exam questions Flashcards
The idea of fair treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people is captured by the term
equity
According to the text, the use of logic and reason to overcome opinions and emotions iscalled
rationalism
Cognitive psychology focuses on
processes like memory, language and reasoning
The research question “How might changes in neurotransmitters lead to psychologicalproblems and changes in behavior and mental processes?” is most closely associatedwith which perspective?
biological
Claims that are based on common beliefs, folk wisdom, or superstition are examples of
pseudoscience.
The Q of SQ4R stands for
question
The model that likens the mind to a computer that sequentially takes in data, processes it, and then produces a response is called the
information-processing approach
The tendency to gather evidence that confirms our preexisting expectations, while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence, is called
confirmation bias.
With which type of animal is nonhuman research mostly conducted
rats and mice
Dr. Kao is describing her research results and comments that the mean reduction in depressive symptoms in the experimental group with 32% larger than the reduction in the control group. Dr. Kao is using
statistics.
Because research in the United States has demonstrated that adolescents are not very respectful to the elderly, Sara concludes that all adolescents everywhere in the world are disrespectful to the elderly. This is an example of
ethnocentrism
If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new “memory” drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz about the story, what would the independent variable be and what would the dependent variable be?
Exposure to the drug would be the independent variable, and quiz scores would be the dependent variable
Which of these is an X-ray procedure that reveals cross-sectional views of internal structural damage or problems in the brain?
computed tomography scan (CT)
Which of the following is the part of the neuron that contain tiny vesicles from which chemicals called neurotransmitters are released
terminal buttons
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about neurotransmitters?
They are chemicals that cross the synaptic gap between neurons.
Which of these links the brain and the spinal cord with the rest of the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands
peripheral nervous system
Which part of the limbic system helps regulate emotions such as fear and aggression
amygdala
Which neurotransmitter is involved in addiction and in the brain’s reward system
dopamine
Motor control, speech production, thinking, personality, emotion, and memory are all governed by your
frontal lobes.
Azucena experienced a significant brain injury and, as a result, is experiencing visual difficulties even though her eyes and the pathway from her eyes to her brain are healthy and undamaged. What part of Azucena’s brain has been affected?
occipital lobes
To determine wavelength, you would measure waves from
peak to peak
Sounds at which level are generally considered to be safe
less than 70 dB
Hair cells are auditory receptors found in the
cochlea
The physical properties of light and sound are
wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
A scientist wanting to determine the lightest touch that can be felt by various animals compared to human beings would be interested in finding the
absolute threshold for touch
The correct order of the pathway for light energy is
cornea ĺ pupil ĺ lens ĺ retina.
The minimum amount of change between two colors that is required to detect a difference between the two colors is referred to as a(n)
difference threshold
The theory of color vision that is based on three systems of color opposites is called the
opponent-process theory
if three people standing next to each other witnessed a robbery and each person described the thief differently, then these different interpretations of the sensory input would illustrate differences in
perception
If, in midsentence, your friend suddenly slumps over on the couch and appears to have entered the REM stage of sleep, which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend’s behavior?
Your friend has narcolepsy and should seek medical attention
Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep
unresponsive muscles
The active ingredient in marijuana is
THC
Brianna regularly uses benzodiazepines in rather large quantities, and when she cannot use them, she gets sick to her stomach, has diarrhea, and experiences agitation, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Brianna is experiencing
withdrawal
The term drug abuse implies that the individual
uses a substance in a way that causes emotional or physical harm to self or toothers
Which part of the brain is involved in the operation of circadian rhythms?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
The evolutionary theory of sleep says that sleep
conserves energy and protects us from predators
Drugs that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception are called
psychoactive drugs
Marc is a personal care provider who works with people who have profound intellectual disabilities. People with this level of intellectual disability are
generally able to perform only the most rudimentary behaviors, such as walking, feeding themselves, and saying a few phrases
Great dancers like Misty Copeland and Arthur Mitchell are likely to be high in which type of intelligence
bodily-kinesthetic
Kamaka really loves coming up with creative ways to help adults who have had catastrophic injuries adapt to their new circumstances and enjoy as much independence and fulfillment as possible. This suggests that Kamaka has an abundance of which resource?
motivation
What percentage of people with intellectual disabilities have profound disabilities
1-2%
Ethnic group differences in IQ scores can be due to
environmental factors and cultural biases in IQ tests
Which of the following concepts would a child tend to learn first
bird
What percentage of people with intellectual disabilities have mild disabilities?
85%
The tendency to think of an object being used only in its usual or customary way is called
functional fixedness
Tom believes that people stay who they are, and if they did not do well in school they will never do well in their jobs. He thinks that if you weren’t born smart, there’s nothing you can do about it–you’re just not a smart person and never will be. Tom has a
fixed mindset
Which of the following is an example of a higher-order concept?
animal
While riding in a car, you notice that telephone poles near you are passing by very quickly, whereas telephone poles in the distance are passing by much more slowly. This is an example of
motion parallax
When we organize patterns in order to perceive an entire stimulus rather than just its parts, we are using what type of principle of perception
Gestalt
Social perception is generally based on
superficial characteristics
Bottom-up processing starts with
small features
Sara had a stroke and can no longer recognize the faces of family members or close friends. The stroke most likely affected Sara’s
temporal and/or occipital lobes
When our perceptions don’t agree with our sensations, a(n) ________ results
illusion
The mental processes we use to form impression of others are called
social perception
The final stage of perception is called
interpretation.
A flashbulb memory is one in which
vivid images are associated with a surprising or strongly emotional event
When old information obstructs the recall of new information, it is called ________interference.
proactive
The notion that memory processes are performed simultaneously rather than in a step-wise sequence is the basis of the ________ model.
parallel processing
The memory subsystem that stores unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called ________ memory.
implicit/nondeclarative
The initial process of moving sensory information into the memory storage is called
encoding
Which type of amnesia is rare but typically permanent?
anterograde
Encoding failure is due to
a deficit of adequate transfer of information to long-term memory
The encoding specificity principle states that information retrieval is improved when
conditions of recall are similar to encoding conditions.
A schedule of reinforcement in which rewards are received after an unpredictable amount of time has passed is called a
variable interval schedule
Which type of learning involves coming to understand that two events occur or happen together?
associative
When you add or remove a stimulus after a behavior and the result is a decrease in that behavior, you have used
punishment
Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called
positive reinforcement
A Skinner box is the
apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior
When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of the desired response, they are engaged in
shaping a behavior
sometimes (but not always) Ellen receives a bonus after doing her job well this keeps her maintaining maximum performance on the job. What type of schedule does this illustrate?
variable ratio
A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
What do psychologists call the sudden understanding of how a problem can be solved?
insight
Because one partner in a marriage is unhappy, they often yell at their spouse, who now stays away from them as much as possible, staying late at work and making up errands to get out of the house. The spouse’s actions are an example of
avoidance behavior.
Some people burn calories faster than others due, in part, to
more efficient thermogenesis
The parental statement to a child, “We want you to get high grades like the neighbor’s son” will tend to lead to
extrinsic motivation
People from different countries may enjoy the same foods in very different ways. People from Ukraine may eat strawberries in stuffed dumplings with a sour cream topping (vareniki z polunytseyu), people from Bangladesh may eat strawberries mashed with spices including chili (strawberry bhorta), and people from some parts of Mexico may enjoy strawberry fritters (strawberry rollkuchen). This is an example of the effects of
cultural conditioning
When gender role prescriptions are overly simplified or unfair and applied to all men or women, they’re known as
gender stereotypes
Which of these refers to the desire to perform an act for its own sake
intrinsic motivation
Jennifer has a high need for achievement, and she is coming up for her six-month review at her new job. What kind of feedback will she be most likely to want?
criticism from an honest and competent evaluator
With regard to instinct theory, which one of the following is true?
The list of possible instincts is incredibly large.
The hypothalamus regulates which of the following?
eating, drinking, and body temperature
Which of the following is true of persons who are high in nAch?
They like moderately difficult tasks
Jason is 25 years old and goes against his parents’ rules when visiting them by smoking cigarettes inside the house. He feels guilty about it but can’t break the smoking habit.The guilt he feels for this behavior is produced by the
superego
Ghasi learns in Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attractions or fantasies for persons of the same sex. Ghasi vehemently protests that they have never had even the slightest physical attraction or thoughts about the same sex, even though they have, in fact, regularly had such sexual fantasies. This is an example of the defense mechanism called
denial
Dr. Bonham, a clinical psychologist, uses the standardized assessment tool mandated by their employer during the initial interview with new clients. Everyone is asked the same questions in the same order to ensure that all the needed information is obtained. This is most consistent with a(n) ________ interview
structured
Victor’s religious beliefs prohibit sexual expression until after marriage. He takes up painting nudes to deal with his sexual impulses. This is an example of the defense mechanism called
sublimation
To prevent the anxiety associated with the ego’s failure to satisfy both the id and superego, Freud argued that people develop and use
defense mechanisms
Which theories emphasize the importance of brain structures, neurochemistry, and genetics in the development of personality
biological
Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody; Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores
high on neuroticism, and Quinn scores low on neuroticism
Sasha is having a romantic encounter with a new person of interest and suddenly addresses them by a previous partner’s name. This is an example of
a Freudian slip
Which of the following is true regarding objective personality tests?
They may be culturally biased.
Marissa has panic disorder, in which she experiences unpredictable, unbearable episodes of panic that closely resemble the symptoms of a heart attack and frighten her badly. What criterion for defining abnormality does this description of her disorder represent?
distress
Which perspective assumes that psychological disorders are exaggerated forms of otherwise adaptive behaviors?
evolutionary
False or irrational beliefs that are maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary are called
delusions.
What term do mental health officials use to refer to the generally negative attitudes people have toward mental illness and the negative stereotypes many people have toward those with mental illness?
stigma
Sheila’s alcohol use causes her to be late to work or to call out sick due to a hangover at least three times a week. Her boss is seriously considering firing her for these reasons. Which criterion for diagnosing psychological disorders does this best represent?
dysfunction
MRI studies of people with schizophrenia have found that they have which of these in comparison to people without schizophrenia
larger cerebral ventricles
Someone who experiences episodes of mania and cycles between manic and depressive periods has symptoms that are consistent with
bipolar disorder.
A unique and relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is called a
personality
The idea that a person will launch their inner thoughts, feelings, and conflicts onto an ambiguous stimulus is the basis for which method of personality assessment?
projective
