Exam Review Flashcards
two preconception theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis
All new species originate from preexisting species.
Closely related organisms have similar features bc they evolved from a common ancestor.
germ theory
Certain diseases are caused by invasion of body by microorganisms. Important in understanding and preventing diseases.
identifying characteristics for binomial nomenclature
physical characteristics, biochemical tests, serological tests, phage typic, and analysis of nucleic acids.
binomial nomenclature format
generic (genus) name, followed by species name. Generic is capitalized, species is lowercase, both are italicized
kingdoms
prokaryotae, Protista, fungae, plantae, animalia.
what are kingdoms based on
morphology, metabolism, and molecular techniques
domains
eukaryotic, bacteria, archaea
what are domains based on
cells determined by rRNA
normal flora vs microbiome
flora- organisms found in body
microbiome- organisms found in environment
bacteria
single celled
prokaryotic
peptidoglycan cell walls
gram + and gram -
binary fission
archaea
single celled
prokaryotic
lack peptidoglycan
live in extreme environments
fungi
multicellular
eukaryotic
obtain food from other organisms
cell wall
composed of molds and yeasts
protozoa
single celled
eukaryotic
live in water
asexual mostly
algae
ingle celled
photosynthetic
viruses
not alive
DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes lipid membrane
depend on infected cells to multiply
are prions alive
no
taxonomy
classifying living things
binomial nomenclature
naming microorganisms
methods for identification and classifying microorganisms
morphology, staining
endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotes formed from smaller aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes
smaller prokaryotes became parasites
parasites couldn’t survive alone
larger cell dependent on parasites
aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria
Redi
decaying meat
Pasteur
swan neck flask tilted caused dust to seep into flask making it cloudy with microbes
germ theory
fermentation
Koch
staining tech
Jenner
vaccine, immunology
Ehrlich
chemotherapy
Snow
infection control
Linnaeus
taxonomy
Whittaker
5 kingdoms
Woese
taxonomy of domains
Fox
paired with Woese taxonomy of domains
eukaryotes
membrane surrounding their DNA
nucleus.
internal organelles
Large in diameter
Complex structure
what are eukaryotes composed of
algae, fungi, animals, and plants
prokaryotes
No membrane surrounding DNA
No nucleus
Lack internal structures
Small in diameter
Simple structure
what are prokaryotes composed of
bacteria and archaea
capsule
repeating units of organic chemicals, polysaccharides or polypeptides. Attached to cell surface.
Protects cells from drying out and may prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host.
Osmotic barrier.
cell wall fungal composition
cellulose and chitin
cell wall plant composition
cellulose
cell wall algal composition
cellulose, silicon, calcium carbonate
flagella
Originate in plasma membrane.
Rotate like propeller.
Responsible for movement, runs and tumbles with stimulus
arrangements of flagella
monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous
cilia
shorter and more numerous than flagella
more rapid than flagella
functions of plasma membrane
regulate nutrients, water, and waste.
Site of prokaryotic respiration and prokaryotic flagella attachment. Distribution of genetic material during binary fission.
pili
mediate transfer of DNA from cell to cell
rod like
longer than fimbriae shorter than flagella
1-2 per cell
chromosomes
composed of DNA and proteins
carry genetic information
mitochondria
where respiration occurs
produces ATP
nuclear membrane
separates chromosomes from cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
SER- lipid synthesis
RER- transports proteins produced by ribosomes
endospores
permeability barrier against damaging chemicals
chromatophores
adjust body coloration to its surroundings
chloroplasts
light-harvesting.
Have phospholipid bilayer, DNA, and ribosomes.
Golgi complex
packages molecules in vesicles that fuse with cytoplasmic membrane
axial filaments
Originate in cell membrane and transverses length of cell in periplasmic space.
Associated with spirochetes.
aka endoflagella
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis. Composed of two RNA protein complexes.
lysosomes
store and transfer chemicals within cells.
Contain catabolic enzymes.
cytoplasm
support organelles and cellular molecules.
Many processes occur here.
cytoplasmic inclusions
foreign substances contained within a cell membrane.
fimbriae
rod like
used by bacteria to adhere to one another/to hosts/to substances in environment
glycocalyx
gelatinous/sticky.
Surrounds outside of cell.
Composed of polysaccharides and or polypeptides.
slime layer
protection and attachemnt
loosely attached
coccus
spherical
can be + or -
bacilli
rods
Can be + or -
spirilli
spirals
Only -
gram positive
thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
Purple.
gram negative
thin peptidoglycan cell wall.
Red or pink.
