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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Which of the following is visible to the naked eye:
AV valve
Bundle of His
left ventricular wall
Pulmonary vein
Purkyne fibres
SA node
Semi-lunar valve
Septum
A

AV valve
left ventricular wall
Semi-lunar valve
Septum

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2
Q

Explain why the answer calculated in part (i) may not be an accurate repressentation of the patient’s heart rate and suggest hoe a more accurate answer could be obtained

A

Only one full cardic cycle shown, so it could be an anomalous
measurement of cycke from different points gives different values
A mean would be better

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3
Q

Digoxin caused the heart rate to change. Identify one other effect of dioxgin

A

londer T-wave

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4
Q

Explain why phenolphthalein indicator was able to detect the breakdown of triglycerides

A

The breakdown product is fatty acid. The pH falls as more breakdown occurs

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5
Q

Standard deviation is measures of the spread of results. All significant variables were controlled during the investigation. Identify a limitation of the experiment procedure that caused a high standard deviation and suggest an improvement to the methos that could reduce this spreed of results

A

limitation: The end point is diffucult to judge

Improvement: USe a pH meter

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6
Q

Tryglycerides contain three elements

C55H98O6 = M
C18H30O16 = N

Which of rhw formule coresponds to a triglyceride, and why?

A

Formula: M
Because: hgih ration of hydrogen and oxygen, approximately 2H : 1O

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7
Q

phospholipid molecules are similar to triglycerides but they also contain the element phosphorus as part of a phosphate group.
Explain how the structure of phospholipids allows them to form the bilayer of a plasma membrane

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Hydrophobic tail repelled by water
head forms H-bonds with water
Medium outside and inside the plasma membrane is aqueous
Hydrophobic nature of tail result in their facing towards each other

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8
Q

The plasma membrane also contains proteins, which are made within the cell. Outline the process and the organelles involved in the translation of these proteins fro RNA

A

(m)RNA transorted out of nucleus
(m)RNA transported to ribosome
Protein synthesis occurs at ribosoe
(t)RNA brings specific amino acids
Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids
Polypeptide procesed through Golgi apparatus

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9
Q 
After being mixed with iodine, which od the following show a blue/black colour?
potato tuber cells
erythroctes
sieve tube elements
neurophils
A

Potato tuber cells

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10
Q

Which of the folloing is not a role of an intracellular molecule?
cell to cell signalling
partially permeable barrier
site of chemical reactions
transport of substances across the membrane

A

Cell to cell signalling

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11
Q

Outline how the difference in human size between arteries and veins is related to their functions

A

In arteries small lumen maintains pressure
In veins low resistance needed because of low pressure
larger cross section compared to circomference means fewer particles ith low resistance

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12
Q

The wall of blood vessels contain a polymer called collagen. Name the type of monomer from which collagen is made and explain how teo such monomers are joined together

A

Name: Amino acid

Join together by: Peptide bond between amino group and carboxyk group of different amino acid. Water is produced

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13
Q

How have gills adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Many lamella, provides a large SA
Pressure of secondary lamellae on main lamellae provide large SA
Short distance between blood and water. Blood maintains steep consentration gradient
Faster diffusion of oxygen

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14
Q

Each gill is supported by a gill arch made of bone, Bone tissue and gills are describe as organs

A

A tissue has one type of cells and performs one function
Bone has 1 type of cell
Organs consists of several tissues
Gills contain bone and blood

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15
Q

Explain why it is important for the survival of the llama haemoglobin dissociation curve is the left of the camel haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Llama haemoglobin need higher affinity for oxygen so that it can pick up oxygen at lower partial pressure of oxygen

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16
Q

Describe how the structure of llama haemoglobin is likely to be differnt from that of camel haemoglobinwih reference to the four level of protein struture

A

Difference in primary structure:
difference amino acid
One amino acid change

Amino acid change could cause change to the secondary structure:
initial coiling or folding of polypeptide chain
alpha helix, beta pleated sheat
hydrogen bonds

Amino acid chase cause change in the terry structure:
Further coiling of secondary structure
ionic bonding, disulphide bonding
hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds
3D shape

Amino acide change does not change quaternary structure:
alpha and beta still able to form haemoglobin in both camel and llama

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17
Q

Three properties of collagen

A

insoluble
strong
unreactive

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18
Q

A vet is concerned that a llama is unwell. The vet suspects there may be haemoglobin in the urine of the llama. Explain how the vet could confirm this suspicion?

A

observe colour change from blue to purple

compare wth bank/control urine contain no protein

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19
Q

Explain how pairing of nitrogen bases allows identical copies of DNA to be made

A

Adenine with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine
because of hydrogen bonding
purine can only bind with pyrimidine because are different sizes

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20
Q

Outline how the process of DNA replication is completed, following the pairing of nitrogenous bases

A

DNA polymerase
sugar-phosphate backbone forms between phosphate and sugar
DNA winds into double helix

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21
Q

Why is DNA replication described as semi-conservative?

A

New molecule consists of 1 old stand and 1 new strand

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22
Q

Which of the following causes the first ‘lub’ component?

A

Closing of the atrioventricular valves

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23
Q

What can you observe under a light microscope?

A

Whole cells and tissues

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24
Q

What can you observe under a transmission electron microscope?

A

Organelles

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25
Q

What can you observe under a laser scanning focal microscope?

A

An object at a certain depth within a cell

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26
Q

Describe the sequence of organelles involved during the production and secretion of a protein from this cell?

A

Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Plasma membrane

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27
Q

Which of the following formulae of fatty acids represents a saturated fatty acid?

Palmitic acid C15H31COOH
Oleic acid C17H33COOH
Linoleic acid C17H31COOH

A

Palmitic acid C15H31COOH

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28
Q

Explain why facilitated diffusion via GLUT proteins requires no metabolic energy

A

Because diffuse occurs when a particle moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. They move due to their own kinetic energy

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29
Q

Glucose can also be absorbed by an active process which requires metabolic energy. What is the immediate source of this energy in cells?

A

ATP

30
Q

Explain why glucose cannot pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion

A

Phospholipids act as a barrier

Glucose molecules are too large

31
Q

The thin stem and thin cell walls do not provide much support for the leaf. Suggest how the leaf is supported

A

Airspace gives buoyancy

Supported by surrounding water

32
Q

State what is meant by the resolution of a microsope

A

It’s how clear the image is. It is the ability to see the separation between two separate points

33
Q

The slide viewed to draw the diagramhad be stain which stain had the student used? Explain your answer.

Nile blue - nuclei
eosin - cytoplasm
Sudan red - cell membrane
iodine - starch

A

Nile blue because it increases contrast

34
Q

What does Nile blue stain?

A

The nuclei

35
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Cytoplasm

36
Q

What does Sudan red stain?

A

Cell membrane

37
Q

What does iodine stain?

A

Starch

38
Q

What stain would you use to highlight the nuclei?

A

Nile blue

39
Q

What stain would you use to highlight the cytoplasm?

A

Eosin

40
Q

What stain would you use to highlight the cell membrane?

A

Sudan red

41
Q

What stain would you use to highlight the starch?

A

iodine

42
Q

Which 2 molecules make up triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

43
Q

A triglyceride has three of which bond?

A

Ester bond

44
Q

Why are animal lipids more dense than plant lipids?

A

Because they are less saturated

45
Q

What molecule is liberated when fatty acids bond to glycerol?

A

Ester bonds form with a condensation reaction, liberating a molecule of water with each bond

46
Q

What do we call molecules which are non-polar and therefore do not dissolve in water?

A

Hydrophobic - triglycerides are hydrophobic, so do not mix well with water

47
Q

What is the difference between phospholipids and triglycerides

A

Phospholipids have a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid

48
Q

What do we call the build up of cholesterol in the walls of arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis

49
Q

Which chemical group is not found on an amino acid? (give an example)

A

Phosphate group

50
Q

Which is the correct formula for an amino group?

A

NH3

51
Q

What do we call a fatty acid where all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single?

A

Saturated

52
Q

What type of bond does water form with other water molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds, which are weak interaction between the slightly negative oxygen atom on one molecule and the slightly positive hydrogen atom on another molecule

53
Q

What do we call molecules, like water, that have a slightly negative end and slightly positive end?

A

Polar

54
Q

What do we call the energy that is removed when water evapourate?

A

Latent heat of vaporization - water has relatively high latent heat of vapourisation

55
Q

What is unusual about what happens to water as it freezes?

A

It becomes less dense - below about 4oC, water molecule spread out as it creates a crystalline form

56
Q

What do we call the energy requided to raise 1 gram of substance by 1oC?

A

Specific heat capacity - water has a relatively high specific heat capacity, making it thermally stable

57
Q

How can pond skater stand on water?

A

Water has surface tension

58
Q

Why is it important to life that ice floats?

A

It insulates the water below, the insulation helps to keep the water below it in liquid form

59
Q

What is it called when water molecule stick together?

A

Cohesion - whilst the H-bond cause surface tension, all fo the molecules will be held together by cohesion

60
Q

IS water a good solvent?

A

Yes, anything ionic or polar will dissolve in water

61
Q

Why is it useful that water is transparent?

A

It enables aquatic plant to photosynthesis

62
Q

Glycogen is mode from which monomer?

A

Alpha glucose

63
Q

Which polysaccharide is formed from 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds?

A

Amylopectin

64
Q

Which polysaccharide is formed from alpha glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds only?

A

Amylose

65
Q

Which storage molecule is more energy dense glycogen or starch?

A

glycogen - whilst both molecules are energy dense, glycogen is more compact

66
Q

Which bonds exist between microfibrils in cellulose?

A

Hydrogen bonds

67
Q

What links the polysaccharide chains in bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

Peptide cross-links-short sections of amino acids form peptide cross-links between the long chains

68
Q

Chitin forms in the fungal cell wall, where else can it be found?

A

In the shells of insects and crustaceans

69
Q

Why is it important to plants and animals that starch and glycogen are insoluble?

A

Any soluble substance will lower the water potential of its solution, thus triggering water movement by osmosis - so they don’t affect water potential

70
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and starch?

A

Whilst both polysaccharides have 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, glycogen branches more frequently 1-6bonds

71
Q

Which chemical group is present in chitin, but not cellulose?

A

Acetylamino

Biology As (8 decks)

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