Exam Questions Flashcards
smash it in a week
Question 1
a) State the primary function of passive fire protection. (2 marks)
b) Explain how passive fire protection measures contribute to limiting the spread of fire. (4
marks
The primary function of passive fire protection is to:
- Contain the spread of fire, smoke, and heat within a building by using fire-resistant materials and compartmentalization.
- Maintain the structural integrity of the building for a specified period, allowing safe evacuation and giving emergency services time to respond.
Passive fire protection measures are designed to contain and limit the spread of fire without the need for human intervention or automatic systems. Here’s how they contribute:
- Compartmentalization: Fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors divide buildings into compartments. This slows the spread of fire, smoke, and heat, keeping it confined to the area where the fire started.
- Fire-Resistant Materials: These materials (e.g., concrete, gypsum, and intumescent coatings) are used in the construction of buildings to resist fire and prevent it from spreading through structural elements like walls and ceilings.
- Fire-Stopping Barriers: These barriers are installed in joints, gaps, or penetrations, such as where pipes and cables pass through walls. They seal openings and prevent fire and smoke from spreading between compartments.
- Protection of Structural Integrity: Passive fire protection systems, like fireproofing coatings or cladding, are applied to structural components (beams, columns) to maintain their integrity under fire conditions. This prevents collapse and gives occupants more time to evacuate.
Each of these measures works together to contain the fire and give emergency services more time to respond, while also allowing occupants more time to evacuate safely.
For Part a), most candidates scored one mark for correctly stating that passive fire protection
controls the spread of fire and smoke within a given compartment but failed to complete the
statement with ‘for a period of time’.
Describe the process of smouldering combustion. (4 marks)
Some fires start off as smouldering hot spots. These fires do not have a visible flame, do not grow very quickly and do not produce very much heat compared to flaming combustion but can produce very toxic smoke/ gases. Smouldering fires may suddenly turn into full flaming fires and grow very rapidly after sufficient energy has been produced or when airflow speeds up the combustion rate. They are particularly dangerous in fires where people may be asleep, e.g. a hotel.
This question was not well answered. Most candidates did state that smouldering fires have
no visible flame and produce toxic gases but did not mention any of the following:
Smouldering is surface burning.
* Smouldering has a lower rate of heat release than flaming combustion.
* Smouldering fires may make a transition to flaming after sufficient energy has been
produced or when airflow speeds up the combustion rate.
* Smouldering is slower to spread and has weak combustion characteristics.
* Gases can be flammable and can be ignited in gas phase.
* Smouldering occurs in porous materials which form a solid carbonaceous char when
heated.
Describe the fire tetrahedron and explain the implications for extinguishing a fire. (6 marks)
The fire triangle identifies the three elements a fire needs to ignite, i.e. heat, fuel, and oxygen. A fire will naturally occur when these elements are present and combined in the right mixture
A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, in the case of a deep fat fryer catching fire, covering the fryer with a fire blanket, will effectively starve the fire of oxygen, and extinguish it. In other words, by removing the oxygen part of the triangle the fire can no longer be perpetuated. This process is also further described by a second graphical illustration known as the ‘fire tetrahedron’
A tetrahedron essentially consists the four elements that must be present to enable a fire to occur, i.e. fuel, heat, oxygen, and in addition to the fire triangle, a chemical chain reaction.
Once a fire has started, the resulting chain reaction (called an exothermic reaction because heat is released) sustains the fire and allows it to continue until at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked or removed. For example, water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel, or foam can be employed to deny the fire the oxygen it needs. Alternatively, certain gasses can be used to create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction responsible for the fire.
This question was well answered by the majority of candidates, with many scoring full marks.
In relation to fire development, explain what is meant by the term ‘flashover’ (4 marks)
This is the third stage of fire development, as the fire grows, a hot smoke layer at the ceiling of the room grows in depth, effectively trapped by the walls of the compartment. The radiated heat from this layer rapidly heats the surfaces of those combustible materials directly exposed in the room, causing them to emit flammable gases. When the temperatures of the evolved gases become high enough circa, 600 degrees, these gases will ignite throughout the smoke layer. This almost instantaneous event is known as flashover and is characterised by a very rapid rise in temperature and the involvement of all combustible materials in the room
This question was not well answered. Many candidates appeared to have their own
definition of “Flashover”. Candidates who scored good marks were able to state rapid rise in
temperature, occurred at 600°, and the third stage of fire development.
In terms of product testing, assessment and certification, explain the following:
a) Certification from a Third-Party Certification body. (4 marks)
b) An assessment from an accredited fire test laboratory or suitable qualified fire consultant.
(4 marks)
a) An independent assessment is undertaken by a Certification Body, themselves accredited by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS in the UK), declaring that specified requirements pertaining to a product, person, process or management system have been met.
In such situations, the third-party certification body will consider the testing and assessment data supplied but in addition will also:
a) Evaluate performance from range of tests (not just single test) and use these to create a scope of certification which covers the complete product range
b) Access evidence from tests used in assessments to create a scope of certification to cover performance of product range
c) Undertake factory production control audits / inspections of production of the products, typically these will be conducted annually.
d) Require the manufacturer to declare changes to products
e) Require manufacturer to label products sold to aid traceability in case there are any problems Revision 2 2020
f) Undertake ongoing product verification (audit tests / inspections) at predetermined frequencies
b)This level of assessment will offer some of the process required to achieve third-party certification,
such as an evaluation of performance from range of tests (not just a single test), and an assessment
of evidence from tests to enable a ‘field of application’ to be determined. It is the next best thing to
third party certification, but offers none of the quality control aspects.
In so doing the manufacturer will be able to present a comprehensive assessment of the product to
verify both use and limitations of use.
It is however important to ensure that those offering the ‘Assessment’ are qualified to make such a
judgement and can demonstrate their competency to so do.
Part a) was not well answered. Most candidates’ answers included UKAS, Certification
Body, but failed to expand their answers. Part b) was very poorly answered and many
candidates scored only 1or 2 marks.
Good housekeeping is essential to maintain the fire protection provisions.
Describe the steps that building managers can take to ensure that provisions are
maintained. (4 marks)
Monitoring of activities that might affect fire protection measures e.g. maintenance and changes to the building fabric
Inspection of compartmentation particularly when building works are required.
Ensure all materials used have appropriate certification
Ensure all building works are carried out by competent/qualified companies and individuals
Ensure tenants are aware of fire evacuation procedures
Ensure appropriate fire drills are carried out
Ensure policy documents and manuals are in place and up to date
Maintain all fire protection systems and keep appropriate records
Provide and maintain adequate signage
This question was reasonably well answered with candidates picking up at least 50% of the
available marks.
Explain how signage can be used to improve fire safety in a building. (4 marks
Signage is crucial to improving fire safety in a building. Typically there are multiple types of signage and all will contribute. For example, safe condition signs should be installed throughout the building, these will be green and will provide information on fire exit locations etc. Prohibition signs should also be installed for example no smoking signs will warn people not to smoke and in turn improve fire safety as this will eliminate this risk. Warning signs will notify building occupants of any specific risks, these could be risks that directly contribute to a fire. Mandatory signs and fire fighting signs will provide building occupants with information of what to do in the event of a fire and provide locations of any portable fire fighting equipment such as fire extinguishers. Consideration should be given to emergency lighting or use of illuminated signs to improve fire safety as building occupants will be able to see the signs should there be a power failure.
At this level of qualification, it was disappointing that candidates could not properly answer
this question. Some candidates focused on the colour of signs, while others described
illuminated signage. Candidates who scored marks were able to describe:
* Prohibition signs that deter individuals from taking inappropriate / bad actions and / or
alerts them to dangers / hazards.
* Escape routes to enable individuals who are unfamiliar with the building to exit safely.
* Escape equipment signs to provide information for an emergency.
* Assembly point signs to provide information on meeting points in an emergency.
* Mandatory instructions provide information in relation to actions that must be taken to
ensure safety.
* Firefighting equipment location signs provide assistance to firefighting services in an
emergency.
* Warning signs prevent accidents and/or alert people who may be unaware of dangers
that precautions are needed
Identify two different types of sprinkler system and outline a typical building / situation where
each one would be installed. (4 marks)
Wet pipe
These are the most common systems and are used in buildings where there is no risk of freezing.
They are quick to react because water is always in the pipes above the sprinkler heads
Wet systems are required for multi-storey or high-rise buildings and for life safety as well as building
protection.
Alternate
As the name suggest Alternate systems can have the pipes full of water for the summer and be
drained down and filled with air (under pressure) for the winter. This is important for buildings that
are not heated.
Dry pipe
Installed in situations where freezing temperatures may be deemed an issue, a dry pipe sprinkler
system will provide the coverage needed without the risk of burst pipes. The pipes are filled with air
under pressure at all times and the water is held back by the control valve.
When a sprinkler head opens, the drop in air pressure opens the valve and water flows into the
pipework and onto the fire.
This question appeared to confuse many candidates. Some candidates are not aware of the
difference between sprinklers and automatic fire detection systems. Other candidates
described how sprinklers were activated. Some candidates mentioned water mist which was
not what the question required.
Describe the factors that affect the fire resistance of concrete frames and describe two
methods to add additional fire protection. (5 marks)
Generally, most concrete frames constructed within the built environment do not require additional
passive fire protection measures, as they are designed to achieve a specified fire resistance period.
In certain circumstances spalling of the concrete may be considered an issue (for example a road
tunnel), in which case additional passive fire protection measures may be required. Only products
intended and tested to provide the necessary protection for this type of application should be used.
Increasing the thickness of the concrete
Installing additional fire-resistant materials such as gypsum plasterboard.
Candidates did not perform well on this question which is disappointing given the common
use of concrete in buildings. Candidates were, however, able to describe that the thickness
of concrete affected the fire resistance and by increasing the thickness of concrete increased
the fire resistance. Some candidates wrote long answers on why concrete is bad for fire
resistance. Given that concrete is inherently fire resistant, this misunderstanding is worrying.
Describe three passive fire protection measures that may be considered to improve the fire
resistance of timber frames. (6 marks)
This question was well answered by candidates with many scoring full marks.
a) Explain how the thickness of a steel structure affects its fire resistance and the amount of
structural fire protection required. (2 marks)
b) Explain, using examples, how the shape of a steel structure can affect the performance
of fire protection systems. (3 marks)
a) The thickness of steel affects the fire resistance because the thicker the steel the longer it takes to heat up to a critical temperature of 550 degrees. The section factor of steel is used to determine the thickness of intumescent coatings to improve the fire protection. The section factor is A/V
b)The shape of the steel structure can affect the performance of fire protection systems because the intumescent coating will insulate less well on some sections, for example a circular hollow section. As the char expands it may crack due to the circular nature, these cracks will then allow the heat to reach the steel
Part a) was well answered with many candidates scoring full marks.
Part b) was less well answered and most candidates could not describe how the shape of
steel can affect its performance in a fire. Candidates who scored marks were able to
describe how intumescent coating cracked on cellular beams.
Explain why it is considered best practice for sections of steel or structural elements to be
protected by the same fire protection intumescent paint system. (4 marks)
It is considered best practice to protect all sections of steel or structural elements using the same fire protection intumescent paint system for several key reasons:
- Uniform Performance in Fire:
Intumescent paint swells when exposed to high temperatures, creating an insulating layer that protects the steel beneath from the intense heat of a fire. If different sections of steel are coated with different types of intumescent paints, they might expand and insulate at different rates or thicknesses, leading to unequal protection across the structure. Consistency ensures the same rate of expansion and thermal protection. - Consistency in Application:
Using the same intumescent system across all sections simplifies the application process. Different systems might require different application methods, thicknesses, or curing times, leading to potential errors in application if multiple systems are used. A uniform system ensures that applicators follow the same procedure across the entire structure, reducing the risk of uneven or inadequate protection. - Compatibility and Certification:
Most fire protection systems are tested and certified as part of a whole system for specific fire ratings. Mixing different systems may result in uncertainties about the overall fire resistance performance, as they haven’t been tested together. This could affect the ability to meet regulatory or certification requirements. - Simplified Maintenance and Inspections:
When all sections are coated with the same system, maintenance and future inspections become easier. If a building uses multiple intumescent systems, different products will have unique inspection criteria, and any future touch-up work may require identifying and sourcing the specific paint used on each section. Uniformity ensures that inspectors and maintenance teams can follow the same procedures for all parts of the structure.
In general, this question was not well answered although some candidates did demonstrate
an understanding of the principles of not mixing systems, especially as they are not tested
together, and their properties may vary
One of the factors to be taken into account when determining the choice of fire protection
system for different purposes is the level of fire rating required.
State four other factors that would be taken into account. (4 marks
Guidance from manufacturers
The robustness required
Junctions between different fire protection systems
Potential future adaptations
Correct installation
Regulatory requirements
Aesthetics
Whether it would be subject to environmental exposure such as humidity or temperature changes.
Although many candidates stated that aesthetics and robustness are two of the factors to be
taken into account, some candidates focussed on occupancy numbers and the use and
height of the building. Some candidates stated fire rating even though that factor was given
in the question.
a) Explain how composite floors behave in a fire. (4 marks)
b) Describe the factors affecting the fire resistance of concrete. (2 marks)
a) Composite floors generally consist of a profiled metal deck with a poured concrete topping which can perform differently in fire, because the metal base will conduct heat from fire laterally, and in so doing the metal face will attempt to expand. The rate of temperature increase in the critical parts of the floor may be lessened compared to concrete alone, however the composite floor will also be fixed through shear connectors to the supporting steel structure. During the fire, steam formed in the concrete may force out the metal decking, distorting it and causing gaps and subsequent failure, and whilst the steel reinforcement will transfer the load and the heat from fire, the composite structure may ultimately deform under the heat and sag under the load of the concrete.
b) The fire resistance of concrete is affected by the following factors:
Concrete Composition: The type of aggregate (e.g., limestone, siliceous, or lightweight aggregates) and the cement content can influence how well concrete resists high temperatures. Denser aggregates tend to have better fire resistance properties.
Thickness and Density: The thickness of the concrete section plays a crucial role. Thicker concrete takes longer to heat up and lose its strength during a fire. Additionally, denser concrete generally provides better insulation, slowing down heat transmission and maintaining structural integrity for longer periods.
Part a) was not well answered, with many candidates stating that concrete exploded when
the water content expanded.
Candidates did not perform well in Part b) with many stating that only the thickness of
concrete affected its fire resistance.
Describe four factors that influence the fire resistance of glazing systems when used as non-loadbearing compartment walls. (4 marks)
Four factors that influence the fire resistance of glazing systems when used as non-loadbearing compartment walls are:
- Maximum Pane Area: The size of the glass pane can affect its fire resistance. Larger panes may be more prone to breakage under high thermal stress compared to smaller ones, reducing their effectiveness in containing fire.
- Glass Pane Aspect Ratio: The proportion between the height and width of the glass pane plays a role in how well it can resist fire. Certain ratios may create stress points that can lead to faster breakage during exposure to high temperatures.
- Type of Glazing Seal: The seals used around the glass impact fire resistance. High-quality fire-resistant seals prevent the passage of smoke and heat, maintaining the integrity of the compartment.
- Frame Material: The material used for the frame is critical. Frames made from fire-resistant materials, such as steel or aluminum, are designed to maintain their structural integrity under fire conditions, supporting the glazing system’s overall performance.
These factors help ensure the effectiveness of glazing systems in maintaining compartmentalization and preventing fire spread.
This question was very poorly answered with most candidates scoring no marks. Candidates
focussed their answers on the type of fire glass installed in buildings. Some candidates
stated that glazing systems would not be used as non-load bearing compartment walls.
Answers should have included any four of the following:
* Maximum pane area.
* Glass pane aspect ratio.
* Type of glazing seal.
* Frame material.
* Frame design and construction.
* Type and shape of beads.
* Extent of glass edge cover (for example, for modified toughened soda-lime glass).
* Type location and application of fixings for both frame and beads.
* Type of door materials and construction
a) Explain how fire resisting ceilings contribute to the fire resistance of a building. (2 marks)
b) State the performance requirements of a fire resisting ceiling installed below a cavity. (3
marks
a) How Fire Resisting Ceilings Contribute to the Fire Resistance of a Building (2 marks):
Fire resisting ceilings contribute to the fire resistance of a building by:
1. Providing a barrier to fire and heat: They help prevent the spread of fire from one floor to another, limiting vertical fire spread and protecting areas above the ceiling from fire damage.
- Maintaining structural integrity: Fire resisting ceilings help protect critical structural elements like floor joists or beams from heat, delaying potential collapse and giving occupants more time to evacuate and emergency services more time to respond.
b) Performance Requirements of a Fire Resisting Ceiling Installed Below a Cavity (3 marks):
- Fire and Smoke Barrier: The ceiling must prevent fire and smoke from passing through into the cavity for a specified period, maintaining the fire integrity of the compartment.
- Support Load: The ceiling should maintain its structural integrity under fire conditions, supporting any imposed load or pressure that may result from the fire above or below the cavity.
- Prevent Heat Transfer: The ceiling must limit the transfer of heat into the cavity, preventing the spread of fire to adjacent areas and delaying the ignition of materials within or above the cavity.
A fire resisting ceiling may be defined as an interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room, and generally is not considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a storey above. Typically, such ceilings are suspended from the structural elements above, to enable pipework or ducts to be run in the gap above the ceiling. Such ceilings are generally constructed from gypsum, stone wool or calcium silicate-based products supported on a lightweight steel framework.
a) How Fire Resisting Ceilings Contribute to the Fire Resistance of a Building (2 marks): Fire-resisting ceilings play a key role in:
Compartmentation: They help prevent the spread of fire and smoke between different floors or areas within a building by acting as a fire-resistant barrier. This containment limits fire damage to a localized area.
Protecting Structural Elements: Fire-resisting ceilings provide protection to the structural elements above, such as steel beams or timber joists, by slowing down heat transfer and delaying structural failure during a fire.
b) Performance Requirements of a Fire Resisting Ceiling Installed Below a Cavity (3 marks):
Maintaining Integrity: The ceiling must be capable of preventing fire and smoke from penetrating through the ceiling into the cavity space above for a specified period, typically 30, 60, or 120 minutes.
Thermal Insulation: It should provide sufficient insulation to limit the temperature rise on the unexposed side of the ceiling, ensuring that the cavity remains a safe area and preventing heat transfer that could ignite materials within the cavity.
Durability and Stability: The ceiling must remain structurally stable during a fire, ensuring it does not collapse or deteriorate, thus continuing to function as a barrier throughout the designated fire resistance period.
Not break or collapse during the early stages of a fire when evacuation and rescue operations can still be carried out.
Prevent surface spread of flame
Provide a period of fire resistance to protect the services that are likely running above the ceiling.
Stop fire passing through them either by flames or by heat conduction.
Part a) was well answered with many candidates achieving full marks. Part b) was not well answered.
State five performance factors that are taken into account when determining whether or not fire resisting partitions are fit for purpose. (5 marks)
Very few candidates scored any marks for this question. Candidates focussed on the fire
resistance of the partitions when answers should have included:
* Partition stiffness.
* Damage by impact from a large soft body.
* Surface damage by small body impact resistance.
* Perforation by small body impact resistance.
* Resistance to structural damage by multiple impacts from a large soft body.
* Effects of door slamming.
* Resistance to crowd pressure.
* Anchorage pull-out and pull down resistance.
* Heavyweight anchorage eccentric downward load resistance.
a) Explain the purpose of fire stopping. (2 marks)
b) State four factors to be considered when selecting and installing fire stopping in a
building. (4 marks)
a) Purpose of Fire Stopping (2 marks): Fire stopping is used to seal gaps, joints, and openings in walls, floors, and ceilings to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, and toxic gases between compartments in a building. It ensures that fire does not pass through these penetrations, maintaining the integrity of fire-rated barriers and aiding in fire containment, which protects the structure and allows for safe evacuation.
b) Four Factors to be Considered When Selecting and Installing Fire Stopping (4 marks):
Compatibility with Building Materials: The fire-stopping material must be compatible with the surrounding materials, such as concrete, steel, or timber, to ensure proper adhesion and effectiveness.
Fire Resistance Rating: The selected fire stopping should match the fire resistance requirements of the compartment, ensuring that it provides the same duration of protection (e.g., 30, 60, 120 minutes).
Type of Penetrations: The nature of the penetrations (e.g., pipes, cables, ducts) and their size must be considered, as different fire stopping systems (e.g., sealants, intumescent materials) may be required for different types of openings.
Ease of Inspection and Maintenance: The system should allow for easy inspection and, if necessary, future maintenance, ensuring that the fire stopping remains effective throughout the building’s lifespan without causing significant disruption.
These factors ensure that fire stopping is properly installed and remains effective in maintaining compartmentation during a fire.
For Part a), most candidates were only able to score 1 mark for this question, stating fire
stopping is used between floors and walls. Part b) was not well answered and although
some candidates scored marks for stating fire resistance and the use of load bearing seals,
the remaining factors were not mentioned.
In relation to the construction and design of the building envelope, describe how the use of
cladding can affect fire resistance. (4 marks)
The use of cladding in the construction and design of the building envelope can affect fire resistance in the following ways:
Flammability of Cladding Materials: The type of materials used in the cladding system significantly impacts fire resistance. Cladding made from non-combustible materials, such as certain types of metal or stone, will provide better fire resistance, while cladding made from combustible materials (e.g., certain plastic composites) can accelerate the spread of fire.
Fire Spread Between Building Levels: Poorly designed or installed cladding systems can create air gaps or cavities, which can act as a chimney, allowing fire to spread rapidly between different floors of the building. This compromises the compartmentation of the building.
Fire Protection Layer: Cladding systems can be designed to act as an additional fire protection layer by incorporating fire-resistant materials, such as fire-rated insulation or intumescent layers, that help to prevent fire from reaching the underlying structure.
Interaction with Fire Stopping: Cladding systems need to be designed to work effectively with fire-stopping measures at junctions, openings, and joints. If cladding systems do not allow for proper fire stopping, they can create weaknesses where fire can breach the building envelope.
In summary, the fire resistance of the building envelope is heavily influenced by the choice of cladding materials, their design, and how they interact with fire-stopping and compartmentation systems.
It was particularly disappointing that this question was very poorly answered especially
taking into account the high profile that the use of cladding has received in recent years. No
candidate achieved good marks and most scored no marks at all.
Describe the factors to be considered when carrying out the installation of dampers. (4 marks
Manufacturers installation instructions should be followed
Details may differ depending on the wall/floor construction
It is important that the dampers are appropriately supported and restrained back to the building element or adjacent structure through which it penetrates in a manner that maintains the support and restraint function in a fire condition and accommodates thermal movement in the cold state.
Dampers must also be in line with the building element unless the manufacturer has test data to the relevant part of EN 1366 that permits an ‘out of line’ installation.
Ensure there is adequate access to the damper for future maintenance
Although there are a lot of factors to select from, this question was not well answered.
Candidates focused on fire resistance, fitted by a competent person. Answers should have
included fitted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions, securely fitted, access and its
actuating mechanism and many others.
Describe the differences between a fire damper and a smoke control damper. (6 marks)
Fire dampers and smoke control dampers serve different purposes in fire safety systems, and they have distinct characteristics:
- Purpose:
Fire Damper: A fire damper is designed to prevent the spread of fire through ductwork and between compartments within a building. It automatically closes when it detects heat, thus isolating fire within a specific area.
Smoke Control Damper: A smoke control damper is primarily used to manage the movement of smoke during a fire. It regulates smoke flow to maintain tenable conditions for evacuation and fire-fighting efforts, often working in conjunction with smoke control systems. - Activation Mechanism:
Fire Damper: Activated by heat (usually above a specified temperature) through a fusible link or an electronic control system. Once activated, the damper closes to contain fire and hot gases.
Smoke Control Damper: May be activated by smoke detectors, manual controls, or building management systems that detect smoke presence. These dampers can open or close based on the smoke control strategy in place. - Construction and Design:
Fire Damper: Typically constructed with fire-resistant materials and includes a mechanism to close tightly against the duct, minimizing the passage of heat and flames. Fire dampers often have a fire resistance rating (e.g., 30, 60, or 90 minutes).
Smoke Control Damper: While also built to withstand heat, smoke dampers may have greater flexibility in their design to allow for partial opening and closing, depending on the smoke management strategy. They may not necessarily have a fire rating like fire dampers. - Location and Installation:
Fire Damper: Installed at the intersections of ducts and fire-rated walls or floors to block fire from passing through these barriers. They are crucial for maintaining the integrity of fire-rated compartments.
Smoke Control Damper: Installed in various locations within the duct system to direct and control smoke movement. They are often used in conjunction with smoke extraction or pressurization systems in specific areas, such as stairwells or atriums. - Regulation and Testing:
Fire Damper: Must comply with fire safety codes and standards, including regular testing to ensure that they function properly during a fire.
Smoke Control Damper: Also regulated but may have different testing criteria focused on their ability to respond to smoke presence and ensure proper airflow management. - Response to Fire Conditions:
Fire Damper: Primarily concerned with stopping flames and heat from passing through ductwork; once closed, it remains closed to contain fire.
Smoke Control Damper: Focuses on controlling smoke flow; it can open and close as needed to allow smoke to be vented out or contained, depending on the smoke control strategy in place.
The question was reasonably well answered and most candidates appeared to understand
the differences between fire dampers and smoke control dampers, although some
candidates got them the wrong way around and scored no marks.
State two methods for providing fire resistance to a steel duct and give one example of each.
(4 marks)
two methods for providing fire resistance to a steel duct, along with examples for each, are:
Intumescent Coatings:
Description: Intumescent coatings are paint-like materials that swell when exposed to high temperatures, creating an insulating layer that protects the steel from heat.
Example: A water-based intumescent paint applied to the exterior of a steel duct to achieve a fire resistance rating of 60 minutes.
Fire-Resistant Board or Cladding:
Description: Installing fire-resistant boards or cladding around the duct can provide a physical barrier that protects the steel from fire exposure.
Example: The use of gypsum board or calcium silicate board to encase the steel duct, which can provide up to 120 minutes of fire resistance when installed properly.
Steel ductwork can either be coated in fire rated paint or not (for example intumescent, ablative or cementitious). Coated with fire rated paint will provide the duct with stability and integrity properties only. In order to provide insulation properties, the steel ductwork will need to be boxed in using fire rated materials such as calcium silicate or vermiculite boards. By applying both of the above will ensure it is fully fire resisting.
Fire dampers are used to prevent fire and smoke spreading from one compartment to another through the ductwork that penetrates walls and floors. Normally, the fire damper is open, but in a fire, it closes. Fire Dampers can be activated by a fusible link or can be intumescent dampers that expand and close the duct when exposed to heat.
This question was well answered with most candidates scoring full marks.
Describe three situations when an automatic door hold open/closure device should operate.
(3 marks
In all cases, the automatic device should release the fire-resisting door allowing it to close effectively within its frame (latching securely if a latch is fitted) when any of the following conditions occur:
* The detection of smoke by an automatic detector
* The actuation of the fire detection/alarm system by manual means e.g. operation of break glass call point
* Any failure of the fire detection and alarm system
* Any electrical power failure
Three situations when an automatic door hold open/closure device should operate are:
Fire Alarm Activation: The device should release the door to close automatically when a fire alarm is activated. This ensures that fire-resisting doors seal off areas to contain smoke and fire, preventing them from spreading to other parts of the building.
Power Failure: In the event of a power failure, the automatic door hold open device should trigger the door to close. This is critical for maintaining safety and fire compartmentation in case of an emergency when electrical systems may fail.
Manual Release by Emergency Personnel: The device should be operable to close automatically if manually activated by emergency personnel (e.g., firefighters). This allows for quick compartmentalization of fire and smoke, ensuring that emergency responders can manage the situation effectively without risk of exposure to hazardous conditions.
This question was well answered. It appears some candidates misread this question and
described how fire doors operated and where fire doors should be located.
Give three examples when an acoustically operated hold open device would not be
appropriate. (3 marks)
An acoustically-activated door release mechanism complying with BS EN 1155 may be installed in some cases. However, this type of hold-open device is not suitable for use where:
* The premises do not have a fire alarm system
* The door is a fire door serving the only escape staircase in the building (or the only escape staircase serving part of the building)
* The initial fire alarm warning signal is intended to alert staff only
* The fire alarm sounders may be muted, or the sound level reduced
* The fire alarm system incorporates a voice alarm.
This question was very poorly answered. Most candidates did not score any marks for this
question. Answers should have included in premises with no fire alarm, in conditions where
the fire alarm is muted. Many candidates incorrectly stated where acoustically operated hold
open devices should be located