Exam References

Question 1

Sirohi et al.

2015

Answer 1

Urbanisation & solitary bees

• Northampton, hand netting & pan traps
• greater species richness in town vs. medows & reserves
• due to higher flower diversity? Value of gardens & small weedy sites
• But: every town different

Question 2

Cocco et al.

2015

Answer 2

Mating Disruption Technique

• Sardinia, Tuta absoluta in greenhouses
• up to 85% less plants infested
• up to 89% less damage (leaves/fruits)
• 97% less males caught in traps
• But: expensive long term

Question 3

Ushio et al.

2015

Answer 3

Microbial communities used as fingerprint

• DNA of microbes sig. different in 3 bee sp.
• Fingerprints on plants corr. w/ observed pollionator visitors
• But: micobial community could change in time/space and visit doesn’t = pollination
• Reseach: fingerprints on pollen grains→what carried it?

Question 4

Keesey et al.

2015

Answer 4

Specialisation of Pests

• D.suzukii & D.melanogaster
• baited traps w/ leaf volatiles caught only suzukii
• explains earlier arrival to ripening fruit
• Research: use in pest control, concentrations?

Question 5

Mensah et al.

2015

Answer 5

Augmentation Inundation: Fungus

• BC639 on Helicoverpa spp.
• Australia, visual transect counts
• controlled to same level as current insecticide
• sig. less negative effect on natural enemies
• Reseach: use within IPM (large larvae too big for predators)

Question 6

Knauer & Schiestl

2015

Answer 6

Bees associate signal w/ reward

• Sugar per flower & gas chromotography → which volatile gave honest signal
• B.terrestris showed preference for this after foraging on B.rapa
• learnt to associate different scent w/ reward on artificial flowers
• Used to improve foraging efficiency
• Research: other pollinators? use in management?

Question 7

Douglas et al.

2015

Answer 7

Neonicotinoid disrupts bio-control

• in lab: grey slugs unaffected by treated soyabean
• but transmitted toxin to ground beetles, imparing or killing >60%
• in field: reduced density of predators caused 5% reduction in yield
• neonicotinoids not as specific as thought
• Research: bioaccumulation to birds?

Question 8

Henneman & Memmot

2015

Answer 8

Bad classical biocontrol

• Hawaii, 122 releases since 1945
• Caterpillar samples collected & paracites raised
• 83% were introduced, only 3% native
• 58 moth sp. paracitised, only 4 of those alien
• Research: irreversible damage?

Question 9

Mallinger & Gratton

2015

Answer 9

Bee abundance vs. richness

• 12 orchards, half w/ managed honeybees
• bee traps: flourescent plastic cups
• fruit set positivly corr. w/ sp. richness
• not sig. higher w/ managed
• selective foraging of honeybees?
• But: post pollination factors?
• Research: measure pollen deposited

Question 10

Vreysen et al.

2014

Answer 10

SIT: Tsetse flies

• annual losses of $2 mil
• pyrethroid pour-on / blue cloth traps ineffective near forests
• 8.5 mil steriles
• rapid reduction in trap catches
• disappearance of nagana & tsetse
• Unguja Island, Zanzibar

Question 11

Narla et al.

2014

Answer 11

IPM of nematodes

• Kenya, tomatoes
• biocontrol agent, crop rotation & organic amendment
• Combination of 3 treatments gave biggest increase in yield: 63%
• But: bio agent expensive for small farmers

Question 12

Bouyer & Lefranoçois

2014

Answer 12

Boosted SIT in mosquitoes

• can’t get density low enough for SIT
• hard to coat wild females for auto-dissemination
• combination→ release sterile males coated in growth regulator hormone (pass to females when mating)
• Integrated approach
• sterile sperm prevents spred of resistance
• Research: does coating affect fitness?

Question 13

Gill & Raine

2014

Answer 13

Neonicotinoid & bees

• radio frequ. ID tagging of Bombus
• control group improved foraging as gained experience
• exposed bees got worse at foraging
• chronic behavioural impairment
• ecotoxicological testing protocol needs revising
• Research: other pollinators

Question 14

Murúa & Espíndola

2014

Answer 14

Genera specific pollination syndromes

• oil collecting bees: Centris sp. & Chalepogenus sp.
• visitors to Calceolaria recorded
• strong corr. b/w floral & pollinator traits
• But: visitor doesn’t = pollinator

Question 15

Fürst et al.

2014

Answer 15

Transmission of disease to wild bees

• Survey, 26 sites, netting, UK
• prevelence of DWV and Nosema Ceranae in Bombus increased w/ Apis abundance
• But: DWV prevelence underestimated and correaltion not cause, doesn’t show directionality

Question 16

Wu et al.

2008

Answer 16

Bt Cotton

• used against cotton boll worm, China, 15yrs
• egg density neg corr. w/ no. of yrs after introduction
• stronger corr. than w/ temp or rainfall
• refuge crops short term solution to resistance
• Research: IPM

Question 17

Kohler et al.

2008

Answer 17

Distance of high quality habitats & pollinator diversity

• transects
• only abundance of hoverflies enhanced up to 50m
• effects of nature reserves small and spacially limited
• But: human error

Question 18

Ollerton et al.

2009

Answer 18

Critique of Pollinator syndrome

• flowers scored for phenotypic traits
• pollinators characterised
• primary pollinator only successfully predicted for 1/3rd of plant sp.
• phenotypes are adaptions to mix of pollinators
• how many plants are generalist?
• Research: new classifications

Question 19

Tavassoli et al.

2010

Answer 19

Hypoderma spp. cattle pest

• N.Iran abattoirs necropsy inspection & samples
• 11% paracitized
• ~40% also had bacterial contamination
• myiasis → reduction in milk, meat and hide yield

Question 20

Le Conte et al.

2010

Answer 20

Varroa mites explain colony losses?

• switched to A.mellifera from natural host
• not co-evolved for long → mite usually kills host
• drinks hemolymph, vector of disease
• poor control by bee keepers
• close proximity → spred after killing colony
• But: CCD reported before Varroa

Question 21

Cameron et al.

2013

Answer 21

Dispersal of Potato Psyllid

• Microbial marker, recapture w/ yellow sticky traps
• mean dispersal of 100m in 3 days
• 10% dispersed >250m
• But: weather?

Question 22

Gujar et al.

2013

Answer 22

Bed bug resistance

• analysis of genome
• 14 molecular markers associated w/ pyrethoid resistance
• reduced cuticle permeability
• Research: more efficient delivery of insecticide

Question 23

Taylor et al.

2002

Answer 23

Economic impact of Stable flies

• vector of disease, defence behaviours → reduce grazing time
• mean annual per animal: 139 kg milk, 26kg meat
• for 50 cows= $254 milk, $1,279 meat
• total US= $2,211 million/yr
• Research: breeding success?

Question 24

Cane & Schiffhauer

2003

Answer 24

Counting pollen grains critique

• Cranberries
• fruit set, fruit mass and seed no. increased w/ grains deposited
• but when over min threshold for fertilization → superfluous
• differences in pollinator efficiency exaggerated
• many visits but dont reach threshold?

Question 25

Mathews et al.

2004

Answer 25

CBC: complexities

• predator abundance measured w/ pit fall traps
• predation measured w/ sentinel larvae
• abundance highest in compost mulch
• predation highest in thatch
• artificial mulch lower = physical habitat more important?
• predator satiation from alt. prey?
• Research: habitat w/ high resources & preferential structure

Question 26

Nault et al.

2004

Answer 26

Neonicotinoid success

• Potato leafhopper in snapbean
• treated crops had no damage & nympth density below EIT
• safer than soil applied organophosphate
• But: only early growth of plant, yield?

Question 27

Govaerts et al.

2006

Answer 27

Tillage & Crop rotation

• nematodes, Mexico, 6yrs
• no tillage = low nematodes, increased yield, high mircobial diversity
• more natural enemies?

Question 28

Carvel et al.

2006

Answer 28

Less forage for bees

• Countryside survey
• 76% of plants declined in abundance
• affects colony fitness & persistence
• But: list of plants not exhaustive, garden plants not incl.