Exam: Respiratity And Adaptations Flashcards

Question

Does an aerobic practice has an impact on aerobic speed

Answer 1

With training, 🡩 heart mass and LV chamber size – 🡩 target pulse rate (TPR) 🡪 cardiac hypertrophy 🡪 🡩 SV – 🡩 plasma volume 🡪 🡩 LV volume 🡪 🡩 EDV 🡪 🡩 SV Volume loading effect SV 🡩 after training Resting, submaximal, maximal Plasma volume 🡩 with training 🡪 🡩 EDV 🡪 🡩 preload Resting and submaximal HR 🡫 with training 🡪 🡩 filling time 🡪 🡩 EDV 🡩 LV mass with training 🡪 🡩 force of contraction Attenuated 🡩 TPR with training 🡪 🡫 afterload SV adaptations to training 🡫 with age

Answer 2

values significantly increase if trained, not as much as if not pre-trained

Answer 3

🡫 markedly (~1 beat/min per week of training) – 🡩 parasympathetic, 🡫 sympathetic activity in heart

Answer 4

– 🡫 HR for same given absolute intensity More noticeable at higher submaximal intensities

Answer 5

No significant change with training – 🡫 with age

Answer 6

Does 🡫 HR 🡪 🡩 SV? Does 🡩 SV 🡪 🡫 HR? HR, SV interact to optimize cardiac output

Answer 7

Faster with training Indirect index of cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 8

Little or no change at rest or during submaximal exercise with training Maximal Q* 🡩 considerably (due to 🡩 SV)

Answer 9

Pre-training, heart rate increases linearly during exercise and plateaus, then slowly declines during recovery but has not fully returned to resting values at minute 8 of recovery. Post-training, heart rate still increases linearly during exercise and plateaus, but **recovers much more rapidly** and is back to resting values by minute 7.

Answer 10

Line graph showing changes in cardiac output pre- and post-endurance training. Pre-training, cardiac output starts at about 5 L/min at 5 kph and increases linearly to 20 L/min at 16 kph, then plateaus at this value despite further increases in treadmill speed. Post-training, cardiac output starts at 5 L/min at 5 kph, then increases to 28 L/min at a treadmill speed of 20 kph, then plateaus at this value despite further increases in treadmill speed.

Answer 11

🡩 total blood volume * 🡫 blood flow to inactive regions 🡩 capillarization, capillary recruitment 🡩 blood flow to active muscle HR recovery Faster with training Blood volume: total volume 🡩 rapidly – 🡩 plasma volume via 🡩 plasma proteins, 🡩 water and Na+ retention (all in first 2 weeks) – 🡩 red blood cell volume (hematocrit possibly 🡫) – 🡫 plasma viscosity

Answer 12

🡩 rapidly 🡩 plasma volume via 🡩 plasma proteins, 🡩 water and Na+ retention (all in first 2 weeks) – 🡩 red blood cell volume (hematocrit possibly 🡫) – 🡫 plasma viscosity

Answer 13

Pulmonary ventilation Pulmonary diffusion Arteriovenous O2 difference

Answer 14

🡫 at given submaximal intensity – 🡩 at maximal intensity due to 🡩 tidal volume and respiratory frequency

Answer 15

Unchanged during rest and at submaximal intensity – 🡩 at maximal intensity due to 🡩 lung perfusion

Answer 16

🡩 due to 🡩 O2 extraction, active muscle blood flow – 🡩 O2 extraction due to 🡩 oxidative capacity

Answer 17

Fiber type Capillary supply Myoglobin Mitochondrial function Oxidative enzymes (SDH, citrate synthase)

Answer 18

🡩 size and number of type I fibers (type II 🡪 type I) Type IIx may perform more like type IIa.

Answer 19

🡩 number of capillaries supplying each fiber May be key factor in V*O2max 🡩.

Answer 20

– 🡩 myoglobin content by 75% to 80% Supporting 🡩 oxidative capacity in muscle

Answer 21

– 🡩 activity with training Continued increase even after V*O2max plateaus Enhanced glycogen sparing

Answer 22

– 🡩 size and number Magnitude of change dependent on training volume

Answer 23

Lactate threshold Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) Maximal V*O2 (V*O2max) Long-term improvement Training status and pretraining V*O2max Heredity High versus low responders Sex

Answer 24

– 🡩 to higher percentage of V*O2max – 🡫 lactate production, 🡩 lactate clearance Allowing higher intensity without lactate accumulation

Answer 25

🡫 at both absolute and relative submaximal intensities – 🡩 dependent on fat, 🡫 dependent on glucose

Answer 26

Best indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness – 🡩 substantially with training (15%-20%) – 🡩 due to 🡩 cardiac output and capillary density

Answer 27

12 to 18 months for VO2 Performance continues to 🡩 after V*O2max plateaus because lactate threshold continues to 🡩 with training.

Answer 28

Relative improvement dependent on fitness More sedentary individual: greater 🡩 More fit individual: smaller 🡩

Answer 29

Finite V*O2max range determined by genetics (V*O2max altered within that range by training) V*O2max more similar for identical than fraternal twins 25%-50% of V*O2max variance due to heredity

Answer 30

genes can determine VO2 training response Physiological mechanisms (cardiac output, expanded blood volume, improved O2 extraction) = LOTS variation in training outcomes with same training!

Answer 31

Untrained female V*O2max < untrained male V*O2max Trained female V*O2max closer to trained male V*O2max Differences in older men versus older women

Answer 32

Endurance training is critical for endurance-based events. It is also important for nonendurance-based sports. All athletes benefit from maximizing cardiorespiratory endurance.

Answer 33

Bed rest is associated with disease and disability and produces effects like those of weightlessness during space travel. Body weight and lean body mass decline. Loss of cardiovascular fitness is greater if V*O2max was higher at the start of bed rest or weightlessness.

Answer 34

Changes in anaerobic power and capacity Anaerobic power and capacity 🡩 with training

Answer 35

wingateeeeeeeeeee bike test

Answer 36

🡩 in type IIa, IIx cross-sectional area – 🡩 in type I cross-sectional area (lesser extent) – 🡫 percentage of type I fibers, 🡩 percentage of type II

Answer 37

Little enzymatic change with training ATP-PCr system-specific training 🡪 strength 🡩

Answer 38

🡩 in key glycolytic enzyme activity with training (phosphorylase, PFK, LDH, hexokinase) But performance gains from 🡩 in strength

Answer 39

HIIT: time-efficient way to induce many adaptations normally associated with endurance training HIIT stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and changes in the capacity for carbohydrate and fat transport and oxidation

Answer 40

Specificity of training V*O2max substantially higher in athlete’s sport-specific activity Likely due to individual muscle group adaptations

Answer 41

Cross-training Training different fitness components at once or training for more than one sport at once Strength benefits blunted by endurance training Endurance benefits not blunted by strength training