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Neurophysical and cardiorespiratory measuring techniques > Exam questions > Flashcards

Exam questions Flashcards

1
Q

8.1 techniques measure contraction and relaxation of blood vessels induced by pharmacological agents

A

a. Wire myography
b. Angiography (video)
c. Segment onto cannula and with video we can see the diameter changes
d. X-ray contrast material is given and we can measure changes
e. MRI, and CT- to measure mechanical parameters

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2
Q

8.2 How can we prove the existence of L type calcium channels in a vascular smooth muscle wall?

A

a. Verapamil = L type calcium antagonist (channel blocker)
Agents : verapamil or others can block the selective agents and block the contractibility
b. Measure calcium level
c. Patch clamp
d. Measure the proteins

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3
Q

8.3. Techniques appropriate for quantitative measurement of the collagen contents of the vessel wall with the exception of one:

a) Hydroxyproline content of homogenized tissue samples after protein hydrolysis
b) Quantitative evaluation of resorcin-fuchsin stained histological sections
c) Quantitative evaluation of Picro-Sirius stained histological sections
d) Quantitative evaluation immune-histochemical sections stained with antibodies raised againstpropercollagensubtypes
e) Measuring autofluorescence of fixed native sections with the confocal microscope

A

B

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4
Q
  1. 4 Which parameter best characterizes elastic properties of the vessel wall material itself?
    a) Overall compliance b) Distensibility plotted against intraluminal pressure c) Elastic modulus plotted against intraluminal pressure d) Elastic modulus plotted against wall stress
A

A

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5
Q

9.1 Describe how to measure cardiac output based on Ficks principle

A

Cardiac output = [O2 absorbed/min by lungs (ml/min)] / [Atriovenous O2 difference (ml/L blood) ]

pO2 from mixed venous blood is obtained from catether in pulmonary artery.
pO2 from arterial bood is obtained from any peripheral artery
O2 absorption from the lungs is obtained with any oxymeter

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6
Q

How to determine body oxygen consumption using spirometry

A

Spirometric body oxygen consumption can be measured by measuring changes in respiratory volume in a closed space

The curve is sloping down because O2 is consumed by the body. The decreased volume is proportional to body O2 consumptio (couldnt add image, see doc)

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7
Q

9.2 Which physical law is electromagnetic blood flow measurement is based on, draw the device

A

Faraday’s law e=BLu

e=electromagnetic field B= Magnetic flux density (T) L=Lenght between electrodes (m) u= Velocity of blood (m/s)

See doc for image

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8
Q

10.1. Please draw a schematic diagram of a Fleisch-tube, explain how it works and how may the diameter be narrowed?

A

The Fleisch tube is used for determining flow. A fine mesh represents a resistance, which makes the pressure drop proportional to the flow rate, as predicted in the Law of Bernoulli.

The diameter of the Fleisch-tube is narrowed by introducing fine packed channels, instead of a fine mesh:

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9
Q

10.2. During dynamic pulmonary function test which are the most frequent determined parameters and also normal values?

A

FVC = Forced vital capacity Normal value is about 4800ml. FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in one second and is normally 80%

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10
Q

11.2 What process do you know for augment the signal noise ratio when measuring brain stem evoked potentials? Numeric values?

A
  • Acoustic Brain Stem Evoked Potential
  • I II and III waves are at the periphery of ear: 1.6-3.7msec and IV and V are the response of the brain stem evoked potentials:5-5.8msec • Consists of data averaging • 10 μV acoustical evoked potential with 40 μV EEG background
  • Augmentation from S/N 1/4 to 2/1 has to average 64 response.
  • 0,5 μV brain stem evoked potential with 10 μV EEG background
  • Augmentation from S/N 1/20 to 2/1 has to average 1600 response.
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11
Q

12.1 The most important objective audiology methods

A
  • Acoustic imepedance audiometry
  • Otoacoustic emission (OAE)
  • Acoustically evoked potentials (AEP): brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA), auditory steady-state response (ASSR)
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12
Q

12.2 Discuss the “Cross check principle”

A

The principle is important when checking the hearing threshold in children. No single audiological procedures is infallible. Reliance on a single audiological procedure will sometimes lead to serious errors in diagnosis of hearing loss in children, and subsequent mismanagement of children.

  • the exact measurement of cortical hearing is not possible in clinical use
  • Both behavioral and objective tests should be performed
  • speech therapist and brain mapping should be used
  • hearing should be checked in any age
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13
Q

12.3 BERA size of potentials

A) volt
B) microvolt
C) nanovolt

A

B

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14
Q

12.4 ASSR hearing threshold

A) Similar to a ‘pure tone’ audiometry threshold
B) 5 dB less than pure tone audiotmetry threshold
C) 20 dB less than pure tone audiometry threshold
D) 40 dB less than pure tone audiometry threshold

A

C

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15
Q

13.1 Principle of PET-diagnostics

A
  1. Injection of active molecule marked with a positron emitting isotope
  2. Wait for the balanced distribution in the organism
  3. Detection of the tracer distribution by a PET camera
  4. Considering the distribution identification of the pathological process and localizing it.
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16
Q

14.1 Describe characteristics of the TRPV1-nociceptor, name some antagonists and agonists

A

TRP1 = Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor

TRPV1 receptors are primary sensory neurons in the periphery but are also found in low numbers in the CNS. It has a vanilloidstruture and is a non-selective cation channel. Upon activation causes calcium and sodium influx.

TRPV1 is a polymodal nocirceptor: Sensitive to heat, mechanical and chemical stimuli

Agonists: Capsaicin RTX

Antagonist: SB705498

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17
Q

14.2 What’s the difference between classical and new thermo-nociceptive methods?

A

The classical methods measure the latency time of behaviour reflexes evoked by a suprathreshold heat stimulus, not temperature threshold that induces behavioural reflexes.

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18
Q

14.3 List methods aproppriate for experimental study of mechanical allodynia, and classical and new methods to study thermal hyperalgesia (at least 1-1-1)!

A

Allodynia: heat and mechanical stimuli induces pain sensation in animals

Thermal hyperalgesia:

  • classical method: plantar test
  • new method: increasing temperature water bath
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19
Q

What is isotoacoustic emissions (OAE)

A

Function test of outer hair cells

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20
Q

Normal IPL (interpeak latency in BERA) maturation values

A

in newborns 4,82 ms
in adults less than 4,45 ms

increased in infants and in abnormal neurological conditions

21
Q

Audible frequency range for the human ear

A

20 Hz - 20 kHz 2 - 4 kHz (BERA)

22
Q

Hearing test for babies

A

Neonates: When the baby is sleeping Strum a spoon to a glass 15 cm from ear If the sound is unpleasant the baby crosses it’s arms or blinks eyes

6 months: Let the baby fixes eyes on a object Introduce an unpleasant sound See if it moves head

23
Q

1.1 Who was AGB Kovách?

A
  • Founder and 1st Director of Experimental Research Department and 2nd Institute of Physiology (predecessor of Human Physiology Dept.) between 1959-1990.
  • Editor of the 7 point monograph
  • Gave name to our course.
24
Q

1.2. What is biomedical engineering? Four disciplines of BE is asked

A 
Biomedical Engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology
Disciplines:
- Biomechanics -
 Biocompatible materials Biosensors - Physiological modelling -
 Instrumentation
- Biomedical analytics - Rehab 
- Prosthesis 
- Medical informatics - Biological effects of electromagnetic fields 
- Medical imaging
- Biotechnology
- Clinical engineering
- Hospital engineering
25
Q

1.3. Parts of a telemetry measuring system?

A

● Telemetric implant ● Receiver
● Data exchange matrix
● Receiver is connected to an:
- Ambient pressure reference that measures the barometric pressure
- PCI-card - computer data acquisition port
- DSI - Dataquest A.R.T Software

26
Q

1.4. Describe steps of surgical implantation

A
  1. Sterile packaging is filled with sterile saline
  2. Anesthetize the rat
  3. abdominal hair is removed from rat
  4. Isolate surgical area and sterilise it 5. Median laporatomy
  5. Find the mesenteric root and push aside to expose aorta.
  6. Suture below aorta.
  7. Implant is canulated into aorta.
    i) Introducer makes a hole in aorta non-occlusive method
    ii) in between the renal arteries and bifurcation
    iii) Point towards the heart.
    iv) Fix it with tissue-glue
  8. The two ECG electrodes are placed
  9. Tunnel is made underneath the skin and wires k. Fix electrodes to muscles with sutures.
  10. implant is fixed in abdominal cavity (it looks liek a suitcase)
  11. Close abdomen
  12. Close skin
  13. Apply post operative care
  14. Warming
    and observation
27
Q

1.5.The aim of the experimental model of orthostatic hypertension (OHT)

a) a rat model of abnormal blood pressure elevation during standup
b) model of blood pressure changes during microgravity
c) to study cardiovascular circadian rhythm in NO-blockade via drinking water
d) to study the renin-angiotensin mediated pathway of hypertension
e) to study the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain

A

A

28
Q

2.1 Noises and disturbers by relations to measured signal

A

Serial disturbance: When the noise couples in serial with the measured signal.

Common phase: disturbance When the noise couples with the same phase to all inputs.

29
Q

2.2 Technical and biological noise disturbance sources.

A

Technical noises: EMF of

  • power network
  • radio emission
  • cellular phones
  • Röntgen machines
  • MRI

Biological noises:

  • Galvanic potential on the body electrodes
  • Moving artifact, by moving the body during examination (EMG, ECG)
30
Q

2.3 What is the conception of measure error

A

The true value cannot be measured, the best estimate is measured and called the correct value.

31
Q

2.4. Make groups of the measurement errors

A

Systematic errors:
Are systematic errors with a KNOWN cause and can be eliminated by calibration of the measurement apparatus.

Random errors:
Are always present errors of an UNKNOWN origin, causing repeated measurements of a constant value to fluctuate. The random error is given within a confidence interval.

32
Q

3.2 Quantification and digital measurement

A

Quantization is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set of input values, e. g. by rounding the values to some unit of precision.

33
Q

4.1. Review principle of oscillometric blood pressure measurement. Main error source

A

The oscillometric method uses an occluding cuff and operates by sensing the magnitude of oscillations caused by the blood as it begins to flow again into the limb. The pressure at which the oscillations have the maximum amplitude is the MABP.

Error source: loose cuff?

34
Q

What does the oscillometer measure and how can you calculate the systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

A

MABP oscillometric

SBP and DBP is calculated on the MABP and dependent on the amplitude of cuff pressure

35
Q

4.2. Review the principle of the strain gauge

A

A strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance changes with applied force on an object. Based on the equation:

GF=(deltaR/RG) / epsilon

GF= gauge factor

The most common type of strain gauge consists of a flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object and as the object is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change.

36
Q

5.1. Basic principle of the performance ECG amplifier

A
  1. Sensibility (gain)
  2. Frequency response (transfer)
  3. Common Mode Rejection Ratio
  4. Isolation
  5. Over voltage protection
37
Q

5.2 What type of amplifier common mode reaction CMRR

A

Differential amplifier. It minimizes the common phase signals on their two inputs.

38
Q

What is the CMRR value in the case of ECG

A

CMRR must be >1000, in decible → >60dB.

39
Q

What is digitizing of analogue signals

A

Digitizing is the process of converting analogue signals to digital signals. The proccess have to discrete phases, namely Discretization and Quantization.

Discretization means reading of an analog signal at regular time intervals and sampling the value of the signal at the point, Samples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers, in a process known as quantization.

40
Q

6.1. How can -TEP help determine the diastolic blood pressure

A

Delayed between ECG and PPG (photoplethysmograph) signals

41
Q

6.2. How can PPG signal be used to measure blood pressure in finger?

A

The photoplethysmograph (PPG) measures the volume changes in the capillaries. By inflating a cuff on the upper arm and measuring with the PPG on a finger, the blood pressure can be measured:
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure at which the PPG curve starts to decrease
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure at which the PPG curve disappears

42
Q

6.3. What parameter is measured by the oscillometric method? How can we calculate the systolic anddiastolic pressure from this parameter?

A

Parameter à Blood pressure The oscillometric method uses an occluding cuff and operates by sensing the magnitude of oscillations caused by the blood as it begins to flow again into the limb. The pressure at which the oscillations have the maximum amplitude is the MABP

MABP = DBP + (SBP – DBP)/3

43
Q

6.4. Methods to detect a loose cuff

A

PPG signal may be analyzed from the fingertip The loose cuff is unable to occlude the vessel completely No pulse in the PPG-signal.

44
Q

7.1 What are the three basic hemodynamic forces in normalized form?

A 
From doc:
Pressure head (P1-P2)
Sheer stress (St) 
Tangential stress (S )

BUT:

  1. Normal hydrostatic pressure
  2. Sheer stress
  3. Circumferential stress

makes more sense

45
Q

7.2 In a healthy artery what is the change Axial force when the pressure is changing between 0-100?

A

The axial force is decreasing

46
Q

7.3. What is the intrinsic capacity of autoregulation of small veins

A

Similar to regular autoregulation If there is an increase of transmural pressure there is an intrinsic myogenic response. Present in veins also and stabilizes blood flow in the vein.

47
Q

7.4. Define briefly the meaning of pressure induced intrinsic myogenic blood flow autoregulation of smallarteries!

A

A local control mechanism of the blood flow applying to vessels in the circulation
Flow and pressure relationship
Increase Blood pressure = increase blood flow = increased autoregulation

Autoregulation: instrincis myogenic contraction in response to stretch of vessel wall. Decreases the radius of the vessel –> increased resistance = balances the increased BP and flow
aka Bayliss effect

Escpecially important in eg brain and kidneys

Only works between a set range of pressures after which the vessels are maximally contracted/dilated.

Present in veins also and stabilizes blood flow in the vein

48
Q

7.5 What is residual stress? Measured by?

A

The residual stress, which remains in an artery without pressure
Measured by residual strain
Significance: controls the remodeling

Neurophysical and cardiorespiratory measuring techniques (1 decks)

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