlikely - unlikely to occur & probability is very low