Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

6 imperatives

A
self awareness imperative
demographic imperative
economic imperative
environmental imperative
technology imperative
peace imperative
ethical imperative
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2
Q

The Self-awawerness Imperative

A

this imperative involves increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts.

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3
Q

The Demographic imperative

A

This imperative includes the changing domestic and international migration - raising questions of class and religious diversity.

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4
Q

The Economic Imperative

A

this imperative highlights issues of Globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market

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5
Q

the Environmental Imperative

A

this imperative encourages us to consider how changes in climate and ecology results in increasing intercultural contact and sometimes conflict.

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6
Q

The Technology Imperative

A

this imperative gives us increasing information and increased contact with people who are similar and different from us. increased use of this imperative also raises questions about identity and access to this imperative.

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7
Q

The Peace Imperative

A

This imperative involves woorking through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences

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8
Q

The Ethical Imperative

A

This imperative calls for understanding of the unviersalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues.

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9
Q

Dialectics

A

A method of logic based on the principle that an idea generates its opposite, leading to reconciliation of the opposites.

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10
Q

6 Dialectics

A
Cultural-Individual 
Personal-Contextual
Differances-Similarities
Static-Dynamic
History/Past-Present/Future
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11
Q

Cultural-Individual Dialectics

A

Cultural Communication: is cultural means we share communication patteners with members of the groups to which we belong.

Individual: a persons communication style is specific to a person.

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12
Q

Personal-Contextual Dialectic

A

this dialectic involves the role of context in interculral relationships and focuses simultaneously on the person and the context.

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13
Q

Differences-Simalarities Dialectic

A

Intercultural communication is characterized by both similarities and differences, in that people are simultaneously similair to and different from.

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14
Q

Static-Dynamic Dialectic

A

Some cultural and communication patterners remain relatively constant, whereas other aspect cultures (or persoanl traits of individuals) shift over time.

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15
Q

History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic

A

This dialectic emphasizes the need to focus simultaneously on the past and the present in understanding intercultural communication. on the one hand, we to be aware of comtemporary forces abd realities that shape the interactions of people from different cultural groups. also need to understand that history has a significant impact on contemporary events.

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16
Q

Proxemics

A

the study if how people use various types of space in their everyday lives: fixed feature space, semfixed space, and informal space. This can either impede or facilitate effective communication across cultures.

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17
Q

Culture Behaviour

A

Learned patterners of _____ and attitudes shared by a group of people

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18
Q

Universal behaviour

A

underlying assumptions about nature of reality and human behaviour

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19
Q

Personal Behavior

A

Behavior that specific to you

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20
Q

Context

A

the situation in which the communication occures; it is multi-layered with social, political, and historical overtones.

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21
Q

High/Indirect Context

A

Cultures: homogenous and collectivist
Goals: maintianing harmony and saving face

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22
Q

Low/Direct Culture

A

Cultures: heterogenous and individualist
Goals: getting and/or giving information

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23
Q

Dynamic

A

not always one way. constant change, activity or progress

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24
Q

Static

A

Lacking in change, action, especially in a way viewed as undersirable ot uninteresting.

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25
Q

Main point of the Sneetches Film

A

The main point of the sneetches film as that we should treat everyone equal no matter what they look like. Or shouldnt judge/treat someone based on looks.

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26
Q

Assimilation

A

A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or hers own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity.

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27
Q

Accommodation

A

Is the view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding. Individuals accomodate their speech and nonverbal behaviour to others during an interaction.

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28
Q

Separation

A

Retaining original culture by having minimum contact with others outside of the culture.

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29
Q

Integration

A

Maintaining culture while having daily interections with others outside of that culture

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30
Q

Discrimination

A

behaviours resulting from stereotypes and prejudice based on gender, race, or identities.

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31
Q

Prejudice

A

negative attitudes or feelings about a group.

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32
Q

Stereotyping

A

widely held beliefs about a people group. we tend to see what we already believe.

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33
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

we tend to see what we already believe.

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34
Q

Labels

A

terms or norms describing central concepts or beliefs that define us.

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35
Q

Political histories

A

written histories thta focus on politcal events

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36
Q

Intellectual Histories

A

focuses on develpment of ideas

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37
Q

social histories

A

Focuses on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past.

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38
Q

The Grand Narrative

A

a unified history and view of humankind. Refers to the overarching, all encompassing story of a nation of humankind in general.

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39
Q

Push and Pull Factors

A

Push — unemplayment, war/conflict, famine, trafficking

Pull — job offer, family unification, land available

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40
Q

types of conflict

A
Affective conflict: emotions
Conflict of Interest: preferences
Value conflict: ideologies
Cognitive conflict: logic
Goal conflict: outcome
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41
Q

Conflict Resolution Styles

A
Dominating: competitive
Integrating: collaborative
Compromising: bargaining
Obligation: accommodation
Avoiding: withdrawl
42
Q

Encoders

A

create texts or images to sell to particular markets

43
Q

Decoders

A

they are guided by social identities. Recievers interpret the meaning of what the encoders have created.

44
Q

Main point of the film Babies

A

to show how mothers all around the world take care of children. shows the different birthing methods and how they raise them. celebrates the indeferences and uniqueness.

45
Q

Between a shoe and a roof, Main point

A

main point of this film is to show the difference of worldwide christians, and how culture and context influence the religion. to celebrate that abd learn.

46
Q

Components of Competence

A

Motivation
Knowlegde
Attitudes
Behaviors and skills

47
Q

Motivation: Component of Competence

A

involves desire to make commitment in relationships, is eager to learn about self and others, willing to remain flexible.

48
Q

Knowledge: Component of Competence

A

Awere of one’s strengths and weakness. knowing how one is precieved as a communicator. knowing how other groups think abd behave. leanring other languages.

49
Q

Attitudes; Component of Competence

A

Tolerance for ambiguity, able to respond well to the unknown. has empathy, strive for creation of shared meaning. Transpection, learning a new perspective in foreign context. Non-judmental, not applying our own cultural frames. D.I.E., Descriptive, Interpretive, Evaluation.

50
Q

D.I.E

A

Descriptive
Interpretive
Evaluation

51
Q

Bahaviours and Skills: Components of Competence

A

Universal skills; active listening, flexibility, respect for others. Unconscious incompetence, Conscious competence, Conscious incompetence, Unconsious competence.

52
Q

Unconscious Incompetence

A

ignorant of context and don’t try to understand.

53
Q

Conscious Incompetence

A

not going well, and not sure why.

54
Q

Conscious Competencfe

A

analytical thinking, research, and trying to understand.

55
Q

Unconscious Competence

A

feels natural, no thought to it.

56
Q

Danger of the Single Story

A

the danger of the single story is that if we show people as one thing, over and over again, than they became that one thing.

57
Q

Saving Face

A

To avoid having other people lose respect for oneself.

58
Q

Cultural Iceberg

A

Remembring the fact that you don’t actually know why cultures do things until you ask and learn for yourself.

Surface area: the what
Deep cultural: the why

59
Q

Social Science Approach

A

This approach is baed on psycology. the key emphasis on external, describing reality (an outsiders view).

weakness: human behaviour is not pradictable, and the researchers are limited by their own worldview

60
Q

Interpretive Approach

A

Based on communications theory and anthropology. Uses qualitative research and participant observant ion.

Weakness: little study us done on contact between cultures. Research is still done by outsiders.

61
Q

Critical Approach

A

Similar to interpretive approach, but focuses on macrocontexts. Contexts are examines in layers: polilitical, historical, and social. Uses textual analysis.

Weakness: popular media used for analysis rather than interviews. Limited observable data

62
Q

Contextualization

A

The educational process of relating the curriculum to a particular setting, situation or area of application to make competencies relevant, meaningful, and useful to all leaners.

63
Q

Main point of the many Faces of Jesus

A

the importance of seeing how other cultures view Jesus and how he would have related to that culture had he been there. essentially showing how Jesus can relate to any culture.

64
Q

Communication

A

a symbolic process wherebt reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed.

65
Q

Cultural influence commuication

A

culture influences communication and is enacted and reinforced through communication. Communication also may be a way of contesting and resisting the dominant culture.

for example, how the western culture greets vs. how the Indian culture greets.

66
Q

Context influencing Communication

A

it is physical or virtual, and social setting in which communiavtion occurs or the larger political, social, and historical environment.

67
Q

Power influencing Communication

A

is pervasive and plays an enormous, although sometimes hidden, role in intercultural interactions. Communication doesn’t always happen between equals.

example; boss and employer. even gender roles.

68
Q

Majority Identity

A

A sense of belinging to a dominant group

69
Q

Minority Identity

A

A sense of belonging to a nondominant group

70
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

The notion that batter communication between groups is facilitated simple by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to unteract.

71
Q

8 conditions for Contact Hypothesis

A
  1. group memebers should be equal status, both within and outside the contact situation.
  2. strong normative and institutional support for the contact should be provided.
  3. contact between the groups should be voluntary.
  4. the contact should hyave the potential to extand beyond the immediate situation and occur in a variety of contextes with a variety of individuals from all groups.
  5. programs should maximize cooperation with groups and minimize competition.
  6. programs should be equalize numbers of group members
  7. group members should have similar beliefs and values.
  8. programs should promote individuation of group members.
72
Q

What are the 4 catagories of linguistics?

A
  1. sematics
  2. syntactics
  3. pragmatics
  4. phonetics
73
Q

Semantics

A

how words communicate intended meanings

74
Q

Syntactics

A

struction or grammar of a langauge

75
Q

Phonetics

A

the sound of system of language (tone, pronounciation, rolled r’s, clicks Xhosa)

76
Q

Nominalist position

A

The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks

77
Q

Relavitist Position

A

The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns.

78
Q

Qualified relativist position

A

A moderate view of the relationship between language and perception. Sees language as a tool rather than a prison.

79
Q

Low power distance

A

there is less hierarchy.

80
Q

High power distance

A

There is more hierarchy

81
Q

Femininity Power

A

Fewer gender specific roles. Value quality of life, support for unfortunate.

82
Q

Masculinity Power

A

More gender-specific roles. Achievement, ambition, acquisition of material goods.

83
Q

Low uncertainty Avoidance

A

Dislikes rules, accept dissent. there is less formality.

84
Q

High uncertainty Avoidence

A

more extensive rules, limit dissent. More formality.

85
Q

Short Term Orientation

A

Universal guidlines for good and evil. prefer quick results.

86
Q

Long term Orientation

A

Definition of good and evil depends on circumtances. Value perseverance and tenacity.

87
Q

Indulgence

A

Relatively free gratification of needs related to enjoying life and having fun. Freedom of speech over mainting order.

88
Q

Restraint

A

Suppression and regulation of needs related to enjoying life and having fun. Mainting order over freedom of speech.

89
Q

Migrant

A

an individual who leaves the primary cultural context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cutural context for an extended time.

90
Q

Sojourners

A

people hwo move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specidfic purpose, such as for study or business.

91
Q

Immigrants

A

people who came to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently.

92
Q

long-term refugees

A

People who are forced to relocate permanentle because of war, famine, and oppression.

93
Q

Short Term refugee

A

people who are forced for a short time to move from region or country.

94
Q

Voluntary short term migrant

A

Sojourner

95
Q

Voluntary long term migrant

A

Immagrant

96
Q

Involuntary Short term migrant

A

short term refugee

97
Q

involuntary long term migrant

A

Long term refugee

98
Q

Culture Hybridity

A

not a melting pot society, instead each cultural group blends together their own culture and other cultures.

99
Q

the 4 facest of cultural hybridity

A
  1. ecomonic assimilation (employment)
  2. linguistic integration (bilingualism)
  3. Cultural separation (food, tv, style of dress, custom)
  4. Social segregation (only marrying within cultural groups).
100
Q

U-Curve Theory

A

a theory of cultural adaptation positing that migrants go through fairlu predictable phases - excitment/ antocipation, shock, / disorientation, adjustment — in adapting to a new cultural situation.

101
Q

Cultural Texts

A

popular culture messages whether television shows, movies, adverrisements, or other widely disseminated messages.