Exam Review Flashcards
6 imperatives
self awareness imperative demographic imperative economic imperative environmental imperative technology imperative peace imperative ethical imperative
The Self-awawerness Imperative
this imperative involves increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts.
The Demographic imperative
This imperative includes the changing domestic and international migration - raising questions of class and religious diversity.
The Economic Imperative
this imperative highlights issues of Globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market
the Environmental Imperative
this imperative encourages us to consider how changes in climate and ecology results in increasing intercultural contact and sometimes conflict.
The Technology Imperative
this imperative gives us increasing information and increased contact with people who are similar and different from us. increased use of this imperative also raises questions about identity and access to this imperative.
The Peace Imperative
This imperative involves woorking through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences
The Ethical Imperative
This imperative calls for understanding of the unviersalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues.
Dialectics
A method of logic based on the principle that an idea generates its opposite, leading to reconciliation of the opposites.
6 Dialectics
Cultural-Individual Personal-Contextual Differances-Similarities Static-Dynamic History/Past-Present/Future
Cultural-Individual Dialectics
Cultural Communication: is cultural means we share communication patteners with members of the groups to which we belong.
Individual: a persons communication style is specific to a person.
Personal-Contextual Dialectic
this dialectic involves the role of context in interculral relationships and focuses simultaneously on the person and the context.
Differences-Simalarities Dialectic
Intercultural communication is characterized by both similarities and differences, in that people are simultaneously similair to and different from.
Static-Dynamic Dialectic
Some cultural and communication patterners remain relatively constant, whereas other aspect cultures (or persoanl traits of individuals) shift over time.
History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic
This dialectic emphasizes the need to focus simultaneously on the past and the present in understanding intercultural communication. on the one hand, we to be aware of comtemporary forces abd realities that shape the interactions of people from different cultural groups. also need to understand that history has a significant impact on contemporary events.
Proxemics
the study if how people use various types of space in their everyday lives: fixed feature space, semfixed space, and informal space. This can either impede or facilitate effective communication across cultures.
Culture Behaviour
Learned patterners of _____ and attitudes shared by a group of people
Universal behaviour
underlying assumptions about nature of reality and human behaviour
Personal Behavior
Behavior that specific to you
Context
the situation in which the communication occures; it is multi-layered with social, political, and historical overtones.
High/Indirect Context
Cultures: homogenous and collectivist
Goals: maintianing harmony and saving face
Low/Direct Culture
Cultures: heterogenous and individualist
Goals: getting and/or giving information
Dynamic
not always one way. constant change, activity or progress
Static
Lacking in change, action, especially in a way viewed as undersirable ot uninteresting.
Main point of the Sneetches Film
The main point of the sneetches film as that we should treat everyone equal no matter what they look like. Or shouldnt judge/treat someone based on looks.
Assimilation
A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or hers own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity.
Accommodation
Is the view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding. Individuals accomodate their speech and nonverbal behaviour to others during an interaction.
Separation
Retaining original culture by having minimum contact with others outside of the culture.
Integration
Maintaining culture while having daily interections with others outside of that culture
Discrimination
behaviours resulting from stereotypes and prejudice based on gender, race, or identities.
Prejudice
negative attitudes or feelings about a group.
Stereotyping
widely held beliefs about a people group. we tend to see what we already believe.
Confirmation Bias
we tend to see what we already believe.
Labels
terms or norms describing central concepts or beliefs that define us.
Political histories
written histories thta focus on politcal events
Intellectual Histories
focuses on develpment of ideas
social histories
Focuses on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past.
The Grand Narrative
a unified history and view of humankind. Refers to the overarching, all encompassing story of a nation of humankind in general.
Push and Pull Factors
Push — unemplayment, war/conflict, famine, trafficking
Pull — job offer, family unification, land available
types of conflict
Affective conflict: emotions Conflict of Interest: preferences Value conflict: ideologies Cognitive conflict: logic Goal conflict: outcome
Conflict Resolution Styles
Dominating: competitive Integrating: collaborative Compromising: bargaining Obligation: accommodation Avoiding: withdrawl
Encoders
create texts or images to sell to particular markets
Decoders
they are guided by social identities. Recievers interpret the meaning of what the encoders have created.
Main point of the film Babies
to show how mothers all around the world take care of children. shows the different birthing methods and how they raise them. celebrates the indeferences and uniqueness.
Between a shoe and a roof, Main point
main point of this film is to show the difference of worldwide christians, and how culture and context influence the religion. to celebrate that abd learn.
Components of Competence
Motivation
Knowlegde
Attitudes
Behaviors and skills
Motivation: Component of Competence
involves desire to make commitment in relationships, is eager to learn about self and others, willing to remain flexible.
Knowledge: Component of Competence
Awere of one’s strengths and weakness. knowing how one is precieved as a communicator. knowing how other groups think abd behave. leanring other languages.
Attitudes; Component of Competence
Tolerance for ambiguity, able to respond well to the unknown. has empathy, strive for creation of shared meaning. Transpection, learning a new perspective in foreign context. Non-judmental, not applying our own cultural frames. D.I.E., Descriptive, Interpretive, Evaluation.
D.I.E
Descriptive
Interpretive
Evaluation
Bahaviours and Skills: Components of Competence
Universal skills; active listening, flexibility, respect for others. Unconscious incompetence, Conscious competence, Conscious incompetence, Unconsious competence.
Unconscious Incompetence
ignorant of context and don’t try to understand.
Conscious Incompetence
not going well, and not sure why.
Conscious Competencfe
analytical thinking, research, and trying to understand.
Unconscious Competence
feels natural, no thought to it.
Danger of the Single Story
the danger of the single story is that if we show people as one thing, over and over again, than they became that one thing.
Saving Face
To avoid having other people lose respect for oneself.
Cultural Iceberg
Remembring the fact that you don’t actually know why cultures do things until you ask and learn for yourself.
Surface area: the what
Deep cultural: the why
Social Science Approach
This approach is baed on psycology. the key emphasis on external, describing reality (an outsiders view).
weakness: human behaviour is not pradictable, and the researchers are limited by their own worldview
Interpretive Approach
Based on communications theory and anthropology. Uses qualitative research and participant observant ion.
Weakness: little study us done on contact between cultures. Research is still done by outsiders.
Critical Approach
Similar to interpretive approach, but focuses on macrocontexts. Contexts are examines in layers: polilitical, historical, and social. Uses textual analysis.
Weakness: popular media used for analysis rather than interviews. Limited observable data
Contextualization
The educational process of relating the curriculum to a particular setting, situation or area of application to make competencies relevant, meaningful, and useful to all leaners.
Main point of the many Faces of Jesus
the importance of seeing how other cultures view Jesus and how he would have related to that culture had he been there. essentially showing how Jesus can relate to any culture.
Communication
a symbolic process wherebt reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed.
Cultural influence commuication
culture influences communication and is enacted and reinforced through communication. Communication also may be a way of contesting and resisting the dominant culture.
for example, how the western culture greets vs. how the Indian culture greets.
Context influencing Communication
it is physical or virtual, and social setting in which communiavtion occurs or the larger political, social, and historical environment.
Power influencing Communication
is pervasive and plays an enormous, although sometimes hidden, role in intercultural interactions. Communication doesn’t always happen between equals.
example; boss and employer. even gender roles.
Majority Identity
A sense of belinging to a dominant group
Minority Identity
A sense of belonging to a nondominant group
Contact Hypothesis
The notion that batter communication between groups is facilitated simple by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to unteract.
8 conditions for Contact Hypothesis
- group memebers should be equal status, both within and outside the contact situation.
- strong normative and institutional support for the contact should be provided.
- contact between the groups should be voluntary.
- the contact should hyave the potential to extand beyond the immediate situation and occur in a variety of contextes with a variety of individuals from all groups.
- programs should maximize cooperation with groups and minimize competition.
- programs should be equalize numbers of group members
- group members should have similar beliefs and values.
- programs should promote individuation of group members.
What are the 4 catagories of linguistics?
- sematics
- syntactics
- pragmatics
- phonetics
Semantics
how words communicate intended meanings
Syntactics
struction or grammar of a langauge
Phonetics
the sound of system of language (tone, pronounciation, rolled r’s, clicks Xhosa)
Nominalist position
The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks
Relavitist Position
The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns.
Qualified relativist position
A moderate view of the relationship between language and perception. Sees language as a tool rather than a prison.
Low power distance
there is less hierarchy.
High power distance
There is more hierarchy
Femininity Power
Fewer gender specific roles. Value quality of life, support for unfortunate.
Masculinity Power
More gender-specific roles. Achievement, ambition, acquisition of material goods.
Low uncertainty Avoidance
Dislikes rules, accept dissent. there is less formality.
High uncertainty Avoidence
more extensive rules, limit dissent. More formality.
Short Term Orientation
Universal guidlines for good and evil. prefer quick results.
Long term Orientation
Definition of good and evil depends on circumtances. Value perseverance and tenacity.
Indulgence
Relatively free gratification of needs related to enjoying life and having fun. Freedom of speech over mainting order.
Restraint
Suppression and regulation of needs related to enjoying life and having fun. Mainting order over freedom of speech.
Migrant
an individual who leaves the primary cultural context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cutural context for an extended time.
Sojourners
people hwo move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specidfic purpose, such as for study or business.
Immigrants
people who came to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently.
long-term refugees
People who are forced to relocate permanentle because of war, famine, and oppression.
Short Term refugee
people who are forced for a short time to move from region or country.
Voluntary short term migrant
Sojourner
Voluntary long term migrant
Immagrant
Involuntary Short term migrant
short term refugee
involuntary long term migrant
Long term refugee
Culture Hybridity
not a melting pot society, instead each cultural group blends together their own culture and other cultures.
the 4 facest of cultural hybridity
- ecomonic assimilation (employment)
- linguistic integration (bilingualism)
- Cultural separation (food, tv, style of dress, custom)
- Social segregation (only marrying within cultural groups).
U-Curve Theory
a theory of cultural adaptation positing that migrants go through fairlu predictable phases - excitment/ antocipation, shock, / disorientation, adjustment — in adapting to a new cultural situation.
Cultural Texts
popular culture messages whether television shows, movies, adverrisements, or other widely disseminated messages.
